Grammar 1 Look at the following pairs of nouns, Work in pairs and decide which ones sound correct. 1 aboard game /a board's game a children’s toy /a children toy a pack cards / a pack of cards a chess piece / a piece of chess a doll house / a dolls house the bathroom floor / the bathrooms floor house front / the front of the house + a lifetime's work / a lifetime work 2 Read the rules in the grammar box. Find other examples for each rule in the exercise above. We use noun + noun for commonly accepted compound nouns which refer to familiar things, where + the second noun shows the main class ‘of noun (eg shop, glas) + the first noun functions as an adjective (eg music shop | clothes shop, water glass) We use noun + of + noun + where no common compound noun exists (eg centre of the Earth, colour of the sky) + for units and parts (eg 2 glass of water, a piece of paper, a group of people, a slice of cake) «+ for certain fixed expressions (eg the back of the room, the middle of the street, the side of the building) We use noun + */5’+ noun + to talk about possession (eg my son's tos, the country’s president) + to show the user or origin of the noun (eg girs? magazines, cow's milk) + in general measurements of time (eg a week's holiday, today’s weather) Grammar focus ~ explanation & mo 3 Complete the sentences. Make noun phrases using the words in brackets. 1 I've got an old bax / picture books) somewhere in my house from when Twas a child. 2 The (Girl tay / section) is over there, just on the right. 3. The government found (traces / lead) in the toy soldiers and took them all off the shelves. 4 We gue all our old toys toa (shop / charity). 5 This puzzle wasn't easy to solve. It took (work / three days). 6 His hobby is making (model / planes), Speaking 1 Did you collect any of the following things as a child: toy soldiers or action figures, dolls, stamps, marbles, cards or coins? Tall a partner. 2 Read the quotation below about why people collect. Then choose three of the questions below and discuss. + Do you know anyone who has a collection as an adult? What do they coll * Do you agr that collecting things is about low + Are collections a waste of time and money? + Ifyou had the money to indulge in a collection, what would you collect? + Does gender play a role in collecting? Is collecting more of a man’s Seed thing ora es re sg thing? com aR Cena RA en Cm nny are obsolete or ungainly or ugly, that they cost far enue CC Ee ie We eee) Eee ce ea oe ee Ne eeeUnit 3 Relative clauses A defining relative clause describes exactly which person or thing. ‘we mean. [t cannot be separated from the main clause, and there is no comma in front of it. Bleak House is considered so be the greaest novel which / that Dickens wrote. A non-defining relative clause contains extra information and has 8 comma in front of it, or on both sides if tis in the middle of the sentence. ‘The Pickwick Papers, which be wrote early in life iv one of bis most ‘popular books. Ina defining clause we can use either which or that. Wich is thought to be more formal. In a non-defining clause we normally: only use which. See the examples above. Colloquially we ean use thar instead of zhu. he is the character too / that interests mre mos Relative clauses refer either to the objector the subject. Whom is the object form of who and is used only very formally ‘They al liked ber. (object) She is the character som everyone likes. (very formal) ‘She isthe character zo eceryone likes. Wase means ‘of whom and can be used in both defining and nnon-defining clauses. One of Pips friends, whase name I can’t remember, gts hint into orale Aman whose bouse bad been broken into called the police. Compound nouns Noun + noun is generally used for commonly accepted compound nouns which refer to familiar things. The second noun shows the ‘main class of noun, the first noun shows the type. ‘aeaiting room 4 police inspector a bottle opener a'water butle ‘The first noun is used asa kind of adjective, so is normally singular only «a pencil case (the frst ‘adjectival’ noun is singular, although this is «a case for pencils) Other relations include: where something is found, when itis used, the thing itis part of a garden chair (where) ‘morning coffee (sehen) a door handle (part) Language note: although some noun + noun compounds ean be joined with a hyphen, itis increasingly common for them to be either written as two words, eg wind seat or as one word, cg daylighr. © ve Grammar focus In defining clauses referring to the object, we often leave out the relative pronoun, especially in everyday speech. She is the character everyone likes, ‘The frst novel Dickens wrote was called The Pickwick Papers In non-defining clauses of whom and of which can be used with ‘quantifying determiners such as some, any, none, al, ete, and with, superlatives and ordinal numbers, especially in more formal use, Dickens wrote 14 complete novels, mast of which fist appeared in ‘magasines in serialived form, and the most successful of which was A Tale of Two Cities. He bad ten children, nine of whom survive. A.non-defining clause can refer to the situation mentioned in the ‘dlause before it. Pip bas to learn boc to live asa member ofthe wealty clas, which be finds difficult, In relative clauses with a preposition + zxhom /=xbich there are two possible word orders. Sentences are often made more informal by putting the preposition at the end of the sentence, and using who instead of whom. ‘Thats the lub to which I belong. (very formal) ‘That's the club (which / that) | belong ro or whom are you waiting? (very formal) Who are you aiting for? ‘Noun + 4/5’ + noun is generally used for things loosely belonging 10 oF related to people. the schools policy any sster'car Peter's bar the boys’ father ‘Noun + of + noun is generally used where no common compound exists, for units and parts and for certain fixed expressions. [tis also used to describe things belonging to other things, not to named people, the end of the fl 1a glass of mill the corner ofthe street ‘There is sometimes a difference of meaning herween noun + of + noun and noun + noun, acup of tea =a cup containing tea a tea cup =a cup used for tea In some cases, noun +/5°+ noun and noun + of noun are both used. the decision ofthe author / the author’ decison tive publication ofthe book / the book's publicationUnit 3 Exercises Relative clauses 1 Complete the sentences using one word, where necessary. Ifa sentence is already possible, leave it blank. Look atthe example to help you. “The personyleft their bag behind can rechim ie from the college office 1 Hes the last person I would want to ask for advice 2 Roysmother was a political activist, is prominent in Indian politics. 3 Pip isnot the kind of hero you can completely admire ‘The main characters, are twins, spend many years without seeing each other. She is one of those people for one can only feel sympathy: Dickens’ last novel, was unfinished, isa murder mystery. Most of the people have read this book value it highly Last summer I went trekking in the Himalayas, was a great experience. 2 Make one sentence from each pair of sentences. 1 My teachers gave me some good advice. This helped me to decide my future. 2 She met an enthusiastic publisher. The publisher believed she hrad talent asa novelist. 3. The main character’ parents died when he was young. Hee was brought up by his sister. 4 Atthe end of the book Pip works to pay back the money. The convict had given him the money. 5 ‘There are many interesting characters in the book. Some of them are comic characters, 6. Dickens wrote two different endings for the book. This makes it more interesting. 7 ‘There are five Great Lakes in North America. The largest lake is Lake Superior. 3. Rewrite the sentence informally so it ends with the word Underlined. Leave out the relative pronoun where posible 1 Esther isthe person with whom Pi isin love, 2 Everyone needs something in which they cn believe, 3 He is someone for whom Pip has great respect. 4 Tea book with which Iwas impressed. 5 Isthis someone to whom you are related? She is someone on whom you can rely. Compound nouns 4 Choose the correct or most likely option. 1 He spent the afterioon gizing into shop indo / stop ands / the winds of shops. 2 She was so thirty chat she drank a whole water Doe oe of seer / water’ bottle, 2 Til wai for you atthe end of telson /Teson’s end / eon end 4 Intheirback garden they've got court of tems / enn’ court / tennis cour. 5 Don't put paper in the bin of rubbish / rubbish’s bin / rubbish bin. You cm reeyele i Make a noun + noun compound from the definition 4 program used in a computer a shelf on which books are put 4 paper which is published in the evening «pocket ina pair of trousers the bell found on a door the desk atan airport where you check in a1 show where nev fashions are presented anassistant who works ina shop a dog thats tained to guide people who cannot see 10 a box containing paints 6 Doyou know the office phone's suenter / office phone naanber / offices phone number? 7 You'll need a knife ofthe kitchen /kitben’s knife / kitchen knife vo cut that, 8 Ischis the right sop of bus /bus¥ stop /busstap for the city centre? 9 Have you got yesterday newspaper / yesterday's newspaper / the necespaper of yesterday? 10 They are the president's cbildven / the prsidems' children (the president children, 6 Delete the noun that does not make a compound noun when it follows the noun in bold. 1 house work boat husband agent 2 travel writer truck guide experience 3 life style cast. Span jacket 4 bike ride travel lane lock S tourist operator destination attraction visa 6 book — mark case library seller Grammar focus Unit 3