CONTROL, ANALYSIS, AND TESTING CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PLATING SOLUTIONS by Charles Rosenstein ‘Sheliase Ltd, Jerusalem, sae) and Stanley Hirsch Looam Consutants Ltd, New oche, N.X Plating solutions must be routinely analyzed in order o maintain the recommended bath formulation and to preempt the occurence of problems related to improper levels of bath ‘constitents. Contarinant level in the solutions must also be monitored. Manufacurers of plating systems establish opimum specification to ensure maximum solution efficiency and ‘uniformity of deposits. The various factors that cause the concentration of bah constituents to devia from their optimum values areas follows: 1. dragon; 2 solution evaporation: 3. chemical decomposition: and ‘4 unequal anode and cathode efficiencies. ‘A current efficiency problem is recognized by gradual but continuous changes in pH, ‘metal content, or cyanide content (see Table ‘The techniques emplayed forthe quantitative analysis of plating solution are elssifed ss volumetric (itimetrie), ravimetie, and instrumental Volumetric and gravimetric methods te also known as "wet" methods. The analyst must elect the method that is best suited and ‘most cost effective for a particular application. "The wet methods oulined here are simple, accurate, and rapid enough for practically all plating process conto. They require only the common analytical equipment found inthe Inboratory, and the instuctons are suficienly detailed for an average technician to fllow without any difieuty. The determination of small amounts of impuries and uncommon ‘Table 1 Problems Caused by Unequal Anode and Cathode Eiiciences Problem one a a i de tiene gh meal content, oon eee ow anal comtent cade eflency igh ee cpanise Low ano fecy ow fe yanie igh snode efeiency‘metals shouldbe refered to a competent laboratory, as high degree of sill and chemical Knowledge are required for te determination of these constituents allel testing (se the section on plating cells elsewhere inthis Guldeboot) enables the ‘operator to observe the quality of deposit over a wide cutent density range. VOLUMETRIC METHODS: ‘When titans composed of standard solutions are added to sample that contains a ‘component whose concentration isto be quantitatively determined, the method is referred 10 4s 8 volumetric method. The component tobe determined must reat completely with the tisant in stechiometic proporions. From the volume of tant requied, the component's ‘concentration is ealeulated The simplicity, quickness, and relatively low cost of volumetric ‘methods make them the most widely used forthe analysis of plating and related solutions. ‘Volumetric methods involve reactions of several types: oxidation-reducton, acid-base, complexation, and precipitation, Indicators ae auxiliary reagents, which usually signify the {endpoint of the analysis. The endpoint can be indicated by a color change, formation of turbid solution, or the solubilization of a turbid solaton. ‘Some volumetric methods require litle sample preparation, whereas others may require cutesive preparation. Accuracy decreases for volumetnic analyses of components found {0 Jom concep tnt ey eve Wi compo fund in ‘Volumetric methods are limited in that several conditions must be satisfied. Indicators should be available to signal the endpoint of the tation. The component-ivant reaction should not be affected by interferences from eter substances found in the solution, GRAVIMETRIC METHODS In gravimetric methods, the component being determined is separted from other components of the sample by precipitation, volailization, of electoanaltical means. Precipitation methods are the most important gravimetric methods. The precipitate is usually very slightly soluble compound of high purty that contains the component. The weight of the precipitate is determined aftr itis fitered from solution, washed, and dried. Gravimetric ‘methods ae used to supplement the available volumetric methods. imitations of gravimetric methods include the requirement that the precipitated component as an extemely low solubility. The precipitate mus also be of high punty and be easily filterable. ‘Species that reanalyzed gravimetrically include chloride, sulfate carbonate, phosphate, sold, and silver. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS. Instrumental methods differ from wet methods in tha they measure a physical property felated tothe composition of a substance, whereas wet methods rely on chemical reactions ‘The selection ofan instrament forthe analysis of plating solutions ise dificultsk, Analysts ‘must decie ifthe cost is used andthe analytical instuument i capable of analyzing for the required substances witha high degree of accuracy and precision, Instruments coupled to computers can automatically sample, analyze, and record results. Mathematical errors are ‘minimized and sample measurements are_more reproducible than with wet methods Instrumental methods ae also extremely rapid when compared with wet methods Unlike humans, instruments cannot judge. They cannot recognize improper sample ‘preparation or interfering substances Erroneous results ae sometimes produced by electonie land mechanical malfonctions, 510 .Coating Thickness Measurement and much more! 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Spectro- copie methods (fame photometry, emission spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, mass spec ‘womet, and inductively coupled plama) are based oo the emission of light. Photometric methods (spectrophotomety, colorimetry and atomic absorption) are based onthe absorption of light. Chromatographic methods (ion chromatography) involve the separation of substances. for subsequent identification. Electroanalyical methods (potentiomety, conductometry, polarography, amperomet, and eleeuogravimetry) involve an elecrc erent in the course ofthe analysis, pce tetera mete conpreteialy reve ilo, a mot apt 0 ating environments. ‘SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS. ‘Specuroscopy is the analysis ofa substance bythe measurement of emited light. When heat, electrical energy, or radiant energy is added to an atom, the atom becomes excited and ‘emits light. Excitation can be caused by 2 flame, spark, X-ays, of an AC of DC ae. The lecwons inthe atom are activated rom their ground sat to unstable energy shes of higher potential energy. Upon returning to their ground stat, energy is released in the form of lecromapneic radiation ‘Because each element contains atoms with different arrangements of outermost elec- trons, distinct set of wavelengths is obtained. These wavelengths, from atoms of several clement, ae separated by a monochromator such as a prism ot a difacion grating. Detection of the wavelengths can be accomplished photographically (spectrograph) or vi iect-reading photoelectric detectors (specuophotometers). The measuement of intensity ‘emited at a particular wavelength is proportional to the concentation of the element being, analyzed "An advantage of spectoscopy is thatthe method is specific forthe element being. analyze. It permits quantitative analysis of wace elements without any preliminary weatment land without prior knowledge as t0 the presence of the element. Most metals and some Smeal maybe alyzed, Sectoscop aaa ao wef fr epee anya ‘Disadvantages ofspecuoscopic analysis include the temperature dependence of intensity measurements a intensity is very Sensitive to small uctuations in temperature. The accuracy land precision of specvographic methods is not as high as some speciophotometie methods ‘or wet analyses. Spectrograpie methods are usually limited to maximum element concen- lutions of 3%. Additional sensitivity is much smaller for elements of high energy (e.g 2in) than for elements of low energy (8. sodium). ‘Applications of speewoscopy include the analysis of major constituents and impurities in plating Solutions. and of alloy deposits fr compost. Flame Photometry Th flame photometry (FP), a sample in solution is atomized at constant air pressure and inroduced in its entirety into a flame as a fine mist. The temperature of the fame ({.800-3,100°K) is kept constant. The solvent is evaporated andthe solid is vaporized and then dissociated into ground state atoms, The valence electrons ofthe ground state atoms are excited by the energy of the lame to higher energy levels and then fll back tothe ground State. The intensities of the emited spectrum lines are determined in the spectrograph or ‘measured directly by a spetrophotometer. “The flame photometer is calibrated with tandards of known composition and concen tration. The intensity of «given spectral line ofan unknown ean then Be eomeated with the mount ofan element presen that emis the specific radiation 512 .Physical interferences may occur ffom solute or solvent effects onthe rate of transport ofthe sample into the Name. Specval interferences ae caused by ajaceat line emisions ‘when the element being analyzed has nearly the same wavelength as another element “Monoctromators or the selection of other spectral lines minimize this interference. lnization imerferences may occur withthe higher temperature flames. By adding a second ionizable clement, the interferences ve to the joization of the element being determined are ‘minimized, ‘An advantage of FP thatthe temperature ofthe ame can be kept more nearly constant than with elec sources. A disadvantage ofthe method is thatthe Sensiiviy of the flame Source is many times smaler than that ofan eletic are o spark FP is used forthe analysis of aluminum, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, indi, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, nickel, palladium, platinum, potassium, ‘hodium, ruthenium, silver, sodium, stomium, tin, and zinc. Emission Spectrometry Tn emission spectrometry (ES), a sample composed ofa solid, cast metal or solution is excited by an elec discharge such as an AC ae, a DC are, ora spark. The samples usually placed in the cavity of a lower graphite elecuode, which is made posiive. The upper Counterelecrode is another graphite electrode ground toa point. Graphite isthe prefered electrode material because ofits abilty (0 withstand the high electric discharge temperatures. Its also a good electrical conductor and does not generate its own spectal lines ‘The aris started by touching the two graphite electrodes and then separating them. The extremely high temperatures (4,000-6,000°K) produce emited radiation higher in enerzy and in the number of spectra ines than in ame photometry. Characteristic wavelengths from toms of several elements ae separated by a monochromator and are detected By specto- raps or spectrophotometers. Qualitative identification i performed by using available Chars and tables to identify the spectral lines thatthe emistion spectrometer sorts ott according to their wavelength. The elements present in a sample can also be qualitatively determined by comparing the spectrum of an unknown with tat of pure samples of the lements. The density ofthe wavelengths is proportional tothe concentration ofthe element being determined. Calibrations ae done against standard samples. 'ES is a useful method forthe analysis of ace metalic contaminant in plating baths. The “oxide” method is «common quantative technique in ES. A sample ofthe plating bath is evaporated to dryness and then Reated ina mule furnace. The resultant oxides ae mixed with srapite and placed in a graphite electrode. Standard are similarly prepared and a DC aris ‘sed to excite the sample and standards Xray Fluorescence ‘X-ray Muorescence (XRF) specuoscopy is based on the excitation of samples by an Xray soure of sufficiently high energy. resuling inthe emission of fluorescent radiation, ‘The concentration ofthe element being determined is proportional to the intensity of is characteristic wavelength A typical XRF spectrometer consists ofan Xray soure, a detector, and a dats analyzer. “Advantages of XRF ince the nondestructive nature of the X-rays onthe sample. XRF {is useful in measuring the major constituents of plating baths suchas cadmium, chromium, cobalt, gol, nickel ser tn and zinc. Disadvantages of XRF inclode its lack of sensitivity 8 compared with ES. "X-ray spectroscopy is alo used to measure the thickness of a plated deposit. The X-ay detector is placed on the wavelength of the element being measured. The surface ofthe ‘epost is exposed to an X-ray source andthe intensity ofthe element wavelength ie measured ‘A calibration curve is constructed for intensity agains thickness for particular deposit Coating compositions ean also be determined by XRF. 513Mass Spectrometry TInmass spectrometry (MS), gases or vapors derived from liquids or solids are bombarded by # beam of electtons in an ionization chamber, casing ionization anda ruptre of chemical bonds. Charged particles are formed, which may be composed of elements, molecules, of fragments. Elecuc and magnetic feds then separate the ions according to their mass 10 charge ratio (m/). The amount and typeof fragments produced in an ionization chamber, for «particular energy ofthe bombanling beam, ae characteristic ofthe molecule; therefore, very chemical compound has a distinct mass spectrum. By establishing mass spectrum of Several pure compounds, an observed pattern allows identification and analysis of complex ‘The mass spectrum ofa compound contsins the masses of the ion fragments andthe relative abundances of these ions pus the parent in, Dissociation fragments will always ‘ocur in the same relative abundance for a particule compound. "MS is applicable to all substances that have a suffiienly high vapor pressure. This usually includes substances whose boiling point is below 480°C. MS permits qualitative and ‘quantitative analysis of liquids, solid, and gases. Inductively Coupled Plasma Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) involves the aspiration of sample ina steam of argon 8s, and then st ionization by an applied radio frequency field. The field is inductively ‘coupled to the ionized gas bya col surounding a quart or that supports and encloses the plasma. The sample aerosols heated inthe plasma, the molecules become almost completely ‘issociated and then the atoms present in the cample emit Hight at their characteristic frequencies. The light passes through a monochromator and onto detector. ‘The high temperature (7,000°K) of the argon plasma gas produces efficient atomic emission and permis low detection limits for many elements. AS with atomic absorption (AA), ICP does not distinguish between oxidation states (eg. CP* and Cf") of the same element—the total element present is determined. Advantages of ICP include complete fonization and no matix interferences asin AA. ICP allows simultaneous analysis of many tlements ina short ime. Ii sensitive to part-perilion levee ‘Disadvantages of ICP include its high cost and it intolerance to samples with greater than 36 dissolved solid. Background correction usally compensate for inerferences de {0 background radiation from otber elements and the plasma gases. Physical interferences, dve 10 viscosity or surface tension, can eause significant erors, These erors are redaced by ‘iting the sample. Although chemical interferences are insignificant inthe ICP metho, they an be greatly minimized by careful selection ofthe insrumeat's operating conditions, by ‘marix matching, or by buferng the sample. ICPis applicable to the analysis of major components and trace contaminant in plating soluons. 1 also useful for waste-weatment analysis PHOTOMETRIC METHODS: Photometric method are based onthe absorption of ultraviolet (200-800 am) or visible (400-1,000 nm) radiant energy by a species in Solution. The amount of energy absorbed is roportional to the concentration of the absorbing species in solution. Absorption is Geterminedspectophotometclly or colorimetrically “The sensiivity and accuracy of photometric metbods must be frequently checked by testing standard solutions in order to detect electrical, optical, or mechanical malfunctions in ‘he anlytial instrament, 514Quality Control METAL FINISHERS Starts with the Certified Solutions of ‘0-497-CHEM (2436) OR FAX 717-236-0608, Y aru ConrmoL TesriNa ReAGENTS 1% EM science Rencewr Comeau 1% wen scienrine oEALER Red Bird Service Supplying Metal Finishing QC. Labs with Testing Chemicals Since 1978 Red Bird Service ee eee ee se aura man. am avg P7387 Osgood, IN. 47037 Ic hacen com 900-428-3502 _Fex12699.4061 | Ema [email protected] BRENNER-SENDEROFF CONTRACTOMETER THE STANDARD FOR MEASUREMENT & CONTROL OF ELECTRODEPOSIT STRESS The internationally accepted standard device for precise measurement of tansle and compres, ‘SNe stresses. Low frctlon, Corosion resltant Equipped ‘+ Tetlon* bearings, bushings and helix ining + Stainless stoe! gears + Chemical-resistant acrylic carrying case + Adjustable extension arm for lab stand attachment + Custom helices for special applications * SEND FOR FULL DETAILS TODAY KK] KAMERAS INSTRUMENTS A DIVISION OF BIDI INC. P.0. Box 399, Garrett Park, MD 20896 Phono: 301-846-3210‘Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry Spectrophoromeiry involves analysis by the measurement of the light absorbed by a Solution. The absorbance is proportional to the concentration of the analyte in solution. Specuophotometrc methods are most often used for the analysis of metals with concentra. tions of up to 2% ers consist of alight source (tngsten or hydrogen), # monochromator, ‘sample holder, and detector. Ulvavolet or visible light of a definite wavelength is used as the light source. Detectors are photoelectric cells that measure the tansmited (unabsorbed) ight Spectrophotometers diferffom photometers in that they utilize monochromator, whereas photometers use filters to isolate the desired wavelength region. Filters isolate @ ‘wider band of ight. Tn specuophotometric tations, the cell containing the analyte solution i placed in the light path ofa spectrophotometer. Titan is added to the cell with sting, andthe absorbance ‘is measured. The endpoint is determined graphically. Applications of this tration include the analysis of a mixture of arsenic and antimony and the analysis of copper with ethylene diamine tera acetic acid (EDTA), ‘The possiblity of errs in spectophotometic analyses is increased when numerous ions are required for an analysis CColorietry involves comparing the color prodeced by an unknown quantity of a substance with the color produced by a standard containing a known quantity of that substance. When monochromatic light passes through the colored solution, a certain amount ofthe light, proportional othe concentration of the substance, will be absorbed. Substances that are coloriess or only slightly colored canbe rendered highly colored by a reaction with special reagent, Ta the standard series colorimetic method, the analyte solution is diluted to a cenain volume (usually $0 of 100 mi) in a Nessler tube and mixed. The color ofthe solution is ‘compared with a series of standards similarly prepared. The concentration of the analyte ‘eval te concentration ofthe standard solution whose color t matches exacly. Colors ean also be compared to standards via a colorimeter (photometer), comparator, o spectropho- “The posible eror in colorimetric measurements may arse fom the following sources: turbidity, sensitivity of the eye or color Blindness, dilations, photometer filters, chemical interferences, and variations in temperature or pH Photometric methods are available for the analysis ofthe following analytes ‘Anodizing solutions: Fe, Cu, Ma Brass soltions: Fe Cadmium solons: Fe, , Za, Cu, Ni (Chromium solutions: Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Se ‘Acid copper solutions: Cl. Fe ‘Alkaline copper solutions! Fe, Se Gold solutions: Av, Ni In, Co, Cu Fe, POs Iron solutions: Mn, NH, Lead and tn-lead solutions: Pb [Nickel soluons: Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, Co, NH, Palladiom solstion” Pd, Ce, NH Patina solutions: P Rhodium solutions: Rh Silver solutions: Ni, Cu, Sb {Acid tin solutions: Fe, Co Alkaline tn solutions: Cu, Pb, Za 516 3‘Acid zine solutions: Cu, Fe ‘Alkaline zine solutions: Cu, Fe ‘Wastewater: Ci", Ni, Co, Fe, Za, Pb Al B, NOs, NO; PO, Cl, CN, wetting agents ‘Atomic Absorption "Metals in plating and related solutions canbe readily determined by AA spectrophotom- try. 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New x= wisi DHNOT SEO ONO NOT 0D"N Nxccure xm now Nveise m= (HA) NAN PEMD “ONT NTO ‘DEBOI OL PROTA HCO HS NSN “emp Sek am 0H eo pe 308 sSny le x BY = (eta) xo Shauo Jo uss p(n SSELEEX wn (HAD) IY parssyOED —NOSANTO —“ONI SoRS "OSH SS RSLS v (ae We) RIED Me —_~ Bs aos a 2) snes ado 20 PONE OL TIA A, 540Nx 1 rev x 1 = (870) SOM Ur x 1 = (20) "4 300 = NX 9561 x Me = (BAO) 08 HOM Not Pama HON NOT aqessev0.9 “ORHAN TO mot Sos'n 2 aan (oN ERED a oye, 541sere s701— xe s27000 Nx 6st x = (087) HE “OaSteN x % 986 x T= (0) OFHESOHS" opeestog ses370910 v0 von 0 TOM 2H OF OTH HOOT mS -sooman np ameoqy¢ pp ‘wos aI OTOH 408 Msz-OFH OLS (a Ne) RTD HIND (Pai apm pope mea) ans ‘matooy (02) epg BaeonS=E 24 HORNE THA ELNOC LECT Xm = 0) "HEH BOOT PRIMED —_ HON NOT ‘OFM moor mor rsa Wo ciel x m= (tao) ag amepeE Yu WTO me a 2S = NX 9566 ‘tie Ses amen Conte ro "roots pre e R-OoE OT os ‘ogenn Bosnp a9 Py woaMIOS NX 9S x T= (HBA) 85 OMEN SODEEAN TO MBMOITOLOL TOM Os RUSE OH GOT oats NX 60 x= YOS'H A mona “ston igo pu oamtes e590 m= (R80) "OSH HOt PN HON NOT amo uma wa se ‘OH RGD OL ‘ost Tear N Ye) HORTA) AND HDL ee wa (2) mpgs BapeonsoCs 2) SPONTA OL,rr IN 196 = CVD YSN 401 HSHIED HORN NOT -wmtoen “OH Ngo OT uy 20a pgs 01m 1 won: ‘Lia aor I a §zwonmtor Wxswe Xm = CVaL — emeH VIG YD ROR MOS ONE OTN SL mst a G29) NX OTT = CUA) 88 sR sEHIED, ms “8 NX HTL X= CA) 85 oa HID ws is nowns seiont ‘mor NX YEO x 1 = (0) 08H mot “on at “NT EARS BW wD — a ed v8 ‘otony (7103 songs Bone2r> 20) SPOIL HLA HL,pte) 0) spa apo Wx ase 21 = (0) uz ame ug WTO La OF EON FH TH COL HZ ca ores NX LLY x m= (80) 1 paMONEA — FONBV NTO mr b Wx S569 21 = (R80) o7 — amepeH UKE TO mz 2 omen om NX LO x ne = Cn) FAH FEEMONPEA COHN TO. wor Santa Wx P16e x R= (P20) Wadd —_YLGI WTO mr ~ NX 95 x T= CHRO) os SOLID —FODAN TO ROL DH BOS TST"OFH MOOT bs Pepe (aa Ne) README ‘mt apoow poppe mya) Ss va otnoy (2) opmes RopeEOnSoFd 20) HOMME OL THA 2.NX 10L0 x 1 = (0) S0O'IN HARI DHNOT NX WOT X 1 = (HBA) HORN moNeEsBHID OH NOT stuuoonm ms OH MHS mS oN Sx oer x 1 ‘sor ed) NSeN OL PRIA —FONFVN TOOL PEE'HORN wae TH OE OH FOOL HL son mo NT RERRD—_ eID RD— L (pom ps0 pope ma en) IS ds a ‘tony ‘po)seopmes ee OnS=ES 2) SPOENE LIA AL‘tau sang pp ‘wom: am NX 956EX m= (RHO) us oERD —FODENTO HOT DH BOS TSN OO WT 1s 11 x CO'sINN X “OFS'eN BENE) 2 AD OHORHIN SHON SOFSFN NTO ms Of Or HN Wx S851 XI = (NEO) ENED — YER ms ws pen Nx 2E291 X= (8 OHDHL uN to ms conn NOB x B= CU HORN THN TO | HMusn'gor denon OF MOET ms How msneaond pps poe. 012 Wx Lire x m= (1M) 9 vansbordng — Yuga TO POF HOTHN 300 OH MOOT GL % oe) (aa We) eR BMD DU (pe p00 pope ma oD) 7s 5 a uty ‘suoqIes BupeId POfON>OTa 10) POMP FAL. 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TOHWOLN TO me sot ‘wou ss a (7223 aon Bosedanmors pe ha POV 20 ORENN TL TX OREpram “ont N 0 ‘ESO ROL eR OF MOOI OL ‘pepesed on Pe ‘piss HORN "YOO UT won BNE OR on sors rayptmomoneh OHNO ue yipou poe OFH ROS] OL NON "OREN sepa! poe pat ‘pts HORN NOT "eNOS ener Sho To voatey raptor OHNO tue (ipou po OFH KOSI OT Posies aco x wx a ~ NX Rv) = (6120 FODEN TNO LOE Xf = CB) NON, Ta pigmamary CONEY N10 ‘Eso Ot He OF MOOI OL THY paimo-none, DHNOT ‘owe ion poe OFH TOOL IDL NON + SODFAN, Nx coer x m= (r8z0) NN poMaKD—SORIY NT ‘DESOUREOL De OF TH 00L ROL NON Hom uot ue oj poe OF ODL OT ons SHON HNO eo pou poe OFH OL OT DHNOT ‘fun om poe OH MOOI SIG HORN + S0DteN. BAN OL stow vigou por OFH ODL St oN, maa Poni ono pape aD aS — ‘uoteoy SU MER 20) ONAL TL EL 551650% NX MD — NT font nro EOL HOF pm OHH HOO ROL Et etaewet ew OWNOT “stows yim por OFH HH OSI MHOL—NOPN + TOWN + HORN oH Nor ‘mpeadcaud pur FH 1 90118 OT Users! ype poe HON OT Yoo ame won ano Po ons bHNot suv Kigou paw OFAN S11 ++ S09 HOON CN Te ROR DU, (pa p00 porpe 404) ———IS Hs oom ‘neater (109) SBOE RERTY 20) SPOR EL TX AHL 552‘Tube XII. Alternate Method for Chromic Acid Dearest Degrees Baume OrpatorO, 1990 mo 1950 Ba 200 ins m0 aS 20 Ra 2150, 33, nw 3a 0 at zo xo ao mu 20 Ma 2 Bt 0 io 2350 409 2500 pity 20 no ro00 20 40 tos 20 460 hao nso am nso 2300 2 200 2350 2 30 mao 502 bao uo as B30 31.00 7 ‘a0 30 so 1430 no 2 'sa0 Bo Sea 1350 3300 a3 rao Rs 307 "630 as Moo 0 1900 24 was 612 1750 3 $00 es 1800 Fey B90 es 1430 2a xo oe ‘estan 1 Go te mlee wom eapomos che oon "Seem smy of e wis Bame bya 5X Rata ot ome (0) cone sn 553‘Table XIV. AKernate Method for Copper Sulfate Copper Sane > ‘Caper Sale + “Sine ack “ie Acid Bowne ove) Baume ech) 1s 2 Ms m7 20 FY 130 Br as a 155 ane So SI 160 na 35 39 ies me to @ 190 ae as ua 5 moe so a rte a 35 its Re éo 0 cd es 9s Mo 79 m0 sso a5 BS no to 20 se as as 302 50 mo aos 55 BS ts 100 20 ae 0s BS ae 119 ho so is BS & 120 30 Piel 12s BS a tho eo 37 BS 2s so 140 ED 33 & On-Line Platine Bata ANawzen *:- ecTnO CUMENTRL ys eV XRF SPECTRO + Elemental onclysis from Mg to U (eho ASOHA levemants) + XAOY Fluorescence requites no consumables: uSnewa osfeom mon + Multi steams outomatically ondlyzed ‘wereeais ‘BATHS & SOLUTIONS. Caltefrange on OnSite +t Pre-Treatment + Plating Demonsotien + Wste Streams ++ Picking