Formula Sheet
Basic trigonometric identities:
(1) sin θ ⋅cosec θ=1
(2) cos θ ⋅ sec θ=1
(3) tan θ⋅ cot θ=1
sin θ cos θ
(4) tan θ= and cot θ=
cos θ sin θ
(5) sin2 θ+cos 2 θ=1 or sin 2 θ=1−cos 2 θ or cos 2 θ=1−sin2 θ
(6) sec 2 θ−tan 2 θ=1 or sec 2 θ=1+ tan 2 θ or tan 2 θ=sec 2 θ−1
1
(7) sec θ +tan θ=
sec θ−tan θ
(8) cosec 2 θ−cot 2 θ=1 or cosec 2 θ=1+ cot2 θ or cot 2 θ=cosec 2 θ−1
1
(9) cosec θ+ cot θ=
cosec θ−cot θ
Trigonometric functions of allied angles
(a) sin (2 nπ+ θ)=sin θ , cos (2 nπ +θ)=cos θ, where n ∈ I
(b) sin (−θ)=−sin θ cos (−θ)=cos θ
sin ( 90∘−θ ) =cos θ cos ( 90∘−θ )=sin θsin ( 90∘+θ )=−cos θ cos ( 90∘+ θ )=−sin θ
sin ( 180∘−θ )=sin θ cos ( 180∘−θ )=−cos θsin ( 180∘ +θ ) =−sin θ cos ( 180∘+ θ )=−cos θ
sin ( 270 −θ )=−cos θ cos ( 270 −θ ) =−sin θsin ( 270 +θ )=−cos θ cos ( 270 +θ ) =sin θ
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
sin ( 360 −θ )=−sin θ cos ( 360 −θ )=cos θsin ( 360 +θ )=sin θ cos ( 360 + θ )=cos θ
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
Trigonometric ratios of the sum & difference of two angles:
(i) sin (A + B)=sin A cos B+cos A sin B .
(ii) sin (A−B)=sin A cos B−cos A sin B .
(iii) cos ( A+ B)=cos A cos B−sin A sin B
(iv) cos ( A−B)=cos A cos B+sin A sin B
tan A+ tan B
(v) tan ( A+ B)=
1−tan A tan B
tan A−tan B
(vi) tan ( A−B)=
1+ tan A tan B
cot Bcot A−1
(vii) cot (A + B)=
cot B+ cot A
cot Bcot A+1
(viii) cot ( A−B)=
cot B−cot A
Some more results:
(i) sin 2 A−sin 2 B=sin ( A +B)⋅ sin ( A−B)=cos 2 B−cos2 A .
(ii) cos 2 A−sin2 B=cos ( A+ B). cos ( A−B).
Formulae to transform the product into sum or difference:
(i) 2 sin A cos B=sin ( A+ B)+sin ( A−B).
(ii) 2 cos A sin B=sin ( A+ B)−sin (A−B).
(iii) 2 cos A cos B=cos ( A + B)+ cos ( A−B)
(iv) 2 sin A sin B=cos ( A−B)−cos ( A +B)
Formulae to transform sum or difference into product:
( C +2 D ) cos ( C−D
(i) sin C +sin D=2 sin
2 )
(ii) sin C−sin D=2 cos ( ) sin (
2 )
C+ D C−D
2
(iii) cos C +cos D=2 cos (
2 )
cos (
2 )
C +D C−D
(iv) cos C−cos D=2sin ( ) sin (
2 )
C +D D−C
2
Trigonometric ratios of multiple angles:
(a) Trigonometrical ratios of an angle 2 θ in terms of the angle θ :
2 tan θ
(i) sin 2 θ=2sin θ cos θ= 2
1+ tan θ
2
2 2 2 2 1−tan θ
(ii) cos 2θ=cos θ−sin θ=2cos θ−1=1−2 sin θ= 2
1+ tan θ
(iii) 1+cos 2θ=2 cos2 θ
(iv) 1−cos 2θ=2 sin2 θ
1−cos 2θ sin 2 θ
(v) tan θ= =
sin 2θ 1+cos 2θ
2 tan θ
(vi) tan 2θ= 2
1−tan θ
(b) Trigonometrical ratios of an angle 3 θ in terms of the angle θ :
(i) sin 3 θ=3 sin θ−4 sin 3 θ .
(ii) cos 3θ=4 cos3 θ−3 cos θ .
3 tan θ−tan 3 θ
(iii) tan 3θ= 2
1−3 tan θ
(c) Trigonometrical ratios of sub multiple angle θ :
θ
2 tan
θ θ 2
(i) sin θ=2sin cos =
2 2 θ
1+ tan 2
2
θ
1−tan2
2θ 2θ 2θ 2 θ 2
(ii) cos θ=cos −sin =2cos −1=1−2 sin =
2 2 2 2 θ
1+ tan 2
2
2 θ 2 θ
(iii) 1+cos θ=2 cos (iv) 1−cos θ=2sin
2 2
θ
2 tan
θ 1−cos θ sin θ 2
(v) tan = = (vi) tan θ=
2 sin θ 1+ cos θ θ
1−tan 2
2
T-Ratio Domain Range Period
sin x R [−1,1] 2π
cos x R [−1,1] 2π
tan x R−{( 2n+1) π /2 ;n ∈ I } R π
cot x R−{nπ : n ∈ I } R π
sec x R−{( 2n+1) π /2 :n ∈ I } ¿∪¿ 2π
cosec x R−{nπ :n ∈ I } ¿∪¿ 2π
