APA Chapter 8

Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories, or research have directIy
influenced your work. The works you cite provide key background information, support or
dispute your thesis, or offer critical definitions and data. Cite only works that you have read
and ideas that you have incorporated into your writing. Cite primary sources when possible
and secondary sources sparingly.

The number of sources you cite in your paper depends on the purpose of your work. For
most papers, cite one or two of the most representative sources for each key point.
Literature review papers, however, typically include a more exhaustive list of references,
given that the purpose of the paper is to acquaint readers with everything that has been
written on the topic.

Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words, ideas, or images of another as your own; it
denies authors or creators of content the credit they are due. Whether deliberate or
unintentional, plagiarism violates ethical standards in scholarship.

To avoid plagiarism, provide appropriate credit to the source whenever you do the
following: (1) paraphrase (i.e., state in your own words) the ideas of others. (2) Directly
quote the words of others. (3) Refer to data or data sets. (4) Reprint or adapt a table or
figure, even images from the internet that are free or licensed in the Creative Commons. (5)
Reprint a long text passage or commercially copyrighted test item.

Self-plagiarism is the presentation of your own previously published work as original; like
plagiarism, self-plagiarisrn is unethical. Self-plagíarism deceives readers by making it
appear that more information is available on a topic than really exists. It gives the
impression that findings are more replicable than is the case or that particular conclusions
are more strongly supported than is warranted by the evidence.

When the duplication is more extensive, authors should cite the source of the duplicated
material. What constitutes the maximum acceptable length of duplicated material is
difficult to define but must conform to legal notions of fair use.
APA Style uses the author-date citation system (see Section 8.10), in which a brief in-text
citation directs readers to a full reference list entry. Each work cited in the text must appear
in the reference list, and each work in the reference list must be cited in the text.

Multiple versions of the same work might coexist on the internet, and you should cite the
version of the work you used. Ideally, use and cite the final, published version of a work.
However, if you used the advance online version, the in-press version, or the final peer-
reviewed manuscript accepted for publication (but before it was typeset or copyedited, cite
that version.

In scholarly work, a primary source reports original content; a secondary source refers to
content first reported in another source. Cite secondary sources sparingly-for instance,
when the original work is out of print, unavailable, or available only in a language that you
do not understand. If possible, as a matter of good scholarly practice, find the primary
source, read it, and cite it directly rather than citing a secondary source. When citing a
secondary so urce, provide a reference list entry for the secondary source that you used. In
the text, identify the primary source and then write "as cited in" the secondary source that
you used.

There are works that requires special approaches to citation, like an interview, that is a
dialogue or an exchange of information between people. Interviews used as sources can be
classified into three categories: published interviews, personal interviews, and research
participant interviews. Some works are recoverable only by certain audiences, which
determines how they are cited. For example, a student writing a paper for a course
assignment might cite works from the classroom website or learning management system
(LMS; e.g., Canvas, Blackboard, Brightspace, Moodle, Sakai), or an employee might cite
resources from the company intranet when writing an internal company report. These
sources are recoverable by the instructor and fellow students or by other employees of the
company but not the general public.

Works that cannot be recovered by readers (i.e., works without a source element) are cited
in the text as personal communications. Personal communications include emails, text
messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations,
live speeches, unrecorded classroom lectures, memos, letters, messages from non-archived
discussion groups or online bulletin boards, and so on.

Use the author-date citation system to cite references in the text in APA Style. In this
system, each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding
reference list entry. In an in-text citation, provide the surname(s) of the author(s) or the
name(s) of the group author(s). Do not include suffixes such as "Jr," in the in-text citation.
The list of authors in an in-text citation may be shortened in certain cases (for individual
authors and a group authors).

In-text citations have two formats: parenthetical and narrative. In parenthetical citations, the
author name and publication date (or equivalent information; see Section 9.12) appear in
parentheses. In narrative citations, this information is incorporated into the text as part of
the sentence.

When citing multiple works parenthetically, place the citations in alphabetical order,
separating them with semicolons. Listing both parenthetical in-text citations and reference
list entries in alphabetical order helps readers locate and retrieve works because they are
listed in the same order in both places.

To cite a specific part of a source, provide an author-date citation for the work plus
information about the specific part. There are many possible parts to cite, including: (1)
pages, paragraphs, sections, tables, figures, supplemental materials, or footnotes from an
article, book, report, webpage, or other work; (2) chapters, forewords, or other sections of
authored books; (3) time stamps of videos or audiobooks; and (4) slide numbers in
PowerPoint presentations.

When the author of a work is not named, the author may be unknown (i.e., no author is
listed on the work, as with a religious work) or identified specifically as "Anonymous." For
works with an unknown author (see Section 9.12), include the title and year of publication
in the in-text citation (note that the title moves to the author position in the reference list
entry as well). If the title of the work is italicized in the reference, also italicize the title in
the in-text citation.
References

American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication Manual of the American