1.2 ACTIONS (LOADS) An action is a direct or indirect force (load) that acts on a structure. They can be divided into three categories: Permanent Actions arc loads that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the lifetime of the structure. Variable Actions ere loads that may be either fully oF partially in place oF not present at all, and may also change in location. Accidental & Seismic Actions arc caused by unintended events which generally are of short {duration and which have a very low probability of occurrence. Seltweight ofstructures, | Imposed floor leads Explosions fivngs and fixed equipment Prestressing force ‘Wind loads, Fire Woter and cath ons Snow loads Impact from vehicles Indie action, ce Seismic ation setlement of supports temperature effects (Characteristic values for permanent & variable loads are given in the relevant parts of ES EN 1991 Actions on Structures. Part 1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for Buildings Part 1-4: Wind Actions issed in ES EN 1998: Design of structures for Earthquake resistance. Vatues of permanent & imposed loads Annex-A of ES EN 1991 Part 1-1 gives bles for nominal density of construction materials, and. nominal density and angles of repose for stored materials. + Table A.1 - Construction materials-conerete and mortar + Table A.2- Construction materials-masonry + Table A.3- Construction materials-wood + Table A.4- Construction materials-metals + Table A.S- Construction materials other materials, + Table A.6- Bridge materials + Table A.7 - Stored materiais - building and construction + Table A.8- Stored products — agricultural + Table A.9- Stored products — foodsturts + Table A.10- Stored products - iquidts + Table A.11 - Stored products - solid fuels, ‘+ Table A.12- Stored products - industrial and general Chapter six of ES EN 1991 Part I-1 gives the values of imposed loads for buildings depending on the use (category) of the building,‘Table 6.1 - Categories of use [category “Specitie use Brample A ‘Areas for domestic and | Rooms in resdental Duidings and nouses. residential aciviies | bedrooms and wards mn hospitals, bedrooms in hotels ang hostels itchens and tls. = ‘Office afeas c ‘Areas where peope | C1. Areas with lables, ele. eg. areasin schoo, may congregate (with | cafés, restaurants, dining halls, reading rooms, the exception of areas _| receptions. ‘eefined under category A.B, and D) ¢2: Areas with fixed seats, e.g. areas in ‘churches, theatres or cinemas, conference ooms. lecture hails. assembly hats, wating rooms, raiiway waiting rooms, 63: Areas without obstades for moving people. 9. areas in museums, exhbion rooms, etc. ‘and access areas in publc and administaton Dullings, hotels, nosprtas, railway station forecourt. C4: Areas win possible physical actwites, &.g dance halls, gymnastic rooms, stages. 5: Areas susceptible o large crowds. € 9. In buildings for public events like concer halls, sports halls including stands, terraces and access areas and railway platforms, D___| Shopping areas (D1: Areas in general retal Shops D2: Areas in depariment stores TAilenton is drawn 106.3 1.1(2),npaficuar or C4 and CS, See ES EN 1900 when Gynamic eects eed tp ba considered. For Catogsry E. see Table 5.3 [NOTE Depending on ther antciled uses, aeas Nay tbs CARGOES CT, C3 CAWAyBE | categerised as C5 by decison of the client andlor National arnes. NOTE2 The Natcnal annexmay provide sub categories oA, B, C1 to C5, D1 and D2 NOTE3 Soo 62.2for storage or industial actvity Table 6.2 - Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings Talegaries of Ioaded areas a or [knim?) 1KN] Category A Floors 151020 201030 = stairs 201040 20040 Balconies 251040 201030, Category 8 201030 151048 Category ¢ ct 201030 30140 c2 30I040| 25107040) 3 301050 40070 2a 451050, 351070 cs 501075 351045 Category D o1 40t050] 35t7.0 40 202 401050 3510701S DESIGN VALUES OF ACTIONS “The values of loads to be used in design are governed by a number of factors. These include: y The type of the load (permanent, variable or seismic) y The limit state being considered (ULS or SLS) y ‘The number of variable loads acting simultaneously. Statisticaly, it is improbable that all, loads will act at their full characteristic value at the same time. To allow for this, the characteristic values of loads will need modification, To get the design value of a load, Fz, the characteristic value of the load (1) should be multiplied by partial safety factor forthe load, yr. For example; ‘The design permanent load. Ga=wGr The design variable load is Q4=WQX oF OH The design accidental load is Aa= Ac Where ‘76, yo and ya partial safety factors for permanent, variable & accidental load respectively Partial safety factors for loads accounts for possible increase of loads above those considered in design due to: inaccuracy in determining the loads, inaccuracy in the analysis, variations in the ‘geometry of the structure and its elements.‘The factor y converts the characteristic value of @ variable load into a representative value. It adjusts the value of the action to account for the joint probability of the actions occurring simultaneously. It can have three value; Combination value (yo), Frequent value (y!) and Quasi- permanent value (v2), ‘Table: - Partial safety factors for actions (loads) in building structures. Design Situation | Action Factor, 7 | Favorable | Unfavorable ULS - Persistent ‘Permanent te 1 135 andTransieat | Variable oe ri is ULS - Accidental, Permanent we 1 1 & Seismic Variable ro o 1 Permanent 1 1 ‘SLS. ie Variable " @ 1 Table: - Values of y for building structures. Action w | % ‘ ‘Imposed loads in buildings, category (see ES EN. 1991-1-1:2015) Category A: domesic, residential erees or | os | 03 Category office ora oy | os | oa Category C congregation areas o7 | o7 | 06 Category D :Shepping areas o7 | o7 | 06 Category E storage areas to | 09 | oe Category F : traffic area, ‘vehicle werght< 30hN o7 | 07 | 06 Category G : trafic area OKN < vehicle weight < 160N o7 | o5 | 03 Category Hoots o | o | o Snow loads on buildings 0 0 0 Wind loads on bulings Goo ES EN TwoTa-az015) | 08 —|~02—|—o Temperature (non-fre) in buildings (see ES EN 08 | 05 0 1991-1-5:2015) 1.6 LOAD COMBINATIONS For each critical load case, the design values of the effects of actions (£2) should be determined by ‘combining the design values of loads which occur simultaneously. In the following paragraphs, various generalized combinations of leads are expressed symbolically. It should be noted that the “4° symbol in the expressions does not have the normal mathematical meaning, as the directions ‘of loads could be different. It is best to read it as meaning ‘combined with”. ‘The following combinations assume that « number of variable actions are present at the same time, (Q&1 is the leading (dominant) variable load if itis obvious, otherwise each variable load is in turn ‘treated as a leading (dominant) variable load and the others as accompanying variable loads, Qt.Load Combination for Ultimate Limit State (ULS) According to ES EN 0, the following load combinations are used for ULS design. A) Persistent & transient design situation combination (fundamental combination) D7aiG.s + ¥0:8:* LIMP: (a) B) Accidental design situation combination LG + At... + DVO a2) ©) Seismic design situation combination Lai t4etDe@ (3) Load Combination for Serviceability Limit State (SLS) ‘The combination of loads to be considered for SLS depends on the nature of the effect of the loads being checked, ¢ irreversible, reversible or long tem. According to ES EN 0, the following load ‘combinations are used for SLS design. A) Characteristic combination This is used for checking permanent (irreversible) effects (damage or deformation). Lei Oe Lvs aa) B) Frequent combination “This is used for checking local damage, large deformations or vibrations which are temporary (reversible) or to check cracking, LG, +10. + D0, as) ©) Quasi-permanent combination ‘This is used when long-term effects (deformation) and appearance of the structure are of importance. It is used for the verification of ereep, settlement, et. LGs+ Dv. (1.6) ‘The table shown below is a summary of the load combinations for each design situation. Permanent Leading | Accompanying | Accidental | Seismic Design situation action | Variable ection | Variable action | action | action (Gi) (@) (Q) (Ay | (Ara) ULS Persistent & Transient | yo= 135) yo=15 | youo= wel 7 7 ULS Accidental 6 ir = wiel_|_ yayo= ya" 1 7 ULS Seismic yw=t | war0 = - 1 SES Characterstic 16 yo woro= worl - - SLS Frequeat eo vire= wel | yayo= ya" - - 'SLS Quasi-permancat 18> varo= veel | yare= ve" - -