APA Citation Style: APA citation style refers to the rules and

conventions established by the American Psychological Association for

documenting sources used in a research paper. APA style requires both
in-text citations and a reference list. For every in-text citation there
should be a full citation in the reference list and vice versa.
Reference Citations in Text,: In APA style, in-text citations are placed
within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what information is
being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited.
EXAMPLES:, Works by a single author: The last name of the author
and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate
point.
………………..from theory on bounded rationality (Simon,
1945)………………..
If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative, cite
only missing information in parentheses.
Simon (1945) posited that…………………………………..
Works by multiple authors: When a work has two authors, always cite
both names every time the reference occurs in the text. In parenthetical
material join the names with an ampersand (&).
…………………………………as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach,
1998)………………..
In the narrative text, join the names with the word "and."
…………………as Leiter and Maslach (1998)
demonstrated…………………………
When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time
the reference occurs.
Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found…………………………….
In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of
the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the year of
publication.
Kahneman et al. (1991) found………………………………..
Works by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.
The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are
usually written out each time they appear in a text reference.

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(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007)
When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out
in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The
general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough
information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the
Reference List without difficulty.
(NIMH, 2007)
Works with no author: When a work has no author, use the first two or
three words of the work's title (omitting any initial articles) as your text
reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it
refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it
refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.
…………………on climate change ("Climate and Weather,"
1997)……………………..
……………………..Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices
(1981)…………………….
Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and
the date.
……………on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)………………..
Specific parts of a source To cite a specific part of a source (always
necessary for quotations), include the page, chapter, etc. (with
appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.
(Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96)
De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem to
be reaching .... from the hands of philosophers" (p. 218).
If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as
Web-based journals), provide the paragraph number preceded by the
abbreviation "para." or the heading and following paragraph.
(Mönnich & Spiering, 2008, para. 9)

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Reference List
References cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a
Reference List or bibliography. This list provides the information
necessary to identify and retrieve each source.
Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last
names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title
within the same list.
Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a
particular work. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when
listing multiple authors of a single work, e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.
Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper
names that are part of a title.
Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers
of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially
newspapers. These abbreviations are also used to designate pages in
chapters from edited books.
Indentation: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and
all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging
indent".
EXAMPLES:
ARICLES IN JOURNALS, MAGAZINES AND NEWSPAPERS
References to periodical articles must include the following elements:
author(s), date of publication, article title, journal title, volume number,
issue number (if applicable), and page numbers.
Journal article, one author, accessed online
Ku, G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in
escalation of commitment.
Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 105(2),
221-232.
Journal article, two authors, accessed online
Sanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities consultation
and outreach
strategies for university settings. Consulting Psychology Journal:
Practice and

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 Research, 59(4), 286-295.
Journal article, more than two authors, accessed online
Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership,
followership, and evolution:
Some lessons from the past. American Psychologist, 63(3),
182-196.
Article from an Internet-only journal
Hirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright
restoration, and the
difficulty of determining copyright status. D-Lib Magazine, 14(7/8).
Journal article from a subscription database
Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worth billions. Fortune, 158(2),
73-79. Retrieved
from Business Source Complete, EBSCO,
http://search.ebscohost.com
Magazine article, in print: Kluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love.
Time, 171(4), 54-60.
Newspaper article, no author, in print: As prices surge, Thailand
pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May 5). The Wall Street
Journal, p. A9.
Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in print
Delaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5). Microsoft
ends pursuit of
Yahoo, reassesses its online options. The Wall Street Journal, pp.
A1, A12.
BOOKS
References to an entire book must include the following elements:
author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and
the name of the publisher.
No Author or editor, in print
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield,
MA: Merriam Webster.
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One author, in print
Kidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine. Boston, MA: Little, Brown
& Company.
Two authors, in print
Frank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of macro-economics (3rd
ed.). Boston, MA:
McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Corporate author, author as publisher, accessed online
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Tasmanian year book 2000 (No.
1301.6).
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. Retrieved from
http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/CA25687
10006989$File/13016_2000.pdf
Edited book
Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). Children of color:
Psychological interventions
with culturally diverse youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
DISSERTATIONS
References for dissertations should include the following elements:
author, date of publication, title, and institution (if you accessed the
manuscript copy from the university collections). If there is a database
accession number, include it at the end of the citation.
Dissertation, accessed online
Young, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to
sustainable cities
(Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations &
Theses
database.
Essays or chapters in edited books References to an essay or
chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or
chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book
editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication,
and the name of the publisher.
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One author
Labajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in
flamenco. In T. Magrini
(Ed.), Music and gender: perspectives from the Mediterranean (pp.
67-86).
Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Two editors
Hammond, K. R., & Adelman, L. (1986). Science, values, and human
judgment. In H. R.
Arkes & K. R. Hammond (Eds.), Judgement and decision making:
An
interdisciplinary reader (pp. 127-143). Cambridge, England:
Cambridge
University Press.
MLA style refers to the formatting and citation style established by the Modern Language
Association (MLA). It’s commonly used in the humanities, especially in writing on language
and literature. The most recent version as of now is the MLA Handbook, 9th edition (2021).
1. GENERAL FORMATTING GUIDELINES Font: Legible (e.g., Times New Roman),
size 12 pt. Line Spacing: Double-spaced throughout.
Margins: 1 inch on all sides. Paragraphs: Indent the first line by 0.5 inch. Page Numbers: In
the top-right corner with your last name (e.g., Smith 1) No title page unless specifically
2. In-Text Citations (Parenthetical) Use the author’s last name and page number in
parentheses.
Example: > Morrison explores the haunting nature of memory through Sethe’s struggles
(Morrison 198).
If you mention the author's name in the sentence, include only the page number:
> Morrison shows how memory “can’t be pushed away” (198).
3. WORKS CITED PAGE Start on a new page at the end of the essay. Title it "Works
Cited" (centered, no bold/italics). Entries are alphabetized by author’s last name. Use hanging
indent for each entry.
BOOK: Morrison, Toni. *Beloved*. Vintage, 2004.
JOURNAL ARTICLE: Smith, John. “Postmodern Memory in Morrison’s Work.” *Literary
Studies Today*, vol. 14, no. 3, 2020, pp. 45–60.
WEBSITE: “Climate Change Facts.” *National Geographic*, 22 Apr. 2023,
www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/climate-change-overview.
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