Basic concepts

Council Directives 89/106/EEC

Essential Requirements (1989)
Mechanical resistance and stability
Safety in case of fire
Hygiene, health and environment
Safety in use
Protection against noise
Energy economy and heat retention
Interpretative documents ID1 to ID6

EUROCODES

Name
Publishing
EN 1990: Basis of Structural design
2002
EN 1991: Actions on structures
2002
EN 1992: Design of concrete structures
2004
EN 1993: Design of steel structures
2004
EN 1994: Design of composite structures
2004
EN 1995: Design of timber structures
2004
EN 1996: Design of masonry structures
2004
EN 1997: Geotechnical design
2004
EN 1998: Design of structures for earthquake
2004
EN 1999: Design of aluminium structures
2004
DAV:

EN 1990, DAV: 2002-04-24

EN 1991-1-1, DAV: 2002-04-24
EN 1991-1-2, DAV: 2002-11-20
EN 1991-1-3, DAV: 2003-07-16

Some basic definitions

Enclosing a space

1,5NL/(hf)

M=NL/4< f bh2/6 A=bh>1,5NL/(hf)

Span, cost utility

Reliability of load bearing structures

Reliability - property (probability) of a structure to
fulfil required functions during a specified life time
under given conditions
- reliability survival probability Ps = 1 - Pf
- functional (performance) requirements
- des
design
g wo
working
g lifee T
- given conditions
Failure probability Pf or the reliability index - is
the most important measure of structural reliability
Pf < Pf, t ; > t

= -1
N ( Pf )

Pf

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-4

10-5

10-6

10-7

1,28

2,32

3,09

3,72

4,27

4,75

5,20

Basic concepts of current codes

Design situations
Persistent - normal use
Transient - execution, repairs
Accidental - explosion,
p
, impact
p
Seismic - seismic events

Design working life

Replaceable parts
Temporary structures
Buildings
Bridges, monuments

1 to 5 years
25 years
50 years
100 years

Accidental Design Situation - Fire

G+Q

Resistance R

L
Fire qfi

td > td,regu, Ed < Rd,d <cr,d | fire

Limit states
Limit states - states beyond which the structure no longer fulfils
the relevant design (performance) criteria
Ultimate limit states
loss of equilibrium of the structure as a rigid body
failure, collapse, loss of stability
failure caused by fatigue or other time dependent effects

Serviceability limit states

- the functioning of the structure under normal use
- the comfort of people
- the appearance of the construction works

Ultimate and serviceability limit states

Behaviour of a reinforced concrete beam

Cracks
- tensile vertical
- tensile inclined
- shear
- compression

The beam may have several

possible modes of failure:
- cracking
- deflection
- shear
- bending

Robustness structural integrity

Structures should be designed in such a way that they exhibit
robustness to the effect of impact or explosion.
Ronan point 1967
explosen on the 20th
storey

The measures bonds, ties

Peripheral ties at
each floor - ring
beam

Internal ties
Continuous
vertical ties
In columns
and walls
Columns and wall
ties anchored into
structure at each
floor

Robustness

Disintegration due to explosion

Ties to secure robustness

Horizontal tie

Vertical ties

Partial collapse of untied components

Untied components, spalling of cover zone, partial collapse

Structural continuity

Overall stiffness

Two dimensional robustness

Durability concrete cover

Durability - Reinforcement corrosion

Concrete cover and quality

Methods of reliability verification

Historical and empirical methods

Permissible stresses
Safet factor methods
Safety
Partial factor methods
Probabilistic methods
Risk assessment
Increasing demands on design procedure

The Oldest
Building Law
Hammourabi, Babylon, 2200 BC

If a house collapses and causes the

death of the owner - the builder of
that house shall be put to death

Variables
Basic variables in general random variables
actions F
properties of materials f
geometric data a

Cumulative variables random variables

load effect E(F, f, a)
structural resistance R (F, f, a)

Model uncertainties
uncertainty of load effect E (F, f, a)
uncertainty of resistance R (F, f, a)
uncertainty of semi resulting variables
All variables may be time invariant (permanent load, geometric data)
or time variant (variable actions, material properties) - then time t

Partial safety factors

Actions - design values Fd = F Fk
Properties of materials - d. v. f d = f k / f
Dimensions - design v. ad = a k a
E d ( Fd , f d , a d ) < R d ( Fd , f d , a d )

Example
Ed = GGk + QQk < Rd = A fyk /M

Classification of actions F
Permanent
G

Variable Accidental
Q
A

- Self-weight, fixed
equipment
- Prestressing
- Actions due to
water and earth
- Indirect actions,
e.g. due to sagging
of fundaments

- Imposed
loads
- Snow
- Wind
- Indirect,
e.g. due to
temperature

- Explosion
- Fire
- Impact of
vehicles

The characterisic values of actions

Probability density (x)
0,4

0,3

Actions F:
G, Q, P, g, q, p

0,2

Characteristic
value xk=x0,05

Standard deviation

0,1

The mean

0 05
p = 0,05

0,0
-3,5

1- p = 0,05

(x-)/
-2,5

-1,5

-0,5

0,5

1,5

2,5

Random variable X having the normal distribution

The characteristic values Fk: Gk, Qk, Pk, gk, qk, pk

The design values: Fd = F Fk
The design values of parmanent atcions: Gd = G Gk
- variable actions: Qd = Q Qk nebo Qd = Q i Qk = Q Qrep
where Qrep = i Qk denotes representative value of Q

3,5

Factors G and Q
EN 1990, 24.04.2002
Limit state
A-EQU

Load effect

Unfavourable
Favourable
B-STR/GEO Unfavourable
Favourable
C- STR/GEO Unfavourable
Favourable

1,10
0,90
1,35
1,00
1,00
1,00

1,50
0,00
1,50
0,00
1,30
0,00

Partial factors

Yield strength
Relative frequency

Density Plot (Shifted Lognormal) - [A1_792]

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.005

Outliers
0.000
210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

Yield strength [MPa]

Partial factors of structural steel: s= 1,0; 1,10; 1,15; 1,20

Reinforcement: s = 1,15

A steel rod
Load effect
R

General
Design
values
Design of
rod area A

Resistance

E=G+Q
R = A fy
Ed = GGk + QQk Rd = A fyk /M = A fyd
Ed < Rd
A > Ed / fyd, or
GGk + QQk < A fyk /M
A > (GGk + QQk) / (fyk /M)

E
An example: Gk = 0,6 MN, Qk = 0,4 MN, G= 1,35 , Q= 1,5
Ed = 1,35.0,6+1,5.0,4 = 1,41 MN
fyk = 235 MPa, M = 1,10, fyd = fyk/ M= 214 MPa
A > Ed / fyd = 1,41/214 = 0,00659 m2 = 65,9 cm2

A reinforced concrete fbeam or slab

c

bxfc

0,8x x
d z

As

Asfy
a

As = b

f c
2 2M
(
)
h

a
f cb
f y

As M/(z fy)

z 0,9 d

Example:
Md = 0,1 MNm, d = 0.42 m, steel S500fyk=500 MPA, s=1,15
fyd = 500/1,15 = 435 MPA, z = 0,9d = 0,378 m,
As 0,1/0,378/435 = 6,08 10-4 m2 = 608 mm2

A short column with centric load

For a very small eccentricity, for fixed column for h > l/10
Nd = 0,8 Ac fcd + As fyd
= 0,8 b h fcd + As fyd

As
a
b

Design of the column dimensions:

b2 = h2 = (Nd - As fyd) / (0,8 fcd)
chosen As~ 0.01 b h
b2 = h2 = Nd / ( 0,01 fyd + 0,8 fcd)
b > 0,20 m, commonly 0,30 a 0,50 m
Condition for reinforcement area: 0,003 < As< 0,08

An example
Design load effect
Nd 1000 kN = 1 MN
Design strengths
fyd = 500/1,15
500/1 15 = 435 MPa , fcd= 20/1,5=
20/1 5= 13,3
13 3 MPa
Chosen reinforecement area
As~ 0.01 b h < 0,08 b h
b2 = h2 = Nd / ( 0,01 fyd + 0,8 fcd) = 1/15 = 0,067
b = h = 0,26 ~ 0,30 m > 0,20 m

Load Combinations
EN 1990, 24.04.2002
Ultimate limit states:
- Persistent and transient design situation:
EQU - equilibrium
STR - structure
GEO - soil or rock
FAT - fatigue (general rules)

(6.7)
(6.10)
(6.10)

- Accidental and seismic des. s. (6.11), (6.12)

Serviceability:
Characteristic - irreversible
Frequent - reversible
Quasi-permanent - long-term effects

(6.14)
(6.15)
(6.16)

Ultimate Limit States

Persistent and transient situation - fundamental combination
Leading and accompanying variable actions

Gj

j 1

or

j 1

j 1

G k j + P Pk + Q 1Q k 1 + Qi 0 i Q i

( 6 .10 )

i >1

Gj G kj

+ P Pk +

Qi 0 i Qi

( 6.10 a )

i 1

Gj G k j + P Pk + Q 1Q k 1 + Qi 0 i Q i

(6.10b)

i >1

Accidental design situation

kj

+ Pk + Ad + ( 11 or 21) Qk1 +

j 1

j 1

Gj

2i Qki

(6.11b)

i >1

Seismic design situation

G k j + Pk + I AEd + 2 i Q k i

( 6 .12 b )

i 1

Serviceability Limit States

The characteristic - irreversible effects

G
j 1

kj

+ Pk + Qk1 + 0 i Qi

(6 .14 )

i >1

Frequent
F
t combination
bi ti - reversible
ibl andd local
l l effects
ff t

G
j 1

kj

+ Pk + 11Qk1 + 2 i Qki

( 6 .15 )

i >1

Quasi-permanent combination - long-term effects

G
j 1

kj

+ Pk + 2 i Qki
i 1

( 6 .17 )

Leading variable action

S

hs
hs

W
n hs

hs

a1

a1

a2

a1

Design Values of Actions

The load effect Ed

- exceeded with the probability ( 0,7 )

- Permanent loads Gd = G Qk, reduction factor
- Variable actions Qd = Q Qk, factors
-- Combination value 0Qk
- exceeded by with the increased probability
( 0,7 0,4 )
-- Frequent value 1Qk
- exceeded during 0,01 of a reference period
-- Quasi-permanent value 2Qk
- exceeded during 0,5 of a reference period

Arbitrary--point -in time Q

Representative Values of Q
Characteristic value Qk
t1

t2

t3

Combination value 0Qk

Frequent value1Qk

Quasi-permanent value 2Qk

Time

Factors i
EN 1990, 24.04.2002
Actions

Imposed
p
A,, B
Imposed C, D
Imposed E

0,7
,
0,7
1,0

0,5
,
0,7
0,9

0,3
,
0,6
0,8

Snow
Wind
Temperature

0,5-0,7 0,2-0,5 0,0-0,2

0,6
0,2
0,0
0,6
0,5
0,0

Cantilever beam
Actions g1, g2, q1, q2, G

q1

g1

The maximum bending

moment at (b) and reaction B

(a)

g2

q2

(b)

(c)

(d)

B
l1 = 4,5 m

l2 = 3,0 m
q1

g1

g2

The maximum moment v (c)

A

(a)

(b)

(c)
l1 = 4,5 m

l2 = 3,0 m

g1

Static equilibrium (the

minimmu reaction A)

(d)

(a)

g2

q2

(b)

(c)

(d)

B
l1 = 4,5 m

l2 = 3,0 m

Cantilevered Beam
q1

g1

(a)

g2

(b)

(c)

(d)

B
l1 = 4,5 m

Load
case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

q2

l2 = 3,0 m

Limit state
g1
Equilibrium, eq. (6.7)
0,90
Ultimate, eq. (6.10) (c)
1,35
Ultimate eq.
Ultimate,
eq (6.10)
(6 10) (b)
1 00
1,00
Ultimate, eq. (6.10)
1,35
Ultimate, eq. (6.10a) (c)
1,35
Ultimate, eq. (6.10b) (c) 0,851,35
Ultimate, eq. (6.10a) (b)
1,00
Ultimate, eq. (6.10b) (b)
1,00
Serviceability, eq. (6.14)
1,00
Serviceability, eq. (6.14)
1,00
Serviceability, eq. (6.15)
1,00
Serviceability, eq. (6.15)
1,00
Serviceability, eq. (6.16)
1,00
Serviceability, eq. (6.16)
1,00

g2
1,10
1,00
1 35
1,35
1,35
1,00
1,00
1,35
0,851,35
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00

Action
q1
1,50
1,50
1,500,7
1,50
1,00
1,000,5
1,000,3
-

q2
1,50
1 50
1,50
1,50
1,500,7
1,50
1,00
1,000,5
1,000,3

G
1,10
1,00
1 35
1,35
1,35
1,00
1,00
1,35
0,851,35
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00

Load Effects
-64.8

Eq(6.7) - shear
1

2
1

-4.0

Eq. (6.10)
bending moments

3
2
6.6

96.6
-176,2

Eq. (6.10a) and (6.10b)

bending moments -159,1
-85,5

-85,5
1

2
1

2
1

3
2

40,5

47,8

Origin and causes of structural failure

Origin Design Execution
20%
50%
Causes
Gross errors
80%

Use
15%

Other
15%
Actions
20%

Gross errors can be limited by quality

control during design, execution and use.

Risk Assessment
System Definition
Hazard Identification
Propability P

Consequences C

Risk Ass. R = P C
Criteria R < Rt

Summary - the most important points

Historical methods of reliability verification

Classification of basic variables
Uncertainties and possibility of their description
Definition of reliability reliability measures
Reliability differentiation in international documents
Concepts of design situations and limit states
Structural integrity - robustness
Principles of partial factor method
Combination of actions and reliability elements
General procedure of risk assessment
Origin and causes of structural failure

Links between the Eurocodes

EN 1990

EN 1991

EN 1992
EN 1995

EN 1997

EN 1993 EN 1994
EN 1996 EN 1999

EN 1998

Basis of design,
structural safety,
serviceability and
durability
Actions on structures,
ppermanent,, variable,,
accidental
Design and detailing
for structures made of
different materials
Geotechnical and
Seismic design

Concrete creep

Deformation of concrete

The durability chart

Resistance - design statistics

The characteristic strength