General Concepts in Science, Technology and

Society
 
Science and technology indeed play major roles in the everyday life. They make difficult
and complicated tasks easier and allow people to do more with so little effort and time. The developments in
this field are not just products of people’s imagination, they are also brought about by gradual improvement to
earlier works from different time periods.

The driving force behind this continuous progress or development is the desire to raise the quality of
life of the people. However, let us take consideration to the real situation of human’s health effects of these
various development of technologies, their relationship to others, and the globally impact to the environment.

 Do a search of a technology being made with gradual improvements and tell something the difference of these
products to our modern time. Paste the image of that technology.

Paste the picture of the technology

Science may be defined as the system of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific
method. It was originally called “Philosophy of the Natural World” since it stemmed from the Greeks’ desire to
know about nature. These philosophers of nature tend to:

a) understand the natural world

b) have the ability to name and classify the objects found in nature was seen as the first step towards
knowledge.

The scientific search for truth early on recognized the usefulness of language and the ability it gave to
describe, classify and explain the different objects of study.
Science is a systematized body of knowledge based on facts, gathered through observation and
experimentation formulated by theories and laws.
 Technology comes from the Greek words “tekhne” meaning “art or craft” and “-logia”, meaning a
“subject or interest.” Taken together, the term has come to mean “practical applications of what we know
about the nature” using the scientific principles for the betterment of the human situation..

The table below gives the technology with three areas of Science; Physics, Biology & Chemistry and
its advantages & disadvantages. Examples are done for you, fill in the remaining blank, write the
appropriate answer corresponds to each technology.

Technology Advantages Disadvantages

Physics:

Vehicles Mode for easy Contribute to air

transportation pollution
Mobile ________________ ________________
phone ______ ______

Appliances ________________ ________________

______ ______

Biology:

Cloning Mass production No more identity

of animals and differences
plants

Fraternal Costly
DNA identification
testing
______________ _______________
GMO ______ _____
products
Chemistry

Medicine Cure different It can be lead to

illnesses addiction
Cosmetics  Boost of one’s  It can cause allergy
self-confident

Condiments ________________ ________________

______ ______

Processed
________________ ________________
food
______ ______
Fabrics ________________ ________________
______ ______
DISCUSSION: Science and the Early Sources of Scientific Knowledge

Prehistoric Attitudes Toward Nature. At this period, early technologies and tools for survival and for obtaining
necessities for life, evidence of practical knowledge of science of prehistoric men manifested in certain practices in
agriculture, fishing hunting, and healing of the sick. There are five prehistoric ages: the ice ages, the Palaeolithic
age, the Neolithic Age, the bronze age and the iron age, is the discovery and the use of metals.

Oral Tradition, is the only means of Communication. They are particular in a content of oral tradition, fluidity
and continuing evolution as features of oral tradition which made transmission of ideas and beliefs a difficult
problem, invention of writing greatly helped in the development of science such as:

a. Pictographs – a written sign which stood for the object itself

b. Lopograms – a word sign created for important words

c. Syllabic writing – a sign for every word or syllable, (1500 BC)

d. Alphabetic writing – a sign for each sound, (800 BC)

SUMMARY

This lesson discussed the meaning of Science & technology and its global impact to society and in
the environment. Science defined as the system of knowledge of the natural world. It was originally called
“philosophy of the natural world since it stemmed from the Greek’s desire to know about this nature.

Moreover, technology comes from the Greek word “tekne” meaning “art or craft” and “logia”
meaning “subject or interest”, taken together, meaning “the practical application of what we know about the
nature” it also discussed the early sources of scientific knowledge through the prehistoric attitudes towards
nature that showed early usage of technology and tools and the discovery and usage of metals for survival
and serve as necessities of life and practices such as agriculture, fishing, hunting and healing of the sick.

LESSON 2: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science & Technology

ANCIENT ERA

In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation & navigation, communication and record-
keeping, mass production, security and protection as well as health, aesthetics and architecture.
 Now, let us see the importance of these concerns of people during this era.

I. TRANSPORTATION was significant during that time because people were trying to go places and discover
new horizons. However, navigation assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world
and it allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an important trade with
another group of people. In here, they will use an important tool to navigate places before they returned home.

There are reasons why they go to places using transportation; for them to:
(1) Search for food and find better locations for their settlements and
(2) Trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked necessities.

This condition implied that people must be able to produce food at a given time and space since resources
were getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic necessities.

That is the reason why people need to form of technology that would enable them to increase food
supplies and other survival needs without them travelling more or working harder.

As they discovered new places, the development of weapons and armors for their security and
protection.

The primary challenge they faced was the conservation of life. Different illnesses and diseases, both
natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of human being. Given this predicament, science and
technology played a major role in the discovery of cures if not, the prevention of illnesses.

COMMUNICATION was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places. They needed a way
to communicate with natives of the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts.
Record-keeping was also important since they needed to remember the places they had been to and document the
trade they made with each other. It was also vital to keep records of their history and culture so they could establish
their identities as they tried to relate with other cultures and civilizations.

ENGINEERING The development of this field allowed human to build structures that would address their specific
needs and wants. Some of the structures built during the ancient times still exists today and continually awe people.

ARCHITECTURE might see as a mere style but during the ancient times, elaborate architectural designs were
signs of technological advancements of a particular civilization.

AESTHETIC People were not contented on beautifying only their infrastructures and surroundings. They
discovered that people looked more visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and decorations in
their body.
 
The following civilizations will tackle the different major technological advancements during the ancient
times. It will continue to describe the gradual application of knowledge up to the contemporary time.

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known for their high degree of
cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. This desire pushed them to develop many things
connected with science and technology.
 a. CUNIEFORM. The first writing system developed by the Sumerian. It is a
system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved
on clay using wedge instruments & then left to dry. Keep records of things
with great historical value or their everyday life.

b. URUK CITY. Considered as a great wonder not only because it is

considered to Source adapted from be the first city in the world but also for the way it
https://tinyurl.com/y4fb4ehf
was erected. Sumerians able to build this city with a big challenge
because of using only mud or clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked
bricks.

C. GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR. The

Ziggurat of Ur is a Neo-Sumerian ziggurat in
what was the city of Ur near Nasiriyah, in
present-day Dhi Qar Province, Iraq. The Source adapted from:
structure was built during the Early Bronze Age https://tinyurl.com/y3rslmzp

but had crumbled to ruins by the 6th century BCE of the Neo-Babylonian
period, when it was restored by King Nabonidus. Ziggurat is called
mountain of god, Source adapted from: was built as the same manner that they constructed
https://tinyurl.com/y3skuhsz
the City of Uruk. Ziggurat served as the sacred place of their chief
god.

d. IRRIGATION & DIKES.

Main problem: As population increased, so did the demand for food. to mass production of food
but the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative. Difficult to get water from the rivers, thus they
could not maintain farmlands. Scarcity of water supply while others had problems with flooding caused by
the river.

Solutions: Sumerians created dikes & irrigation canal to bring water

to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers.

Results: This method was considered as one of the world’s most

beneficial engineering works. Through dikes and canals, the
Sumerians were able to enjoy year-long farming and harvesting,
which increased their food production.
Source Adapfed from:
e. SAILBOATS https://tinyurl.com/y3j2cnba - Another challenge for Sumerians was mode
for transportation. Why? (wheel was not yet invented, the main
mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas.)

- Essentials: transportation and trading as well in fostering

their culture, information and technology.

f. Wheel - Sumerians were able to invent the wheel.

Source adapted from:

https://tinyurl.com/y2k32w6f
 - The first wheel is not intended for transportation but for farm and food process.

- With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made easier.

- Farmers were be able mill grains with less effort in less time.

g. Plow – Source adapted from: another technology invention by the Mesopotamian.

https://tinyurl.com/y62ujw8f

- This technology which would enable them to dig the

ground where seeds would be planted.

h. Roads - Sumerian developed the first road to facilitate

faster and easier travel. They made the roads with the same
technology they used in making the sun- baked
bricks that they laid down on the ground. They latter
Source adapted from:
poured https://tinyurl.com/y3mblhqc
bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to
asphalt, to smoothen the roads.

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
 Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
 They were great builders, engineers and architects.
 Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of
the ancient world. - King Nebuchadnezzar II built for his wife
Queen Source adapted from: Amytis
https://tinyurl.com/y6nyjsr8

No evidence has been found to prove the existence and even the exact location is unknown.

Lacked of documentation or archeological evidence. If it is

true, this may be considered as one of the greatest
engineering and architectural achievements of the world that
can not be replicated.

Contributions to the society: the use of unit of length, weight

and capacity, multiplication tables, geometry and land
surveying, systematic measurement of time, astronomical
observations, astrology. Source adapted from:
https://tinyurl.com/y2aazntk

Source adapted from: Article by Source adapted from:

Leo Rogers Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y4nuagk9
Published May 2008,February https://tinyurl.com/y5jx3n2s
2011.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 Another civilization famous for its legacy and located in North Africa.
 Engineering feats regarding the infrastructures established by the pharaohs.
 Other technologies includes:
A. PAPYRUS
- One of the contributions of Egyptian by developing a system of
writing.
- Before, clay tablets were used, however, safe-keeping and transporting them
were a major problems.
- Reasons: Clay tablets were very fragile, heavy and delicate to handle
(major challenge to bring one place to another)
- The invention of papyrus or paper was a welcome development.
- Advantages: Source adapted from:
https://tinyurl.com/y6mloc
a. Easy to carry yq and to store.
b. Less breakable
c. For record-keeping and communication.
B. HIEROGLYPHICS – is system of writing using symbols by the Egyptian Civilization

C. WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA - Developed from the reign of

King Amenhotep III (1390-1352 BC)
- It is made of alabaster and was probably used for indicating the
passage of hours of the night.
- In use, the vessel was filled with water, which leaked out slowly from a
small hole near the bottom. The Source adapted from time is indicated by the level of the water in the
https://tinyurl.com/yxla5faj
vessel, which is shaped so that it falls at a uniform rate. At this time it was
customary to divide the period of daylight and darkness into twelve `hours` which thus varied with the seasons.
The inside of the vessel has twelve scales each marked with the name of the month.

D. COSMETICS - This was for

both HEALTH & AESTHETICS REASONS

KOHL –wore around the eyes to prevent and even

Source adapted from:
https://tinyurl.com/y465pbtx cure eye diseases.
- It is made of mixing soot with mineral
Source adapted from:
galena https://tinyurl.com/yxtdsu8s

- Wearing up was protection from evil and that beauty was a sign of
holiness

E. WIGS - Wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than aesthetic purposes.
- protect the shaved of the wealthy Egyptian from the harmful rays of the sun
- Better than putting on a scarf since a wig allowed heat to escape.

Source adapted from:

https://tinyurl.com/y4xywufu
GREEK CIVILIZATION
 In-depth works of the Greek Civilization: philosophy and mathematics, coliseums and the Olympics
 Inventions:
A. ALARM CLOCK
 This was invented to tell an individual when to stop or when to start
 They made use of water (small stones or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded as alarm.
 Plato used this alarm clock to signal the start of his lesson. He used 4 water vessels line up
vertically. The upper vessel supplied the water which dropped to the vessel below it, which was set to be
filled in a given time. After it was full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel which
would cause the expulsion of contained air, creating a whistling noise.

B. WATER MILL is commonly used in agricultural processes like

milling of grains which was necessary form of food processing.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION

It was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the

west. Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y3ajco48
 Discoveries and inventions still relevant today. In the early
Roman civilization, they produced:
1. NEWSPAPERS, the first newspapers known as GAZETTES. It contains
announcements of the Roman Source adapted from: empire.
https://tinyurl.com/y5qlp4xv

2. BOUND BOOKS or CODEX A codex is distinguished by

handwritten, sequential pages bound together and enclosed between a
Source adapted from:
case (that is, cover) to form https://tinyurl.com/y55atqt8 a single, portable unit of reading material. These
early books replaced scrolls but pre-date the invention of the
mechanical printing press. (wikipedia.org)

 Aside from Romans writing down information about history and politics,
Source adapted from:
literature also https://tinyurl.com/y3nemy7a changed form from clay tablets to parchments papers.
 According to sources, Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up
papyrus to form pages of a book. Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus.
 This covers were made up of wax, until later on replaced by animal skin.
 The ancient Roman empire was able to produce the first books or CODEX.
 Importance with the invention of papers:
a. it became easier for civilizations to write down everything.
b. Record-keeping was much easier

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE - One of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman Empire to the world.

ROMAN NUMERALS - Number systems had already been established before the Roman Numeral, these old
systems could not keep up with the high calculation requirements.
 Devised their number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method.

CHINESE CIVILIZATION
 It is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia. Also known as the middle kingdom. It was famous
because of silk trade, tea production, Great Wall of China, gunpowder
 Inventions:
1. SILK - They developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to
produced paper and clothing.
- Silk production resulted in the creation of a product for trade.

2. TEA PRODUCTION - This is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling

water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves.
- The first tea was drunk by the Chinese Emperor.
Source adapted from:
https://tinyurl.com/yy8bfx2b
3. GREAT WALL OF CHINA - This was a man-made structure
- The largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built.
 It is made of stone, brick, wood, earth and other materials.

Source adapted from:

4. GUNPOWDER - One of the most interesting
https://tinyurl.com/y3uvq5b6 inventions in China
 It was developed by Chinese alchemists who
aimed to achieve immortality
 It is mixed with charcoal, sulfur and potassium
nitrate, but instead of creating elixir of life,
they accidentally invented a black powder that
could actually generate large amounts of heat
and gas.
Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y2yjbz6n  Instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is
widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which
cause countless death.

DISCUSSION: MEDIEVAL OR MIDDLE AGES

 Welcome to medieval era. This is the start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and
migrations.
 Trade and commerce among nations increased

Middle Ages
This refer to the period of a thousand years between the fall of ancient civilization and rise of the Italian
Renaissance (476 – 1550 AD). It is sometimes referred to as the “Dark Ages” because the cultural and political
traditions of the ancient world were eclipsed with the collapse of Roman civilization and the conquest of Europe
by Germanic tribes. There is shortage of currency; the industry, agriculture, commerce and trade ceased to be
active and productive, wars caused many deaths among the nobles and military leaders.
Important events happen during this era
• The Arabic conquest of Asiatic countries
• Islamic science
• The Dark Ages: translation of Greek words into Arabic
Renaissance: (14th-16th century)
During this era, the technological developments and inventions increases due to the different scientists
arises such as the revival of European culture particularly in Italy, retranslation of Greek words into Latin,
rediscovery of Aristotle's works and other Greek writing, paper making, geographical discoveries and navigation,
establishment of modern universities, economic growth, increased wealth and opportunities and population
growth and the revival of culture and interest in scientific pursuit

The Rise of Modern Science

 The publication of the work of Copernicus on the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies in 1543 started the
scientific revolution. His ideas were promoted by Galileo and other scientists. This is the start of the rise of modern
science. Many discoveries and instruments were developed and refined to enable scientists to pursue their
investigations.

 Such inventions being produced

A. Printing press – the first printing press was developed by Johann Gutenberg

B. Microscope – Zacharias Janssen invented the first microscope.

Source adapted from:

C. Source adapted from: Telescope - Middle ages was also known as the Age
https://tinyurl.com/y4zldw8g
of https://tinyurl.com/y5ev2xgc
Exploration, the need of nautical inventions was high.
- This invention of telescope, an optical instrument that
helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators.
- Together with the telescope, the inventions of the compass, oars and rudders made sea
travelling easier and safer.

D. War weapons

DISCUSSION:
Modern Times
 During the 19th Source adapted from: century onwards demanded that more goods be
https://tinyurl.com/y2sqoosc
produced at a faster and easier way by means of transportation and
communication to establish connections between and among nations.
 Machines that required animals to operate thus be upgraded.
 Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern.
 Inventions:
 Source adapted from:
https://www.biography.com/scientist/louis-
pasteur

1. Pasteurization – Louis Pasteur, discovered that microbes were responsible for souring alcohol and came up with
the process of pasteurization, where bacteria are destroyed by heating beverages and then allowing them to cool.
His work in germ theory also led him and his team to create vaccinations for anthrax and rabies.
Petroleum Refinery – Samuel M. Kier
Petroleum refining or Oil refining is an
industrial process in which crude oil is extracted from
the ground and transformed and refined into useful
products like Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG),
kerosene, asphalt base, jet fuel, gasoline, heating oil,
fuel oils etc.

The milk starts on the left and enters the piping with working enzymes which,
when heated, lose their structure. This stops the enzymes from working, and so
stops pathogen growth. The cooling process prevents further changes. The
pasteurization process can heat the cells to the point that they burst from pressure
build-up. Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y2mqkbyu

2. Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell

The first
telephone was
invented by
Alexander
Graham Bell
Source adapted from:
in 1876, https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/469641067368741340/
today we
carry telephones at all times and use it for many purposes apart from communicating.

3. Calculator - Pascal's calculator (also known as the arithmetic machine or Pascaline) is a mechanical

calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in the mid 17th century. Pascal was led to develop a calculator by the laborious
arithmetical calculations required by his father's work as the supervisor of taxes in Rouen. He designed the machine
to add and subtract two numbers directly and to perform multiplication and division through repeated addition or
subtraction. From Wikipedia,
DISCUSSION: History And Philosophy Of Science In The Philippines

EARLY AGES (STONE AGE AND IRON AGE)

 early settlements can be traced around 50,000 years ago in Palawan and Batangas
 early simple tools or weapons of stone flakes . techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones
for about 40,000 yrs
 3,000 BC, pottery flourished
 metal tools and implements (copper, gold, bronze and, later, iron) during second or third century B.C. to
the tenth century A.D
 weaving cotton, smelting iron, making pottery and glass ornaments and agriculture by the first century
A.D

CHINESE ERA
 build boats for coastal trade by the tenth century A.D (porcelain, beeswax, cotton, true pearls, iron pots,
iron needles and tin, etc)
 regular trade relations with the Chinese had been well established during the tenth to the fifteenth
centuries AD
 Hindu-Buddhist, Malay-Sanskrit and Arab-Muslim Cultural and technological influences spread to the
Philippines

SPANISH ERA
beginnings of modern science and technology
• mining, jewelry making, agriculture, wine making, cloth weaving
• learned to make and use modern artillery, system of writing and weights and measures
• established schools, hospitals and started scientific research
• religious orders in the conquest and colonization of the archipelago
• Economic trade (Galleon Trade) adopted by the colonial government, reduction of agriculture, boom in
shipbuilding
• Reduccion – new government, convents, collection of tax
• system of education – pharmacy and medicine, natural sciences
• UST was founded
AMERICAN REGIME
• science and technology in the Philippines advanced rapidly
• extensive public education system; the granting of scholarships in science and engineering
• higher professional education; industrial and vocational education
• proliferation of private schools
• UP was established
• Bureau of Science and other science organizations and agencies
• remaining primarily as an exporter of agricultural crops and raw materials and an importer of
American manufactured goods

PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS:
 Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also contributes to the global advancement
of science and technology.
 The Philippines is known to be one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters. Many of
the discoveries and inventions made by the Filipinos were built from indigenous materials or created to
adapt to the harsh tropical environment.
  Inventions:
A. UPGRADING OF VEHICLES. Examples: conversion of American military jeeps used in World
War II into jeepneys.
- Innovation of a sidecar to a motorcycle, transforming it into a tricycle to accommodate more
passengers.
- SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE was invented that can cross not only flooded streets
but also rivers and lakes.

o Dominic N. Chung & Lamberto Armada with

Chief designer Victor Llave innovate this
vehicle to solve the problem on flooded street.

B. SALT LAMP
- One of the major needs in the Philippines, as a
developing nation, is electrification.
- Filipinos have resorted to using candles and
kerosene lamps but they carry certain risks as they
are Source adapted from: fire hazards.
https://tinyurl.com/y474myph
- Solar power is also welcome development
but too expensive for ordinary Filipinos.

- AISA MIJENO, a young Filipina, was able to invent a lighting system that
utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines – saltwater.
o She invented the Sustainable Alternative LighTING (SALt) LAMP
 SALt lamp an environment-friendly light source that runs on
salt water.
 Safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases. Source Adapted from:
https://tinyurl.com/y67j7knu
 Aside from People live from coastal areas, it may also benefit those from far-
flung barrios because they can make their own saltwater lamp by mixing 2 tablespoon of salt and a glass of tap
water.

C. MEDICAL INCUBATOR
- DR. FE DEL MUNDO, a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical
School, devised a medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on
electricity.
- The incubator was made by placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger one. Hot water bottles were
inserted between the baskets to provide warmth and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation.
- Purpose: maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, usually a pre-term babies.

D. MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM

 In 2010, the Department of Science and technology-
Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-
ITDI) was able to introduce the Mosquito Ovicidal/larvicidal
trap system, also known as OL trap. This trap system is made of
natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquito but safe for humans
and the environment.

E. E-JEEPNEY
Source adapted from:
https://tinyurl.com/y2jvhffd
https://tinyurl.com/yyzmp7mh
 a major innovation that changed the transportation industry in the Philippines
 the diesel-powered jeepney produces large quantities of black smoke and is usually a major contributor of noise
pollution due to its primitive exhaust system.
 To counter these disadvantages, the e-jeepney was developed. This modern type of vehicle utilizes electricity
instead of the more expensive diesel.
 It is environment-friendly since it does not emit any
smoke and noise.

https://tinyurl.com/y6em2baf

SUMMARY

This module tackled about the historical antecedents of the technological advancement that shape the face
of society and the environment.
 In the ancient era, we all know that early people were concerned with the transportation and navigation
which is significant during this period because people were trying to go places and discover new horizons
and search for food and find better settlements and to trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that
they lacked necessities.
 Communication which is also essential in their endeavor to discover and occupy new places. They
needed ways of communication to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflict.
 Engineering allowed people to build structures to address their specific needs and wants. For instance,
their roads which made up of sun-dry bricks as well as irrigation and dikes that served as the source of
water for their agriculture. It also focused on architecture and aesthetic purposes.
 In the medieval era was marred by massive invasions and migration, trades and commerce among
nations increased. It referred to as “Dark Ages” because the cultural and political traditions of the
ancient world were eclipsed with the collapsed pf Roman civilization and the conquest of Europe by
Germanic tribes. In the Renaissance period, the technological development and inventions increases
due to the different scientists arises such as the revival of European culture particularly in Italy,
 In the modern times, the 19th century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster and
easier way by means of transportation and communication to establish connections between and among
nations as well as for health purposes.
 In the Philippine setting, the influence of science and technology development can be seen before the
time at early ages, various people and community already practiced science. They invented tools and
built structures, studied the medicinal uses of plants, observed heavenly bodies to predict seasons and
weather and used indigenous science in agriculture.

Through the years, many Filipino were able to establish themselves as scientists and science educators in
variuos scientific areas and fields.

Post-test
Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer. Write your correct answer on the space provided.
1. S1: Science is a body of knowledge based on facts gathered through observation and experimentation formulated by laws
and principles.
S2: Science came from the Latin word scientia meaning to study.
a. Statement 1 is true
b. Statements are true
c. Statement 2 is true
d. Statements are not true.

2. Medicine: cure diseases

____________: fraternal identification
a. Cloning c. DNA testing
b. GMO products d. All of the above
3. In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation & navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass production,
security and protection as well as health, aesthetics and architecture. Which of these developments of technology was benefited
during that time when people search for food and find better locations for their settlements?
a. Communication
b. Security and protection
c. Mass production
d. Transportation
4. Which of these technologies during ancient time assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world and it
allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an important trade with another group of people?
a. Communication
b. Record-keeping
c. Navigation
d. Transportation
5. People were not contented on beautifying only their infrastructures and surroundings. They discovered that people looked more
visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and decorations in their body.
a. Aesthetics
b. Engineering
c. Architecture
d. All of the above
6. Which of these civilizations invented the alarm clock?
a. Chinese civilization
b. Greek Civilization
c. Egyptian civilization
d. Roman Civilization
7. Chinese: Silk
______: Roman Civilization
a. Cosmetics c. Kohl
b. Gazette d. Wig
8. The largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built by China, which is made of stone, brick, wood, earth and other
materials.
a. Gunpowder c.Silk
b. Great Wall of China d. Tea production
9. It is made of alabaster and was probably used for indicating the passage of hours of the night.
a. Alarm clock c. CLEPSYDRA
b. Water Clock d. Both b & c

10. Kohl is one example for cosmetics that serve as for both HEALTH & AESTHETICS. Which of the following reason/s is/are not
applicable for kohl?
i. Better than putting on a scarf since a wig allowed heat to escape.
ii. It is made of mixing soot with mineral galena.
iii. Kohl wore around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases.
iv. Protect the shaved of the wealthy Egyptian from the harmful rays of the sun
v. Wearing up was protection from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness
a. i, ii, iii c. i, iii, iv
b. i, iv,v d. ii,iii,
Activity 1 : STANDING ON THE SHOULDER OF THE GIANTS

Let us explore different eras and their great technological developments that shapes the human
society and the environment. This activity, I will divide the class into four groups. The 3 groups will be
assigned to each of the three periods (ancient, middle, modern) and the last group to Philippines inventions.
Each member of the group should search for one great achievement during their assigned time period aside
from those discussed in the chapter. List of inventions and discoveries of each era are given below. Afterwards,
accomplish the following.
1. Draw or print a picture of your chosen achievement. As a group, collect and paste theses inventions on a
¼ illustration board. Design the board with a theme appropriate to the assigned time period.
2. State the antecedent of the technology. Explain in your own words how each invention works. Also identify their use
and purpose. Paste the information at the back of the illustration board.
3. Present your project in class. Conclude your report by discussing how these information impacted the people and the
society during the time period when they were made.
Ancient Era
1. Nimrud lens
1. Cuneiform Script
2. Kite
2. Calendar
3. Seismoscope
3. Ancient Roman concrete
4. Antikythera mechanism
4. Units of Measurement
5. Aeolipile
5. Alphabet
6. Umbrella
6. Ink
7. Rocket
7. Cataract removal
8. Baghdad battery
8. Ancient / Water clocks
9. Movable type printing
9. Roman aqueducts
10. Compass
10. Parabolic mirror
11. Mulberry tree bark- as a paper
11. Abacus

Medieval Era
1. Eyeglasses 1. Horseshoe
2. Tide mill 2. Wind mill
3. Liquor 3. Spinning wheel
4. Hourglass 4. Medieval armor
5. Compass 5. Mechanical clock
6. Long bow 6. Gunpowder
7. Printing press 7. Microscope
8. Pike 8. Flush Toilet
9. Weighing scale 10. Parachute
10. Heavy plough 11. Air pump

Modern Era
1. Bicycle 1. Penicillin
2. Steam Engine 2. Smartphones
3. Pasteurization 3. Camera
4. Piano 4. Computer
5. Steam locomotive 5. Spacecrafts
6. Nanotechnology 6. iPad
7. Doppler Radar 7. Bluetooth
8. Fuel Refinery 8. Airplane
10. Telephone 9. ATM
11. Electron microscope 10. Robots
11. Calculator

Philippine Inventions
1. karaoke
2. 16-bit microchips
3. coconut oil-fueled power generator
4. medical incubator
5. salt lamp
6. erythromycin -Ilosone
 7. yoyo
8. videophone
9. induced mango flowering (chemical spraying)
10. DeBCC Cream

1. Quink - ink
2. Fermented Fish Sauce
3. Macapuno
4. E-Jeepney
5. Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal (OL) Trap
6. Methods of Controlling Leprosy
7. Banana Catsup
8. Game of the Generals
9. Coconet
10. Eco-G3000, a low-cost, low maintenance fuel-emission
reduction device designed to reduce vehicular gas
consumption and toxic emission

Activity 2: QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

1. Give three other major scientific and technological developments in the world (or in the Philippines) that
created large impact on your daily life.

2. What historical antecedents gave rise to the inventions you mentioned in the first questions?
 3. How did the developments in science and technology shape human history?