1.1.

Load Combinations

The load combinations and partial load factors are based on BS EN 1990:

 ULS:

 Accidental:

 SLS-Character:

 SLS-Freq:

 SLS-Quasi:

1.1.1. Partial Factors

The partial factors are to BS EN 1990:2002+A1:2005 with additional combinations for Design
Approach 1 and Design approach 2 as dictated by BS EN 1997.
Table 1: Partial load factors

EQU STR/GEO STR/GEO

Action SLS
(Set A) DA1.1 (Set B) DA1.2 (Set C)

Permanent actions G,sup G,inf G,sup G,inf G,sup G,inf G,sup G,inf

Self-weight 1.35 0.95 1.35 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Superimposed dead load 1.20 0.95 1.20 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Self-weight of other 1.35 0.95 1.35 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
materials listed in EN 1991-
1-1-1:2008, Table A.1-A.6

Creep and Shrinkage* 0.4 0 0.4 0 0.4 0 0.4 0

Prestress 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Settlement (linear structural 1.20 0 1.20 0 1.00 0 1.00 0

analysis)
 Settlement (nonlinear 1.35 0 1.35 0 1.00 0 1.00 0
structural analysis)

Variable actions (Q) Unfav. Fav. Unfav. Fav. Unfav. Fav. Unfav. Fav.

Road traffic actions (gr1a, 1.35 0 1.35 0 1.15 0 1 0

gr1b, gr2, gr5, gr6)

Pedestrian actions (gr3, gr4) 1.35 0 1.35 0 1.15 0 1 0

Wind actions 1.70 0 1.70 0 1.45 0 1 0

Train actions 1.70 0 1.70 0 1.45 0 1 0

Thermal actions 1.55 0 1.55 0 1.30 0 1 0

1.1.2. Adjustment Factor ψ

Adjustment factor of the degrees of contribution of variable actions shall be as follows (NA to BS
EN 1990 clause NA 2.3.6.3):
Table 2: Adjustment factor ψ for road bridges

Actions Load Load components ψo ψ1 ψ2

group

Traffic Loads TS 0.75 0.75 0

Gr1a UDL 0.75 0.75 0

Footway 0.40 0.40 0

Gr1b Single axle 0 0.75 0

Gr2 Horizontal forces 0 0 0

Gr3 Pedestrian loading 0 0.40 0

Gr4 Crowd loading 0 - 0

Gr5* Vertical forces from SV and SOV 0 - 0

Gr6* Horizontal forces from SV and SOV 0 0 0

Wind forces Fwk Persistent design situations 0.50 0.20 0

During execution 0.80 - 0

Fw During execution 1.0 - 0

Thermal actions Tk 0.60 0.60 0.50

Snow loads Qsn,k 0.80 - -

Construction loads Qc 1.0 - 1.0

* Frequent values of load groups 4 and 5 do not need to be considered in accordance with BS EN
1991-2:2003, clause 4.5.2.
1.1.3.Ultimate Limit States Combination (ULS)

The ultimate limit state combinations are expressed in the tables below for STR-ULS and GEO-
DA1.1 & DA1.2.
Table 3: ULS Combinations

Persistent and Permanent actions Prestress Leading Accompanying

transient variable variable
design Unfav Fav action actions
situation
G,supGk,,sup G,infGk,,inf pP Q,1Qk,,1 Q,io,iQk,,i

Permanent actions Prestres Leading Accompanying Fatigue

s variable variable action
Unfav Fav action actions

Non-cyclic Gk,,j sup Gk,,j inf P 1,1Qk,1 2,iQk,i

Cyclic Gk,,j sup Gk,,j inf P 1,1Qk,1 2,iQk,i Qfat

Permanent actions Prestress Accidental Accompanying variable

action actions

Unfav Fav Main (if any) Others

Accidental Gk,,j sup Gk,,j inf P Ad 1,1Qk,1 2,iQk,i
or
2,iQk,1
Seismic Gk,,j sup Gk,,j inf P Aεd = l A,Ek 2,iQk,i
1.1.4.Serviceability Limit States Combination (SLS)

The serviceability limit state combinations are expressed in the tables below for STR-SLS-Freq,
STR-SLS-Char.
Table 4: SLS Combinations

Combination Permanent actions Prestres Leading Accompanying

s variable variable
Unfav Fav action actions

Characteristic Gk,,j sup Gk,j ,inf P Qk,,1 o,i Qk,,i

Frequent Gk,,j sup Gk,j ,inf P 1,1Qk,1 2,jQk,j

Quasi-permanent Gk,,j sup Gk,j ,inf P 2,1Qk,1 2,jQk,j