Fluids - 5
Data and Work Sheets - Staple these sheets together before submitting
Fluids - Physics 1202B
2021-2022
Please circle the appropriate values
Course 1102B 1202B 1402B 1502B
Lab Section 002 003 004 005 006 007 008
O
009 010 013 014
Lab Subsection A B C D
Name First: Last:
Andrei Matusa
Student #
2 5 1 I 3 5 8 2 7
Lab Partner First: Last:
Suhwan
Lab Station #
Park
Date
15
Demonstrator
Mar3012022
Luke I Xin
Disclaimer: Please note that some but not all questions in this lab writeup will be graded.
EXPERIMENT 1: ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUOYANT
FORCE AND THE WEIGHT OF THE FLUID DISPLACED
EXPERIMENT 1(a): DETERMINE THE VOLUMES OF THE OBJECTS
APPARATUS : Aluminum cylinder, aluminum block, brass cylinder, brass block, Vernier caliper,
water, spring scales, large beaker.
METHOD
Measure the length and diameter of the aluminum and brass cylinders using the digital Vernier
caliper and record in Table 1. Take each measurement at two different places to account for the
irregularities in the object, and include an estimate for the uncertainty in each measurement. Then
find the average of the two values and include uncertainty. Calculate the volume of each object and
estimate the uncertainty using the power law formula (Appendix C).
Conversion factors
1 gram (g) = 10 3 kg
1 millimeter (mm) = 10 3 m
1 milliliter (ml) = 10 6 m3
Fluids - 6
DATA
Table 1: Data for determining the volume of objects
Object Diameter (mm) Length (mm)
Aluminum ± ± ± ±
Cylinder
28.65 0.01 28.65 0.01 52.23 0.01 52.17 0.01
Brass Cylinder ± ± ± ±
15.84 0.01 15.86 0.01 53.28 0.01 53.30 0.01
CALCULATIONS
Calculate the average dimensions and volume of the cylinders in SI units and record in Table 2.
Table 2: Average dimensions and volume of each object
Object Average Radius Average Length Volume
(m) (m) (m3 )
Aluminum
2 106
± ± ±
Cylinder
0.014325 1 10 5 0.0522 4 10 5 3.365105
Brass Cylinder ± ± 5 ±
0.007925 2 10 5 0.05329 2 10 1.051 105 8 107
EXPERIMENT 1(b): MEASURING THE WEIGHTS OF THE CYLINDERS IN AIR AND
IN WATER (APPARENT WEIGHT)
METHOD
The spring scales provided in this lab are marked in units of Newton (N) and you can measure the
weight of an object directly by hanging it from the spring scale. Handle these spring scales with
care as they are very delicate. Do not hang weights that exceed the full scale of a spring. Repeat
the measurement two more times in order to estimate the uncertainty in your reading.
Measure the weights of the cylinders in air using a spring scale and record in Table 3. Fill 3/4 of
the large beaker with water. Hang the aluminum cylinder on the spring scale and slowly lower it
into the water in the beaker. Immerse the cylinder fully in water making sure that it does not touch
the sides or the bottom of the beaker, and record the reading on the spring scale in Table 3. This
reading is the apparent weight of the cylinder when immersed in water. Repeat this method for the
brass cylinder.
Fluids - 7
From the data in Table 3, calculate the buoyant force and enter in Table 4. From the data in Table 2,
enter the volume of the displaced water into Table 4.
DATA
Table 3: Archimedes’ Principle: Data to determine the measured buoyant force
Object Weight measured in air Fg (N) Apparent weight measured in
water (N)
Aluminum ± ±
Cylinder 0.94 0.01 0.56 0.01N
Brass Cylinder ± ±
0.92 0.01 0.82 0.01N
CALCULATIONS
Table 4: Calculation of buoyant force and the weight of the water displaced.
Density of water = 1.00 ⇥ 103 kg/m3
Object Volume of the Weight of the Buoyant force % Difference
displaced displaced Fb (N) (from
3
water (m ) water (N) Table 3)
(from Table 2)
Aluminum 3.365105 ± 2 106 ±
0.33 0.01 0.380.02
Cylinder
14.0
Brass Cylinder 1.051105± 8 107 0.103 0.01 0.1001002
3.0
DISCUSSION
Discuss your results in Table 4. Can you verify Archimedes’ principle?
Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force is equal to the uid density times the
gravitational acceleration times the volume of the uid displaced by the object: Fb=pgV.
In this case, the left side of the equation (buoyant force) is represented in the third column of the
table and the right side (pgV) is the second column (weight of the displaced water). We see the
values --with a slight exception in the aluminum cylinder run-- are very similar, therefore,
verifying Archimedes' principle. The low percent di erence veri es that the two sides of the
equation (Fb and pgV) are equal, and the higher percent di erent (of 14% in the aluminum run)
can be attributed to error, most likely in either measurement of the aluminum cylinder or reading
the spring scale when the aluminum cylinder was weighed.
Fluids - 8
EXPERIMENT 1(c): FLOAT OR SINK?
You are supplied with three objects for this investigation and asked to predict whether each will
sink or float.
Based on your experience from the prior experiments, your tasks are to select ans make the appro-
priate measurements of these objects, present your calculations in Table 5, and predict which one
will float or sink in water (Table 6). Put the objects in water to confirm your prediction, and add
this into Table 6.
The goal here is not whether you get the right predictions or not; the goal is to verify your under-
standing. If your prediction is incorrect, go back, check your logic and algebra, and identify what
you missed, which you should include in your discussion.
Table 5: Float or sink
Measurements
Object 1 1893
Lengthmm 55.025118.71
M 22.29 Pay 1139.22kg
m3
AcrylicPrism
Object 2
A 1Wh
Ahh hits
M
d Melo9g food 723.07191ms
WoodenCube
Object 3
A1Wh thallophytes
Lengthmm 4 55.98 Aaron
d 22.26 r 11.13 1 945.57KIM
Tylinder m
cylinder
zag
Table 6: Float or sink
Your prediction Test your prediction and record
Will it float or sink? your observation
Object 1
it sunk
Sink Pprism Prato
Object 2
it floated
float
Pwoodspwater
Object 3
float Pcandepwateritfoated
Fluids - 9
DISCUSSION FOR EXPERIMENT 1(c): Float or Sink?
Determining whether an object oats or sinks in a uid depends on the comparison of the
densities of the object and the uid. In this case the uid was water with density = 1000kg/m^3.
The three objects varied in density and some of them sank while others oated.
The trend found was that if an object had a greater density than water it sunk while an object with
a density less than water remained a oat. This further applies to all objects in the uid: if the
density of an object exceeds the uid's density it will sink and if the object's density is less than
the uid's it will oat.
In the three trials the only object that sunk was the acrylic prism while the wooden block and
plastic cylinder remained a oat. This was further veri ed when their densities were calculated: the
acrylic prism's density was greater than water's (1139>1000), while the wooden block's (p=723)
and the plastic cylinder's (p=945) stayed a oat.
Possible sources of error here include errors in measurement of the dimensions of the objects with
the Vernier calliper, but errors would be rather minimal or negligible in our case as all the
calculations/predictions match up: all objects with densities greater than water's sunk and all
objects with densities less than water remained a oat.
Fluids - 10
EXPERIMENT 2: MEASURING VISCOSITY USING STOKES’ LAW
For this section of the experiment, you are required to wear safety glasses, hand gloves, and
a lab coat. Bring safety glasses and a lab coat, we will provide hand gloves.
A dense bead dropping in water will eventually reach
terminal speed due to the drag forces acting on it, how-
ever, that speed is usually too high for the condition of
laminar flow to be valid. A more viscous fluid will
slow the speed enough and make the flow of fluid past
the ball smooth. In this experiment, we will use glyc-
erin, which is more viscous than water.
APPARATUS
Tall glass cylinder, glycerin, a collection of spherical
steel ball bearings, electronic balance, Vernier caliper,
digital stopwatch.
METHOD
The tall glass cylinder provided for this experiment is
filled with glycerin, the fluid to be used for studying
viscosity. A collection of small spherical steel ball
bearings is provided for each group. Your task is to
drop the balls one at a time into glycerin, and time the
fall of the small ball between the two reference lines
as depicted in Figure 1.
Measure the mass and the diameters of the balls given
using the electronic balance and Vernier caliper, and
enter in Table 7. Estimate the uncertainties and enter
them in the column header. Measure the distance d
between the two reference points, and enter the value
and the estimated uncertainty above Table 7, where
indicated.
Time the fall using the stopwatch, and enter your data Figure 1: Terminal velocity of a sphere
in Table 7. Each station will be given nine balls with falling in a viscous liquid.
three different radii to test.
Calculate the apparent weight and the viscosity of glycerin, and enter these values into Tables 8
and 9.
Fluids - 11
DATA
The vertical distance between the two reference lines d = 15.00cm
IO.com
The density of glycerin r f luid =
126018ms
Table 7: Data for spherical balls falling through glycerin
Ball Trial Diameter of sphere Mass of sphere (g) Time of Descent T (s)
(mm) ± ±
± 0.01mm
0 19 0.01s
1 ±
3.17 0.01
0.1 5.44
r1 2 ±
0
3
3.18 0.2 5.42 ±
0.01
3.18 0.2 5.36
Average Time of Descent for r1 : ± s
5.41 0.05
1 ±
3.96 0.3 3.38 0.01
r2 2 ±
3.96 0.3 3.44 0.01
3 ±
3.95 0.2 3.46 0.01
Average Time of Descent for r2 : ± s
3 43 0.05
1 ±
r3 2
4.75 0.4 2.69
±
0.01
4.75 0.4 2.00 0.0
3 ±
4.75 0.4 2.54 0.01
Average Time of Descent for r3 : ± s
2.59 0.06
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CALCULATIONS:
Show a sample calculation of viscosity h for one trial in the space below. Complete Tables 8 and
9.
where 1260kg m3
Pf
4 1,1
1 pg pf Ps 7860kg m3
given
and g 9.8m s
rt 0 028m15 and r 0.00159m
for trial 1 4
0 91
4 4 5 7860 1260
1.30 Pais
theviscosity
2 foronetrial is 1.30Pa's
Fluids - 13
Table 8: Calculation of Apparent Weight and Terminal Speed
Ball Average Average Average Buoyancy Apparent
radius of volume of weight of force Fb (N) weight
sphere r (m) sphere (m3 ) sphere Fg (N) (Fg -Fb ) (N)
FB Pgl Vig
r1
0.00159 1.68 108 0.0016 0.00021 0.0014
r2
0.00198 3.25 10 8 0.0026 0.00040 0.0022
r3
8
0.00238 5.65 10 0.0039 0.00070 0.0032
Table 9: Calculation of Viscosity of Glycerin d 0.15m
Ball Average radius Average time of Terminal Apparent Viscosity of
of sphere r (m) descent T (s) speed vt (m/s) weight glycerin
(from Table 8) (from Table 7) (Fg -Fb ) (N) h (Pa·s)
(from Table 8)
r1
0.00159
5.41 0.028 0.0014 1.30
r2
0.00198
3.43 0.0022
0.044 1.28
r3
0.00238 0.0032
2.59 0.058 1.40
Does the time of descent depend linearly with the size of the sphere? Explain.
No, the time of descent does not depend linearly with the size of
the sphere. Here radius was used as the "size of the sphere" and
when plotting radius vs time to fall, the graph yielded an
exponential curve. Using volume as the parameter for "size of the
sphere" also yielded the same exponential shape. The graph
indicates that the variation between 2 radii is not the same as the
variation in time taken, speci cally not linearly. Therefore, time of
descent does not depend linearly with the size of the sphere.
Fluids - 14
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION FOR EXPERIMENT 1 AND 2:
Experiment 1a - Determining Volumes
Here volumes of two cylinders (one aluminum one brass) were calculated by using a vernier
calliper for diameter and height measurements. Multiple measurements were used for diameter
and height to account for any error in the shape of the cylinders themselves, therefore averages
were used in the calculations for volume. The volume was determined using the volume of a
cylinder equation, using radius and height. Lastly, measurements by the vernier calliper were in
mm and were converted to SI units of length before any volume calculations.
Experiment 1b - measuring apparent weights
The two cylinders were weighed in both air and water. The goal was to nd the buoyant force in
water by comparing it to air where there's supposedly no buoyant force (negligible). The cylinders
were weighed with spring scales in Newtons (N). In both cases the cylinders weighed less in water
than in air (indicating a buoyant force) but the brass cylinder had weight values (for air and water)
closer together than the aluminum cylinder. This is due to its smaller volume (higher density); it had
a weaker buoyant force acting on it and therefore the values for weight between air and water
were more similar than those the aluminum cylinder.
The buoyant force was calculated in two ways afterwards: one involved observing the di erence in
the spring scale, the other involved using the equation Fb=pgV, where the buoyant force is the
density of the uid times gravity times the volume of the uid displaced. Since the cylinders were
fully submerged, the volume of the uid displaced was simply the volume of the cylinders
themselves, and given gravity and the density of water, we could easily calculate the buoyant
force. We found that the observed buoyant force (from the scales) was nearly equal to the
calculated values, and we attributed our rather high percent di erence in one trial (14%) to errors
perhaps in measurements or scale reading.
Experiment 1c - Float or Sink
The discussion for this section is on page 9, but in short, we found that for an object to oat, its
density must be less than the uid's density, and if its density exceeds the uid's then the object
sinks.
Experiment 2 - Measuring Viscosity
In this section ball-bearings of 3 di erent sizes were dropped in glycerin and terminal velocity was
measured. This was done by measuring time taken for a ball to fall a certain distance, v=d/t. The
viscosity of the uid could be measured in 2 di erent ways, either using the di erence in densities
of the bearings and the glycerin (formula 1), or using the drag force equation (formula 2). Using the
two di erent methods yeilded slightly di erent numbers and this di erence is believed to be
experimental error that can be from multiple sources. As mentioned earlier, one source of error can
be in the measurement of the bearings but an additional source exclusive to experiment 2 could
be the timing of the ball drops in the glycerin: they were timed by hand and heavily relied on our
personal hand-eye coordination abilities. Taking this major source of possible error into account,
our calculated values for viscosity were within reasonable proximity, they ranged from 1.28 to 1.40
Pa*s.
Marks Table
Total Mark
(Lab report + Pre-lab ) Formula 1: Formula 2:
26
1 13 1 Frg bti.r.gov
