Relative, participle and other clauses = =) a ce} = Before you start 1 Read about lan Fleming. Look at the highlighted grammar examples. IAN FLEMING lan Fleming was the writer James Bond, Casino Royale, ETERS FBBTGES, was te ist novel Fleming went ont, write eleven more James Bond novels before his death in 1964 rezavonnes marerenri a the British Foreign Offie. But he felled 0 get aj there ‘though he had never inended o be a writes he got a joh 25a journal for Reuters News. ‘Agency. Then, at the start of Word Wer Two, Fleming became a secret information officer in the Royl Now Heming tok the decison to wrt. Butt was his work feriheray that had given him the ideas for his lees Bond rows, The ist ames Bond nove! SAS vs 0 No, in 1962, The fi, MERRIE, wes «huge success. Nobody ely knows But now tod cata ae i gt an as gon as 2. Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The IRISH grammar ‘examples will help you. 1 Marie Curie was the scientist which / who discovered X-rays. > unit 72 2 That's the London house in which / which in lan Fleming was born, > Unit 72 3. We got the flights, that / which were very cheap, on the Internet. > Unit 73 4 My best friend didn’t come to the party, who / which was very annoying! > Unit 73 5. ‘Goldfinger’, made / which made in 1964, was the third James Bond film with Sean Connery > Unit 74 6 Most of the James Bond films featuring / featured Sean Connery are now available on DVD. > Unit 74 7 Toarrive | Arriving at the railway station late at night, Clara couldn't find a taxi to take her home. > Unit 75 8 The last James Bond novel to be written / writing by lan Fleming was “The Man With The Golden Gun’ > Unit 76 9 My brother’s main aim in life is for to be / to be rich. > Unit 76 10 Idon’t understand what / that our teacher is saying. > Unit 77 3 Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice. HUM OT 2401 6 UaHUMagor g BuAMY Z Suumyes} 9 apeur S YOU F HOU E YHA UTZ OUM TArthur Conan Doyle isthe writer who invented Sherlock Holmes. The Hound of is a novel he wrote in 1901, tts set in the wild Dartmoor countryside 1 Relative clauses Relative clauses give us information about the subject or object of a main clause. Defining relative clauses describe exactly which (or what kind of) person or thing we mean: which writer? Arthur Conan Doyle is the writer who invented Sherlock Holmes. what kind of phone? eee Do you have & phione Which takes photos? We introduce a relative clause with a relative pronoun: RELATIVE FOR EXAMPLES PRONOUN who people (Mis Lee was the woman who taught me to play the piano. which animals or things Their cat has killed the rat which was living under our house. (but not people) _I've got. a water heater which uses solar power that people, animals and He's the man that I spoke to. Sue's got a cat that loves coffee! things It’s phone that takes photos whose possession and I know the woman whose husband used to be your boss. relationships his, Hanna owns a horse whose coat is completely white hey, its oF their Ym working for a company whose head office isin Zurich, Whose is quite formal. It is less formal to use with. We can also use which hhas for animals or things: Hanna owns a horse with a completely white coat Steve's the boy with the red hair. I work for a company which has its head office in Zurich, A We don't use what (> Unit 77.1) in the same way as that: X Frank’sthe man-what owns-ourlocal-gym J Frank’ the man that owns our local sym. & The relative pronoun REPLACES he/him, she/her, they/them, ete: X Kart isthe teacher-who-he-helped-us, / Karls the teacher who helped us. X Edon’ttallcto people that Fdon'e-like them. don’t talk to people that I don’t like Non-defining relative clauses > Unit 73 2182. Leaving out the relative pronoun ‘The pronoun (e.g. who, which, that) in a relative clause can be the subject or object of the clause: fee] Arthur Conan Doyle was the writer who invented Sherlock Holmes. (Conan Doyle invented Sherlock Holmes) aa “The Hound of the Baskervles' is 2 novel which he wrote in 1901. (He wrote the novel.) ‘We can leave out the relative pronoun when it is an OBJECT, especially in speech and informal writing: ‘The Hound of the Baskervilles’ is a novel he wrote in 1901. (MEAEET We usually include the object relative pronoun in formal writing: ‘To activate your card you must use the new PIN number which we sent by recorded delivery. A. We cannot leave out the relative pronoun when it is a SUBJECT: x st a ¥ Arthur Conan Doyle was the writer who invented Sherlock Holmes. 3. Clauses with when, where, why ‘We can also use when, where and why to introduce relative clauses. ‘© When introduces a relative clause about times, days, years, et There was a storm on the day when my sister got married. ‘¢ Where introduces a relative clause about places: Do you know any shops where you can get designer jeans? We can also use which/that (+ in) to talk about places: That's the hotel where we stayed. That's the hotel which/that we stayed in. ‘* Why introduces a relative clause about reason: ‘That's the reason why I'm late. We can leave out the noun before when, where and why: ‘That was when I lived in London. (the time when) This is where my best friend went to school. (the building/place where) And that’s why we're late. (the reason why) We can leave out when after day, year, time, etc. and why after reason: There was a storm on the day my sister got married. That's the reason I'm late, 4 Prepositions in relative clauses We sometimes form relative clauses using verbs with prepositions, such as apply for. (GAT The position of the preposition is different in formal and informal English: ‘applied for Thats the job which thatjob- apaliedfor. ]work with Steve’ the man wi et on with the cen aera ee which you ¢ city an th whom 7 A i nl hab SR A We don’t use preposi a) in clauses beginning with when or where: used to live in this house. * ¥ This is the house where I used to live. & We cannot put a preposition in front of that: ‘ 1: book, * Thi the book for that Hve-beer-tooking. {ve been looking for this book. ‘> ‘rac is the book that I've been looking for: 21972 revsive coses() 220 Practice Choose the correct words in italics. In two places both answers are possible. (DERE Listen and check. Agatha Christie is the writer((wha)/ which invented Miss Marple. Is this one of the DVDs that / what you've already seen? Mike's the man who / whose wife writes detective novels. What's the name of the hotel which / that you visited last summer? Carol's the teacher whose / who will be taking over our class next term. I prefer books that / which have a happy ending. could never live in a house that / who doesn't have a nice garden. A whale is an animal who / that breathes air but lives underwater. I'm afraid it’s by an author who / whose name | can’t remember. eNanewnno {J Find five more relative pronouns in the text that can be left out. (DERI Listen and check. |The detective novel For over a hundred years detective stories have been one of the most popular forms of writing. The books{that Jhey appear in are often called ‘Wwhodunits’. In many cases the detectives in these novels are professional police officers. A typical example is Inspector Morse, the famous Oxford detective who was created by the writer Colin Dexter. ‘But many of these characters are private detectives who help the clients who they work for. Perhaps the best-known is Philip Marlowe ~a private detective invented by the author Raymond Chandler in 2 novel which he wrote in 1939. Of course, not all detectives in fiction are professionals, many are amateurs. One of the most famous cof these is Miss Marple, a character that Agatha Christe invented in 1927. In more recent years, scientists and psychologists have taken over the role of detectives in popular fiction. This is due to the increasingly important role which science plays i modern police work. One ‘of the best-known of these ‘dtectves"is Dr Kay Scarpetta ~ the invention of American crime writer Patricia Cornwell. Cornwell introduced Scarpetta to the world in Postmortem, a book which she | published in 1990. Complete the sentences with which, where, when or why. Leave out the pronoun where possible. © This tastes awful. I don’t know .Why......... lordered it! 1. Ttwas raining by the time .. __ we got there. 2. Isthis the place ‘we're supposed to meet them? 3. She works in a building....... used to be a hospital. 4 Isthat the reason vnu She never answers your emails? 5 This is the house my grandmother was born. 6 1969 was the year............... human beings first landed on the moon. 7 Whata terrible thing to say! I don’t know she's always so rude to me. 8 Itwasa film... seemed to last forever. 9 Do you remember the day we met? 0. There were a couple of questions ...... were too difficult for me to answer,4 Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the Sentences 4-6 are more formal English. 0 We used to go to that school. ‘That's the school we, used 20.9 t0 1 I told you about that woman. She's the woman 2 You were interested in a musical. Is it Mamma Mia? Is Mamma Mia the musical 2 3. We walked under that old railway ‘That's the old railway bridge 4 The insurance company has already paid for those repairs. ‘Those are the repairs has already paid 5. The committee has no control over this matter. This is a matter has no control. 6 The bank has lent money to those customers. Those are the customers has lent money. Look at the text about a TV show below and complete it with this information. (0) The Internet and mobile phones didn’t exist in the nineteenth century. (1) Sherlock Holmes lives in the flat at 2218 Baker Street. (2) Conan Doyle invented the basic plots. (3) Sherlock Holmes uses his powers of observation to solve crimes. (4) Benedict Cumberbatch has starred in many recent films and TV shows. (5) Dr Watson’s career in the army has ended. (6) Martin Freeman became famous for his part in The Office. Sherlock Holmes: Holmes is a brilliant detective (3) sonnnsnunne The part of Holmes is played by Benedict Cumberbatch, a young actor (4) Dr Watson: Watson, a doctor (5) . , is Sherlock Holmes’ best friend. The part of Watson is played by Martin Freeman. He’s an actor (6)... .. in the hit comedy series The Office.‘Alexander Solzhenitsyn, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1970, wrote several novels about the Soviet labour camps in Siberia, Non-defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses do not describe exactly who or what we mean. Instead they give us extra information about the subject or object of a main clause: Alexander Solzhenitsyn, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1970, wrote several novels. If we remove the clause, the sentence still makes sense: Alexander Solzhenitsyn wrote several novels. Compare this with defining relative clauses: Angela Green is the woman who lives next door. ‘Angela Green is the woman. {which woman? We don't use that or what in non-defining relative clauses: x that i A , ¥ The painting, which is now restored, can be seen in the National Gallery. Because non-defining relative clauses do not identify the subject in the main clause, there isa difference in meaning: pimxinc The passengers who were injured in the crash were taken to hospital. (Only the injured passengers were taken to hospital. We know that some were not injured.) Non-pEMNING The passengers, who were injured in the crash, were taken to hospital. {All the passengers were taken to hospital. We know that they were all injured.) Punctuation and use of prepositions Unlike defining relative clauses, non-defining relative clauses are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. We usually put the clause immediately after the subject it refers to: X Fhe author of the novel tives in Biinburght- which yore care bay far 20: ¥ The author of the novel, which you can buy for €20, lives in Edinburgh. We use prepositions in non-defining relative clauses in the same way as in defining relative clauses (> Unit 72.4) Sue recently won a prize, which she never stops talking about. That house, which we used to live in, hus been sold. 222 Comment clauses with which ‘We can use a non-defining relative clause, usually at the end of the sentence, to say something about the whole of the main clause: The army team was unable to make the bomb safe, which meant everyone had to leave the area. Solzhenitsyn wrote his books while he was still a prisoner, which was very brave, We use which, NOT who, whose, that or it, to introduce a comment clause. We put a comma before which: X Solzhenit g ¥ Solzhenitsyn wrote his books while he was still a prisoner, which was very brave.Practice 1. choose the correct meaning, A or 8. © Emma's sister, who isn't marti , lives in New York. A Emma has several sisters. (B)Emma only has one sister. 1 This building is part of the Riverside development, which has just won a design award. A The building has won an award. B The Riverside development has won an award. 2 We stayed at the first hotel we saw which had a swimming pool. A We only looked at one hotel. B We looked at other hotels without pools. 3. I chose the grey suit, which cost $100. A The colour was more important. B The price was more important. 4 Two students who took the exam passed with distinction. ‘A More than two students took the exam. B Only two students took the exam 2. Rewrite the sentences, using non-defining relative clauses. 0 I went to university in Cambridge. Cambridge is a beautiful city. I.nent to. niversity, in, Cambridge, which is, 4 beautiful city, 1 Humaniqueness is the first book that Glauco Ortolano has written in English. Ortolano is Brazilian, 2 Harlitt’s chocolate factory has closed down. It used to employ over a thousand people. 3. You can’t smoke in restaurants any more. 'm pleased about that. 4 They've closed down our local library. This is really annoying. 5. The course starts on Monday 12th January. The cours lasts ten weeks. 6 ‘The new company president will be Sandra Jackson. Sandra Jackson's period as creative director was very successful. 3) EEN there are four more missing commas and three more incorrect pronouns in the text. Write the correct words and the missing commas. EQEREA Listen and check. ‘The nineteenth Sig ea the golden age of Russian literature/ produced the world- famous novelists Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky, the poet Alexander Pushkin and the playwright Anton Chekhov. Tolstoy's novel War and Peace what was written in 1869 is often considered to be the greatest novel of the nineteenth century. Russian literature continued to flourish in the twentieth century. internationally, the two Russian novelists who were most successful were Boris Pasternak and Viadimir Nabokov. Nabokov, that spent much of his life in the United States also wrote novels in English. Pasternak was the author of Dr Zhivago that was made into a hugely successful film in 1965. | He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958 but refused to accept it.74 1 224 Clauses after the noun Robinson Crusoe is a novel based (on the true story of a Scottish pirate, Alexander Selkirk. Reduced relative clauses We often make relative clauses shorter, like this: ‘Robinson Crusoe’ is WHOVEL on the true story of Alexander Selkirk. = ‘Robinson Crusoe’ is WHOVEL n the true story of Alexander Selkirk. 1s about SA aia ieented Wa It's about iia) on a deserted island. # If the verb in the original relative clause is active, we use the -ing form: It’s a shop that sells designer jeans. — It's a shop selling designer jeans. © If the verb is passive we use the -ed form: It's a novel which is based on a true story. —* It’s a novel based on a true story. © We can only make clauses shorter when the noun we are describing is the same as the subject of the relative clause, NOT if it is different: noun we are describing + subject of relative clause is a photo of the hotel that we stay in every year. T x More on other participle clauses > Unit 75 We only use the -ing form if the action is happening now or is continuing. We cannot use it for single actions in the past That was the customer who phoned yesterday. (single completed action) A Fh wey the ctestomier penny pester. ‘We don’t use -ing forms with state verbs (> Unit 29.3/4): X Hes-theman-owningthe factory. J He's the man who owns the factory. Infinitive clauses We often replace a relative clause with an infinitive clause after a superlative, after the first, the second, etc., ot after one, next, last, few and only (> Unit 76.2): Yuri Gagarin was the first man that went into space. + Yuri Gagarin was the first man to go into space. She was the only one who helped me. + She was the only one to help me. Using prepositions instead of relative clauses We often shorten sentences with the help of prepositions: «relative pronoun + have + with This queue is for passengers who have EU passports. = This queue is for passengers with EU passports. Is there a restaurant that has a vegetarian menu near here? = Is there a restaurant with a vegetarian menu near here? ‘* relative pronoun + be + preposition — in/at/on, etc: ike the painting which is on the bedroom wall. ~ I like the painting on the bedroom wall. What are those plants that are in your garden? + What are those plants in your garden?Practice 1 GEE choose the correct words in italics. in two places, both answers are possible. QQERM Listen and check. axxa What's the name of the book (0) reading (Ghat you're reading)at the moment? ant Imperium by Robert Harris. It’s a book (1) recommending | recommended by my history teacher, AxNa That's about the people (2) who were killed / killed by the volcanic eruption in Pompeii, isn’t it? kant No, it's a historical novel (3) basing / based on the true story of Cicero. awwa Who was he? Wasn't he the first person (4) became / to become an emperor? kant No. He was one of the politicians (5) living / lived in Rome at the end of the Republic. ‘anna Was it an expensive book? kan No. I got it from the market, hhere’s a stall there (6) that has / with lots of bargain books. 2 Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first, using a reduced relative clause, an infinitive clause or a preposition + noun. {ERED Listen and check. © It's poem that somebody wrote in the sixteenth century. It’s a poem ,, written. in the sixteenth century. 00 Was she the only person that visited you? Was she the only person #4, Yisit you. 2 000 Is there a bank near here that has a cash machine? Is there a bank near here with 4, cash, machine 2 1 Daniel was the first person that spoke to me, Daniel was the first person 2 There was an old letter that was found under the floor. There was an old letter ‘ 3. What is the name of the building that’s next to the library? What's the name of the building ¥ 4 My grandfather gave me that watch, That is the watch by my grandfather. 5 Thisis the third DVD player that has broken down! This is the third DVD player i ! 6 Ineed a computer that has a bigger hard drive, I need a computer 3 Replace the underlined phrases with reduced relative clauses, infinitives or prepositions, ‘Then match the descriptions with the writers and characters from fiction. 0 Ascientist/ wiesHas two different personalities. Madame Bovary 1 A man who was left on a deserted island. a Boris Pasternak 2. The only Russian writer that refused the Nobel Prize. Dr Jekyll/Mr Hyde 3 Apolice detective who lives in Oxford. William Shakespeare 4 Avwriter who was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564. Robinson Crusoe 5 Asecret agent who has the code name 007. Inspector Morse 6 A woman who is married to a country doctor in James Bond nineteenth-century France.75 226 Participle clauses Written in 1961, Catch-22 is a novel about a young American soldier, John Yossarian. In the middle of World War Two he is sent to fightin italy, leaving his friends and family behind. Participle clauses Participle clauses give more information about a noun. We use the -ed or -ing form of the verb. Participle clauses don't have a subject because their subject is the noun/pronoun in the main clause: participle clause subject Wate BET) YORITEBEE is « novel about a young American soldier, john Yossarian subject participle clause In the middle of World War Two, z is sent to fight in Italy, (Weaving his friends and family behind, (MNES in written English we often put participle clauses in front of the main clause. We use a comma to separate the two clauses. Participle clauses are common in written English because they let us give a lot of information in a single sentence. More on sentence-building > Module 19 eats clauses of reason, result, time, etc. Because he’s a student he can get a | See he can get discount discount on rail travel. (on rail travel result A snowstorm covered the motorway. AA snowstorm covered the motorway, The result was that dozens of drivers trapping dozens of drivers in their cars. were trapped in their cars. condition if you give it enough water and Given enough water and sunlight, the sunlight, the plant will grow to three plant will grow to three metres. metres. time/ ‘As | walked into the room i noticed the Walking into the room, ! noticed the sequence flowers by the window. flowers by the window. There is also a perfect form, having + past participle (> Unit 64.1), which we can use to talk about an action that happened earlier: Having paid the entrance fee, we walked into the museum. & After we tad paid the entrance fee, we walked into the museum.) Forms for active and passive meanings In participle clauses the -ing form has an active meaning: The bank manager opened the safe and noticed something strange inside. (active verb) — Opening the safe, the bank manager noticed something strange inside. ‘The -ed form has a passive meaning: The flood victim stood on the roof. He was trapped by the rising water. (passive verb) The flood victim stood on the roof, trapped by the rising water.Practice 1 Choose the correct meaning, A or B. Jake fell over, breaking his glasses. A Jake fell over because his glasses were broken. Jake's glasses broke because he fell over. 1 Having read the book, I don’t need to see the film. A Thave to read the book but I don’t need to see the film. B It isn’t necessary to see the film because I've already read the book. 2 Stored in a fridge, the dish will stay fresh for four days. A If you store it in a fridge, the dish will stay fresh for four days. B I stored the dish in a fridge for four days. 3. Being a doctor, people often ask me for advice. A Doctors often ask me for advice. B People ask me for advice because I'm a doctor. 4. Having passed the driving test, I was able to buy a car. A [was able to buy a car because I'd passed the driving test B I bought a car before I passed the driving test. 2) CEMA complete the article with words from the box. There are three extra words. EEE} Listen and check. annoyed arrested arresting being ber having become joining leaving left needing used using The true story of Alexander Selkirk (0) ..B4r. in Scotland in 1676, Sekirk was the son of a shoemaker, and very different from the character he inspired in the novel Robinson Crusoe. As a teenager he was very badly behaved. 1) ...snane FOF causing trouble in 1695, he was ordered to appear in court, but he ran away t0'$€2, (2) a.u.uu the crew of the pirate ship, Cinque Ports. He was a skilled sailor and was quickly promoted. @ _.Saling master in 1703, Selkirk soon started arguing with Thomas Stradlng, the ship's captain In October 1704, (4)... t0 Collect fresh food and water for his ship, Captain Stradling decided to stop at one of the deserted islands of Juan Fernandez. (5) ‘an old ship, the Cinque Ports also needed repairs. Selkirk wanted the crew to repair the ship, but the captain refused, and, (6)... by Selkirk’ continued demands, sailed away without him. .. he was able to make his own clothes and tools, (8) the skils he had learnt from his father -» alone on the island for more than four years, Selkirk had to find ways to stay alive. Fortunately, 3 Complete the sentences with participle clauses, using the information in brackets. {DEEEE Listen and check. 0 Having three children, we don’t get much free time. (because we have three children) 1 3 , We left the restaurant. (after we'd paid for the meal) 2 ssn Invictus is based on a true story. (it was filmed in 2009) 3. Karen ran out of the building, (she called for help) 4 onus Enoticed two people arguing. (as I looked out of the window) 5 , this rose can grow to a height of two metres. (if you plant it in a sunny spot)76 228 characters Hercule Poirot or Miss Marple Infinitive clauses "And Then There Were None was the frst book by Agatha Christie to sell more than 100 milion copies. It is one of the few books not to feature her famous Infinitive clauses (infinitive + to) We often use infinitive clauses after the verb be: Asa child, my ambition was to study medicine. My ambition is to become a vet. ‘There are active and passive forms of the infinitive: 1 fxerive werrrive PASSIVE INFINITIVE 7 simple" The most important thing is to tell the truth. | hate to be told lies. * There sa perfect form to have told and a continuous form to be teling (> Unit 65.2. To make the negative form we put not in front of the infinitive: Itis one of the few books not to feature her famous characters Hercule Poirot or Miss Marple. President Solano was the only head of state not to be invited to the conference. ‘We don't usually include a subject in an infinitive clause: X Heisimportant-you-to-tell-the-truth. / It is important to tell the truth. But if the subject of the infinitive clause is different from the subject of the sentence, we can use for + subject + infinitive with to: 1 think its important for politicians to tell the truth. My aim is for my children to be happy. MI There are some well-known expressions with infinitive clauses that we use to make a comment about something we are saying: really don’t like him, to be honest. To tell the truth, the show was disappointing. Infinitives which follow certain verbs, e.g. / refuse to leave > Unit 65 Infinitives after superlatives, adjectives, etc. We often use infinitive clauses to replace relative clauses after a superlative, after the first, the second, etc. or after one, next, last, few and only: It was the first book by Agatha Christie which sold more than 100 million copies. —+ It was the first book by Agatha Christie to sell more than 100 million copies. We also use infinitives after adjectives which describe people’s feelings and opinions: We're delighted to be here. I'm happy for them to join the class. Infinitive of purpose We can use an infinitive clause to describe the purpose or reason for an action: Carlos went to college to study law. I took a pill to get rid of my headache. We don’t use for + infinitive of purpose: X Hewent-to-the comer forto-getttaxi. He went to the comer to get a taxi. (MAZES In more formal English we can also use in order to oF so as to: We moved to Brighton in order to be nearer our grandchildren. Please move to the front $0 as to allow more room for the late arrivals We can put the infinitive clause before the main clause for instructions: To make a call, press the green button. To inflate the life jacket, pull on the red coPractice 1 Write the words in the correct order to make sentences. Start with the underlined word(s). 0 anemail to Daniella the Intemet café went send to Daniella went to the Internet café to send an email. 1 the first man onthe moon walk to Neil Armstrong was 2 touniversity to chemistry mybrother went study 3 not amess to 1 make promise 4 the third person to Harry is this morning phone me 2 Choose the correct words in italics. In two places, both answers are possible. (GEEEI Listen and check. 1 A We're going to Skytrip Tours (0) for booking Really? Why are you going there? It’s the only travel company (1) to charge not / not to charge for children under sixteen. I've put lemon juice round my plants (2) for / to stop the cats digging them up. Does it work? I'm not really sure, (3) telling / to tell the truth, Are you applying for university? Yes, I'm trying to get a place (4) to study / that studies economics. Good for you. It’s so important (5) that people / for people to get a good education. I'm looking for something (6) to give / for giving to my cousin for his birthday, I've heard there’s a good video game called ‘Space Warriors’ - do you have that? B {'m not sure. You're the first person (7) that's asked / to ask me for that one. I'll just check on the computer. No, we're out of stock at the moment. I could order it for you. ‘A Oh, how long would that take? B I don’t really know, (8) that I’m / to be honest. Jour next holiday. SR e>> a> > o> 3 GM ind six more mistakes in the conversation and correct them. isten and check. ANGHA I'm going to the library der get some books on Marco Polo. Do you want to come? feta Sure, Who's Marco Polo? aNoti He was one of the first Europeans visiting the Far East. He wrote a book about his adventures in 1298. seu I think I've heard about that. It was the first book for to describe China and Kublai Khan, wasn't it? ANGELA Yes. I'm writing an essay on him for my course. It’s really important because I need to get a good grade for the essay in order for pass the course. I don’t want to be the only person in my year to pass not! seu. Well, it sounds like a fascinating subject, anyway. It’s my ambition visit China one day. axarta I'd love to do that, too. Listen, Do you want to go for a coffee later? se. I’m not sure. I'm supposed to be meeting Helena, aNotta That's OK. I'd be happy her to join us. iC:77 Other noun structures The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, is a fascinating book. tt describes what life was like for poor American farmers in the 1930s. ‘1 Wh- clauses Wh- clauses can express the same as a noun or noun phrase, but we tend to use them more in informal English, CA A | don’t agree with their decision + don’t agree with what they decided. Have you been to our house? + Have you been to where we live? They told us about the designer. —+ They told us about who designed it. | don’t understand this method. + don’t understand how you do it. # Wh. clauses are not the same as relative clauses: I don’t agree with their decision. (noun phrase) = I don’t agree with what they decided. (wh- clause) =I don’t agree with the decision that they made. (relative clause) © The wh- clause acts like a noun, so it can be the subject or object of a verb: What he did made us very angry. (= His actions made us angry.) It describes what life was like for poor farmers in the 1930s. (© It describes poor farmers’ living conditions.) What usually means ‘the thing(s) that’: What we do is more important than what we know. ( The things we do are more important than the things we know.) T don’t know much about art, but I know what I like. (= know the things that I like.) & We don't include the noun in a clause beginning with what: X Fedor e-agree-with-the-decision-what-they-decided. J Idon’t agree with what they decided. Relative clauses with when, where and why > Unit 72.3, 2 Comparison clauses with nouns We usually make comparisons using adjectives and adverbs (> Units 21, 22). But we can also compare nouns: She's richer than me. She's got more ‘wioney. than me. Their house is bigger than ours. -* Their house has more Space than ours. Nowadays it doesn’t take as long to get there. Nowadays it takes less time to get there. We can also make superlative forms using the most/the least + noun: Of all our staff, Jackie had the fewest complaints Sally has the least money , so we should let her have the cheapest ticket. More on morelless and the mostithe least > Unit 12.3. less > Units 21 and 25 230Practice Rewrite the underlined phrases, 19 who, what, where, why or how and a phrase from the box. {EEZ3 Listen and check. she decided hedid he knows you live wrote it he's doing it she does. they're going. they did it 0 I'mnotv ery pleased with his actions. 1 Do you know their destination? 2 Can you explain their method? 3 Is that his reason? 4 [don’t know the author of that book. 5 Excuse me. Is this your address? 6 Her job isn’t very exciting 7 Her decision seems rather selfish to me. 8 His knowledge is important. Choose the correct words in italics. 0 I'm amazed by which What / That we need he knows. what. he. did, lly good dictionary. The person with the most / more correct answers wins the competition. Sarah more earns money / earns more money than me. 1 2 3. I don’t care where / which we go for our holiday, so long as it's near a beach. 4 Ss The thing what / What that man did is outrageous. 6 Can you explain that / how he solved the puzzle? 7 Which house has most the / the most bedrooms? 8 What / Why she left him is something we'll never know. Complete the text with one word only in each gap. {DERG Listen and check The Embarrassment of Riches ty simon schama This is & hook about Holland inthe seventeenth century; the golden age of Dutch history Simon ‘Schama, a profesor of history at Columbia University What... he thinks is a key moment in European history uses this book to tell us about (0 he birth Of the first modern society. The book explains ) Holland built the world’s fst ‘maritime empire an created a tolerant society which has lasted until the present day. He describes the people that created this society: (2 they were and (3) they achieved it He is particularly strong on cultural history: He has clearly done ( research than most historians hecause his knowledge of Dutch arts enormous, In fact, (5) wwe know about ‘most Duteh artists is sty limited, but Schama uses the evidence very well. He tells us (6 the artists came fom and (7 they managed to create such amazing works of art. But he does ignore the ordinary people of tha time; he describes 8) lite was ike far people tall Teves of This aig book and has 9) facts and figures jan most history books. Bu Doecause Schama is such a master storyteller, it never seems dull or academic. If you want a history book that is thoroughly researched, but has all the ‘excitement of a novel, then "The Enbarrasonnt of Rich's probably exactly (10) you are looking fr 231Review MobULE 14 ‘1 unis 72 AND 73 Complete the sentences with one word only in each gap. 232 0 The traffic was bad. That’s why. That's the hospital ‘What was the name of the man This photo was taken in the year... Is she the girl I don’t know CeVaneune ‘My uncle, his best poems. we're so late, Lwas born. killed President Kennedy? my parents got married. brother used to teach you football? ‘We didn’t get a room with a sea view, was disappointing. [failed the test. Pethaps I didn’t do enough revision. Fleming had never been back to the city in The hero of the film wasn’t good-looking, used to be an actor, loves telling funny stories. 10 The ‘Dark Lady’ is the mysterious woman for... he grew up. ... iS unusual in a Hollywood film, Shakespeare wrote some of UNITS 72 AND 73 Match the sentences 1-5 with the meanings A-F. 0 The candidate who I spoke to was only twenty-one. 1 The candidate, who 1 spoke to, was only twenty-one. 2 The candidates who were under twenty-\ one didn’t have enough experience. 3. The candidates, who were under twenty- one, didn’t have enough experience. 4 The candidates, who had been to university, wanted higher salaries. 5. The candidates who had been to university wanted higher salaries. A Some of the candidates had enough experience, B Some of the candidates wanted higher salaries. € All of the candidates wanted higher salaries. D. There were several candidates for the job, but the one I spoke to was twenty-one. E None of the candidates had enough experience. F There was only one candidate for the job. UNITS 72 AND 73 Complete the descriptions, using the information. Each description must contain all the information in one sentence only, with a relati | “she was the first woman j to be prime minister of | Pakistan i = she died in 2007 i \ 0 This politician .who.was. woman. tobe. prime minister. of... Pakistan, died in 2007, /e clause. | = it was taken by Marianne’s . | father it shows her playing on the | beach with her brother14 it was painted hundreds of ‘+ it belonged to Queen Marie | years ago Antoinette it shows a man riding a itis now worth a million horse dollars 2. This picture 3. This antique chair = Winston Churchill lived = her father was in the group init Aerosmith + it belongs to the National ‘= she’s been in lots of Trust Hollywood films 4 This house S. This actress + they filmed ‘Lord of the Rings’ here meal it's in New Zealand + it's the only one to stay ‘open at night ‘+ it sells all kinds of food «and drink 6 This valley 7. This shop 4 units 72, 73,74 AND 75. Find seven more mistakes and correct them. Tick (V) the correct sentences. He wrote a book, what I haven't read, when he was a young man, The computer which I bought it last week has broken down, Having eaten a large main course, I had no desire for a dessert. The Wright brothers were the first people flying an aeroplane. I prefer meals making with fresh ingredients. Dorothy is often late, that the boss finds really annoying. Can I see the sales assistant that I spoke to him yesterday? Those parking spaces are for people with young children. Labyrinth is the best book I've read recently. Walked into the room, I noticed something strange in the corner. 10 Apparently Susan was the last person speak to her before she left. eeVvaunewneo 2335 UNITS 75,76 AND 77 Complete the second sentence, so it means the same as the first, using ‘the word in brackets. Use two to five words in your answer. This was the first novel that was published on the Internet. (be) ‘This was the first novel #0 be published on the Internet. 1 I'll never forget the advice which my grandfather gave me. (given) I'll never forget . by my grandfather, 2 Because she is so pale, Caroline gets sunburnt very easily. (being) ° _, Caroline gets sunburnt very easily. 3 Ineeded some ne toothipaste soil wenkto the ciene shop. (get) I went to the corner shop 4 This is the only place that doesn’t charge for parking. (to) ‘This is the only place ... 5 Can you tell me the way I should set up this DVD nt: (how) Can you tell me uu this DVD recorder? 6 The car can be quite noisy ityou drive it ‘itat ‘high speed. (driven) a the car can be quite noisy. 7 Can you ir dicribe the things that were stolen in the robbery? (what) Can you desc in the robbery? ALLUNITS Complete the article, using the words in brackets. If necessary, add pronouns and make changes to the words in brackets. | Who was the real Sherlock Holmes? | _Shetiock Holmes s probably the most famous detective in iterate. Of course, he wasnt a real | person. His character is based on 2 real man (0) whase. carcer had... (career / have) a huge | influence on Arthur Conan Doyle, (1) : nnn (8) the author ofthe Sherlock Holmes books. The mans name was Joseph Bell and he was a leading surgeon @ scsnssen teach / medicine) at Edinburgh University. Conan Doyle ist met Joseph Bell when he went to one of Bel lectures in 1877 @ sensi (tice) Conan Doyle's abilty and inteligence, the great = doctor decided to make him his asstant. This gave Conan Doyle the cance to observe Bel an to | j | see (4) .. (he / treat) his patients Bel baeved thatthe most important thing was) 3 much 2 pose about a patient He dd this by very close observation of © {they / move), acted and talked, ond by looking closely a their bodies, hands and clothing. For example, ty looking at someone's hands he could often work OL srs . {job / they / do). By listening carefull to their accent it was posible 10 find UE 8) nn {they / come from) Ths technique of deducing information from very detailed observation was the inspiration for Sherlock Holmes. Holmes notices things (9)... person /be) usally unawae of, and thsi often the key o sohing crimes. (19) (lve fin an age) before DNA and scientific evidence, Holmes must use his ow intligence and powers of observation, _ (find out) as (the oxdinary7 ALLUNITS Read the text and choose the correct answer, A, B or C below. JK Rowling JK Rowling, first name is actually Joanne, is one of the world's most successful writers. She is the author of the Harry Potter books, (1) Te oreo Cn a) figures published in the Sunday Times Rich List, Rowling is one of the fow writers @) 2 fortune of more than a billion dollars. Rowling was born in England on 31 July 1965 and went to school in the west of the country. She studied French and Classics at Exeter University, (4) in Paris for a year as part of her course. After her degree she worked as a bilingual secretary in London. Then, from 1991 to 1994 she lived in Porto, Portugal, () ‘she taught English as a foreign language. While she was, Pee ue een ey ue Ce ED CO} Coe or meee a The couple divorced later that year. In December ee RF PS eeanr) work, and lived on state benefits. (9) Sey Rowling had plenty of time to devote to writing, and it was ee eee kee ad oe Cee aod LE ee eee) Pay Con Te Ge ee Ce) Harry Potter books. The last book, Harry Potter and the pene ea ake Cer oy Cree Peo en Se ee eet ce gr 0A who her © whose C that’s 1 A which B that C that they 2A Basing on B Which basingon —_—_C_ Based on 3 A tohave earned B who she has C whose having 4 A lived B who lived € living 5 A inwhich B that C where 6 A whose B who © which 7 A most admire Rowling B Rowling most admires C Rowling most admires her 8 A where she was B who was that she was 9 A Tobe B Being Been 10 A published B to publish C publishin, 11 A that B which it C which 12 A which B what C that 235236 Test MODULE 14 Relative, participle and other clauses Choose the correct answer, A, Bor C. 1 She's the film star husband is a famous writer. A who's B whose C which 2 Whois the plumber your leaking tap? A fixed B what fixed C that fixed 3. We always go to the shop has the lowest prices, A that it B where C that 4 Clive is the man my cousin Lucy. A married B which martied C who married 5. That's the hotel where we used to A stayin B stay C stay init 6 The airline displayed their new uniform at the press conference A which Is bright red B which is bright red, C that is bright red, 7 His first novel, was made into a film, was written in 1936, A which B that C which it 8 Thaven’t had a single job offer, is very disappointing, A that B which C for which 9 I've been visiting all the places in the guidebook. A that mentioned B mentioned C which they are mentioned 10 There are no theatres in the town A living in B that living in C that he lives in 11. David was the first person to me when I arrived. A totalk B which talking C that he talked 12 in 1980, this photo shows the Prime Minister at university. A Taken B Which it was taken C To be taken 13 ‘There was a strange man in the doorway. A tostand B standing C who standing 14 What's the name of the actor James Bond in this film? A playing B played C who playing 15. It’s important anyone your PIN number. A totellnot B nottotell C that to not tell 16 Patrick was the only student... 100% in the test. A toget B that getting C who to get 17 Marion moved house nearer to her elderly parents. A fortobe B that tobe C tobe 18 they said to me was really surprising. A Which B What C That 19 Why don’t you show me you bought today? A the things what B which C what 20 ‘These days I read than 1 used to. A the more books B more books C the most books > Unit 72 > Unit 72 > unit 72 > unit 72 > unit 72 > unit 73 > Unit 73 > Unit 73 > unit 74 > Unit 74 > Unit 74 > Unit 75 > Unit 75 > Unit 75 > Unit 76 > Unit 76 > Unit 76 > unit 77 > Unit 77 > Unit 77