218 Avthur Conan Doyle isthe writer who invented Sherlock Holmes, The Hound of the Baskerviles ‘sa novel he wrote in 1901. tis sot in th ‘maor countryside. Relative clauses Relative clau: s give information about the subject or object of a main clause, Defining relative clauses describe exactly which (or what kind of) person or thing we mean which writer? Arthur Conan Doyle is the writer who invented Sherlock Holmes what kind of phone? Do you luave a phone which takes photos? We introduce a relative clause with a relative pronoun: RELATIVE FOR EXAMPLES PRONOUN, who people ‘Mis Lee was the woman who taught me to play the piano. which animals or things Their cat has killed the rat whhich was living under our house. (but not people) ve got @ water heater which uses solar power. that peopl, animal and He's the man that spoke to. Sue's got a cat that loves coffee! things: tsa phone that takes photos. whose possession and‘ know the woman whose husband used to be your boss. Telationships his, Hanna owns a horse whose coat is completely white. her, its or their I'm working for a company whose head office isin Zurich Whose is quite formal, Its less formal to use with. We can also use which hhas for animals of things Hanna owns a horse with a completely white coat. Steve's the boy with the ved hair I work for a company which has its head office in Zurich We don’t use what (> Unit 77.1) in the same way as that: Frank’s-the-manwhatowns-ourtocalgyin J Frank’s the man that owns our local gym. The relative pronoun REPLACES he/him, she/her, they/them, etc: X Karts the-teacher-who-he helped-us, / Karl is the teacher who helped us. X Eedon’ttalk-to-people-that-tdon'tlike them, f I don’t talk to people that I don't like. Non-defining relative clauses. > Unit 73Leaving out the relative pronoun The pronoun (e.g. who, which, that) in a relative clause can be the subject or object of the clause: ‘Arthur Conan Doyle was the writer who invented Sherlock Holmes. (Conan Doyle invented Sherlock Holmes, “The Hound of the Baskervilles’ is a novel which he wrote in 1901 (He wrote the novel.) We can leave out the relative pronoun when it is an OBJECT, especially in speech and informal writing: ‘The Hound of the Baskervilles’ is a novel he wrote in 1901, We usually include the object relative pronoun in formal wait To activate your card you must use the new PIN number which we sent by recorded delivery. We cannot leave out the relative pronoun when it is a SUBJECT X_ Artitur Conan Doyle was the writer invented Sherlock Holmes. ¥ Arthur Conan Doyle was the writer who invented Sherlock Holmes. Clauses with when, where, why We can also use when, where and why to introduce relative clauses. '* When introduces a relative clause about times, days, years, etc: ‘There was a storm on the day when my sister got married. ‘© Where introduces a relative clause about places: ‘Do you know any shops where you can get designer jeans? We can also use which/that (+ in) to talk about places: ‘That's the hotel where we stayed. That’s the hotel which/that we stayed in. '* Why introduces a relative clause about reason: ‘That's the reason why I’m late. ‘We can leave out the noun before when, where and why: ‘That was when I lived in London, (the time when) This is where my best friend went to school, (the building/place where) And that’s why we're late. (the reason why) We can leave out when after day, year, time, ete. and why after reason: ‘There was a storm on the day my sister got married. That's the reason I'm late. Prepositions in relative clauses We sometimes form relative clauses using verbs with prepositions, such as apply for. The position of the preposition is different in formal and informal English: \appled for That's the job which 1 Below are the details of the job for that job. applied for. which you applied. work with Steve's the man who | Its important to get on with the Steve? work with ppeople with whom? you work * if we puta preposition before who, it changes to whom. ‘We don't use prepositions in clauses beginning with when or where: innii X-Bhis-is-the-house-where-Lused-to-live-i- used 19 live inthis house. 4 ‘nis s the house where | used to live. We cannot put a preposition in front of that: eho : This is the book that I've been looking for. {ve been looking for this book 219 1472 revamve cravses ny 3 220 Practice Choose the correct words in italics, In two places both answers are possible. Listen and check. Agatha Christie is the writer(hd)/ which invented Miss Marple, Is this one of the DVDs that / what you've already seen? Mike's the man who / whose wife writes detective novels. What's the name of the hotel which | that you visited last summer? Carol's the teacher whose / who will be taking over our class next term. I prefer books that / which have a happy ending, could never live in a house that / who doesn’t have a nice garden, A whale is an animal who / that breathes air but lives underwater 'm afraid it's by an author who / whose name I can't remember. wuaneernHo Find five more relative pronouns in the text that can be left out. Listen and check. The detective novel For over a hundred years detective stories have been one of the most popular forms of writing. The ey appear inate often called whodunit’ In many cases the detectives in these novels are professional police officers. typical example i Inspector Morse, the famous Oxford detective who was created by the writer Colin Dester. But many of these characters are private detectives who help the cients who they work for. Perhaps the best-known is Philip Merlowe — @ private detective invented by the author Raymond Chandler in ‘2 novel which he wrote in 1939. Of course, not al detectives in fiction are professional, many are amateurs. One of the most famous of these is Miss Marple, a character that Agatha Ciostie invented in 1927. In more recent years, scientists and psychologists have taken over the role of detectives in popular fiction. This is due to the increesinaly important role wich science plays in modem police work. One ofthe best-known of these ‘detectives is Dr Kay Scarpetta — the invention of American crime writer Patricia Cornwell. Comwell introduced Scarpetta to the world in Postmortem, a book which she published in 1990. Complete the sentences with which, where, when or why. Leave out the pronoun where possible. 0 This tastes awful. I don’t know Why. Tordered it! 1 It was raining by the time we got there 2. Is this the place we're supposed to meet them? 3. She works in a building used to be a hospital 4 Is that the reason she never answers your emails? § This is the house my grandmother was born, 6 1969 was the year human beings first landed on the moon. 7 What a terrible thing to say! I don’t know she's always 50 rude to me. 8 twas film seemed to last forever, 9 Do you remember the day we met? ) There were a couple of questions, ‘were too difficult for me to answer,4. Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first. Sentences 4-6 are more formal English. 0 We used to go to that school That's the school ,We. used #9. 99.8 1 Ltold you about that woman. She's the woman Seles 2 You were interested! in a musical. Is it Mamma Mia? Is Mamma Mia the musical : 2 3. We walked under that old railway bridge. That's the old railway bridge ... 4 The insurance company has already paid for those repairs. Those are the repairs has already paid. 5. The committee has no control over this matter. This is a matter... cou, has no control. 6 The bank has lent money to those customers, ‘Those are the customers aa hhas lent money. 5 Look at the text about a TV show below and complete it with this information. (0) ‘The Internet and mobile phones didn’t exist in the nineteenth century. (1) Sherlock Holmes lives in the flat at 2218 Baker Street. (2) Conan Doyle invented the basic plots, (3) Sherlock Holmes uses his powers of observation to solve crimes, (4) Benedict Cumberbatch has starred in many recent films and TV shows. (5) Dr Watson’ career in the army has ended. (6) Martin Freeman became famous for his part in The Office. Sherlock Holmes: Holmes is a brilliant detective (3) . a ca ssutsuttsustsniannae The part of Holmes is played by Benedict ‘Cumberbatch, a young actor (4) : oe Dr Watson: Watson, a doctor (5) : is Sherlock Holmes’ best friend, The part of Watson is played by Martin Freeman. He’s an actor (6). in the hit comedy series The Office. 221‘Alexander Solzhenitsyn, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1970, wrote several novels about the Soviet labour camps in Siberia Non-defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses dlo not describe exactly who or what we mean. Instead they give us extra information about the subject or object of a main clause: Alexander Solzhenitsyn, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1970, wrote If we remove the clause, the sentence still makes sense: Alexanuler Solzhenitsyn wrote several novels. ‘Compare this with defining relative clauses: Angela Green is the woman who lives next door. Angela Green is the woman. (which woman?] sveral novels. We don't use that or what in non-dlefining relative clauses: X Phe. painting, that-is now-restored,-can-be-seen-in-the National- Gallery. ‘The painting, which is now restored, can be seen in the National Gallery Because non-defining relative clauses do not identify the subject in the main clause, there isa difference in meaning: enwine ‘The passengers who were injured in the crash were taken to hospital (Only the injured passengers were taken to hospital. We know that some were not injured.) NoN-penINING The passengers, who were injured in the crash, were taken to hospital. (All the passengers were taken to hospital. We know that they were all injured.) Punctuation and use of prepositions Unlike defining relative clauses, non-cefining relative clauses are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. We usually put the clause immediately after the subject it refers to: X Phe-author of the novel lives-in Edinburgh, whick you care buy for €20, The author of the novel, which you can buy for €20, lives in Edinburgh. We use prepositions in non-cefining relative clauses in the same way as in defining relative clauses (> Unit 72.4) Sue recently won « prize, which she never stops talking about. ‘That house, which we used to live in, has been sold, 222 Comment clauses with which ‘We can use a non-defining relative clause, usually at the end of the sentence, to say something about the whole of the main clause: ‘The anny team was unable to make the bomb safe, which meant everyone had to leave the area. Solzhenitsyn wrote his books while he was still « prisoner, which was very brave, We use whicit, NOT who, whose, that or it, to Introduce a comment clause, ‘We put a comma before which: A selelicastyye write diy Bonk bihetne enmatitbar privet seers bere bine ¥ Solzhenitsyn wrote his books while he was still a prisoner, which was very brave.Practice 11 choose the correct meaning, A or B. 0 Emma's sister, who isn’t married, lives in New York. A Emma has several sisters. (B)imma only has one sister. ‘This building is part of the Riverside development, which has just won a design award, A The building has won an award. B The Riverside development has won an award. 2 We stayed at the first hotel we saw which had a swimming pool. A We only looked at one hotel. B We looked at other hotels without pools 3 I chose the grey suit, which cost $100. A The colour was more important. B The price was more important. 1 4. Two students who took the exam passed with distinction. A More than two students took the exam. B Only two students took the exam, 2. Rewrite the sentences, using non-defining relative clauses. 0 Lwent to university in Cambridge. Cambridge is a beautiful city. L.nent to, wnivercity in Cambridge,, which is. 4 beautiful city. 1 Humaniqueness is the first book that Glauco Ortolano has written in English. Ortolano is Brazili 2. Harlit’s chocolate factory has closed down. It used to employ over a thousand people. 3. You can’t smoke in restaurants any more. I'm pleased about that. 4 They've closed down our local library. This is really annoying. 5. The course starts on Monday 12th January. The course lasts ten weeks. 6 The new company president will be Sandra Jackson. Sandra Jackson's period as creative director was very successful 3) MEN there are four more missing commas and three more incorrect pronouns in the text. Write the correct words and the missing commas. {OEE Listen and check. | The nineteenth century, "UES the geen age of Ruislo hterature produced the worl famous novelists Leo Toy and Fyodor Dostoevsky, the poet Alexander Pushkin and the playwright Anton Chekhow. Tolstoy’ novel War and Peace what was written in 1869 is often considered tobe the greatest novel ofthe nineteenth century. Russian literature continued to flourish in the twentieth century. Internationally, the two Russian novelists who were most successful were Boris Pasternak and Vladimir Nabokov, Nabokov, that spent much of his life in the United States also wrote novels in English Pasternak was the author of Dr Zhivago that was made into a hugely successful film in 1965, He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958 but refused to accept it. 223ANSWER KEY 21 announced 2 said 3 agreed 4 apologised 5 told 6 regretted 7 thanked 8 encouraged 3-1 The woman offered to open the windows. The assistant replied that the club aecepts/ accepted members ofall ages. He claimed to be the best electrician in the area’ ‘that he was the best electrician in the are 4 My friend persuaded me to try one of his/her cakes. ‘5 The managers admitted that they hadn't told the reporter about the company’s nancial problems. REVIEW 11 had 2 was 3 wasn't 4 iffwhether 5 betore 6 my 7 asked 8 know 9 worked 10 not 11 could 12 our 13 next /ollowing 14 would 15 hasfhad 16 might 17 us 18 warned/toldfadvised 19 advisee/told 20 sm 2.1 ordered usnot to run 2 apologised for not remembering 3 advised me not to 4 insisted that he would payfinsisted on paying $ begged John/im not to 3-1 was feeling/am feeling 2 had been 3 I'd performed performed. 4 as going Sher 6 cant/couldn't 7 would 8 togo 9 I'm not! wasn’t 10 to her 11 had only done ifonly did Iw12 Itwas 13 togo 14 tomorow 1 tokd-that told mefsald that 2 dis that av 44 wore-the-nearest-tolets the nearest toilets were 5 6 ’ tenet not to an 4C SA GAT7CBA OA LB A BC MB ISA 6B I7C 18B 19 A 208 Module 14 UNIT 72 1 that 2 whose 3 whieh/that 4 who § that/ which 6 that 7 that 8 whose 2 For avera hunadred years detective stories have been ‘one of the mast popular forms of writing. The books hab they appear in are often called ‘whodunit: In many cases the detectives in these novels are professional police officers. A typleal example is Inspector Morse, the famous Oxford detective who twas created by the waiter Colin Dexter, But many of these characters are private detectives, ‘who help the clients who they work for. Perhaps the best known is Philip Marlowe ~ a private detective invented by the author Raymond Chandler in a novel which, he wrote in 1939. Of course, not all detectives in fiction are professionals, many are amateurs. One of the 'most famous of these is Miss Marple, a character that Agatha Christie invented in 1927. In moze recent years scientists and psychologists 386 have taken over the tole of detectives in popular fiction, This is the due tothe inereasingly Important role which science plays in modern police work ‘One of the best-known of these detectives is De Kay Scarpetta the invention of American crime writer Patricia Cornwell, Cornwell introchaced Searpetta to the world in Postmortem, a book which she published in 1990, 31- 2where 3 which 4 why 5 where G when 7 why & which 9 when 10 which (pronoun can be left out in 4, 6 and 9) 4/1 Ltold you about 2 you were interested in 4 we walked under 4 for which the insurance company 5 over which the committee 6 t0 ‘whom the bank 5 1 in which/where Sherlock Holmes lives / which Shetlock Holmes lives in 2 which Conan Doyle invented 4 who uses his powers of observation (0 solve 4 who has starred in many recent films and TV shows ‘whose career in the army has ended 6 who became famous for his part UNIT 73 41n 2B 3A 4A 2-1. Humaniqueness isthe fst hook that Glauco Ortolano, who is Brazilian, has wetter in English. 2 Haslit’s chocolate factory, which used to employ ‘ver a thousand people, has closed down, 3 You can't smoke in sestaurants any moze, whieh Fm pleased about. 4 They've closed down our local brary, which is really annoying 5 The course, which lasts ten weeks, starts on Monday 12th January. 6 ‘The new company president will be Sanda Jackson, whose period as creative director was very successful aaa 3 The nineteenth century, shat was the golden age of Russian literaturel produced the world-famous novelists Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostocvsky, the poet Alexandr Pushkin and the playwright Anton Chekhov. Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, what which was written in 1869, is often considered to be the greatest novel ofthe nineteenth century. Russian literature continued to flourish in the twentieth century. internationally, the two Russian novelists who were most successful were Boris Pasternak and Vladimir Nabokow. Nabokov, shat who spent mutch of his life in the United States, also wrote novels in English. Pasternak was the author of Dr Zhivago, that which was made into a hugely successful lm in 1965. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958 but refused to.accept it,