APA REFERENCING STYLE

Prepared by: Ms. Maridette Joyce D. Maranan, M.A.

IN-TEXT CITATION How to cite direct ideas, phrases quoted verbatim?

SHORT QUOTATIONS: For less than 40 words

• Place inside quotation marks
• Indicate Author, Publication year, and page number or paragraph number where
you took the phrase.

e.g. “Plagiarism is a criminal offense” (Maranan, 2013, p.2).

LONG QUOTATIONS: For 40 words or more

• it is set off without quotations marks in an indented block (double spaced). The
source is cited in parentheses after the final period. If no page number, indicate
the paragraph number. (e.g. para. 6)

Example:
 
This is further explained by Bass’s (1992) following statements:
 
Transformational leadership is one of the best leadership style as it provides positive
outcomes. This leadership style is characterized by four leadership behaviors:
Idealized influence, Intellectual Stimulation, Individualized Consideration, and
Inspirational Motivation. However, transformational leadership is best practiced with
transactional leadership. (p. 24)

Author-date method for Single Authors:

 Almisola (2007) stated that…
 Creativity is a form of … (Almisola, 2007)
 In 2009, the study of Pilar noted that …

Two Authors:
 Almisola and Irvin (2007) stated that…
 Creativity is a form of … (Almisola & Irvin, 2007)
 In 2009, the study of Pilar and Irvin noted that …

Three to Five Authors:

In first citation, cite all:
 Almisola, Irvin, and Smith (2007) stated that…
 Creativity is a form of … (Almisola, Irvin, & Smith 2007)
 In 2009, the study of Pilar, Irvin, and Almisola noted that …

In second/subsequent citation, cite last name of first author followed by et al.

 Almisola et al. (2007) stated that…
 Creativity is a form of … (Almisola et al., 2007)
 In 2009, the study of Pilar et al. noted that …
 In 2009, the study of Pilar and colleagues noted that …
Six or More Authors:
In first citation, cite last name of first author followed by et al.
 Almisola et al. (2007) stated that…
 Creativity is a form of … (Almisola et al., 2007)
 In 2009, the study of Pilar et al. noted that …
 In 2009, the study of Pilar and colleagues noted that …

Groups as Authors
First Citation
(Department of Education [DepEd], 2010)
 
Subsequent Citation
(DepEd, 2010).

Multiple publication Dates/Republished Work: Edition Other Than First:

(Bandura, 1975/2004).

Two or more works by different authors (list authors in alphabetical order):

(Bennet, 2005; Greene, 2003; Swift, 2004)

Multiple works by the same author (chronological order):

(Bass, 1990, 2001, 2005)

Multiple works by the same author, same year (letters based on alphabetical order
of title):
(Bass, 1990a, 1990b)

Secondary Resources
 
As some researchers point out, "Perhaps the conflict seems so strong because the stakes
are so low" (Lazaro, 2002 as cited in O'Connor & De Loatch, 2003).

As Levin averred, creativity is innate in humans (as cited in Nova & Smith, 2003).

Two authors with same last name:

(Barrat, J., 2004; Barrat, L., 2005)

Electronic Sources
Same basic format as print sources.

No page numbers = put the paragraph number using either the paragraph symbol ¶ or
abbreviation para.
 
(Lorvine, 1987, para. 7)
 
No page numbers nor paragraph numbers = cite the heading and the number of the
paragraph following it.
 
(Allonor, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)

You may also indicate the title of the article or the url:

(“Source Title”, year)

(“National Wage Data”, 1999)
(url)
 Newspaper (no author)

Shorten the title and enclose in quotation marks.

(“Little blue penguins”, 2011).

No Date
(Garcia, n.d.)

Designated as “Anonymous”:
(Anonymous, 2010)

Personal Communication
This refers to letters, including email, interviews, telephone conversations and
discussions on placement or work experience. Personal communications are cited in-
text only and are NOT included in the reference list.

Example:
The no-tillage technology has revolutionised the way arable farmers manage their
operation (W.R. Ritchie, personal communication, September 30, 2011).

REFERENCE LIST BOOKS

(BIBILIOGRAPHY)

Format: Collier, A. (2008). The world of tourism and travel. Rosedale, New Zealand: Pearson
Justify Education New Zealand.
Hanging Indent
Note: always include the city and 2-letter state code when published inside the USA, and
city & country if published outside the USA.

BOOK WITH EDITION

Collin, E., & Jack, S. (2007). Sport in Aotearoa/New Zealand society (2nd ed.). New
York, NY: Thomson.

BOOK – EDITOR / EDITORS (NO AUTHORS)

Wepa, D. (Ed.). (2005). Cultural safety in Aotearoa New Zealand. Auckland, New
Zealand: Pearson Education New Zealand.

Collins, C., & Jackson, S. (Eds.). (2007). Sport in Aotearoa/New Zealand society (2nd
ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Thomson.

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Provide initials and surnames for all editors (for substantial reference works with a large
editorial board, naming the lead editor followed by et al. is acceptable).

Author, A. A. (2008). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). Location:
Publisher.
 Dear, J., & Underwood, M. (2007). What is the role of exercise in the prevention of
back pain? In D. MacAuley & T. Best (Eds.), Evidence-based sports medicine (2nd
ed., pp. 257-280). Malden, MA: Blackwell.

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF A BOOK/E-BOOKS

Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to

healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. Retrieved from
http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp

O’Keefe, E. (2010). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from
http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135

Rich, J. R. (2011). Your iPad 2 at work [e-book]. Retrieved from http://safaribooks

online.com

Sadun, E., Grothaus, M., & Sande, S. (2011). Taking your iPad 2 to the max (2nd ed.).
[e-book]. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.nz

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Author, A. (year). Title of Article. Name of Journal, vol #(Issue#), page number.

Thompson, C. (2010). Facebook: Cautionary tales for nurses. Kai Tiaki: Nursing New
Zealand, 16(7), 26.

Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and injury during
professional rugby league skills training. Journal of Science and Medicine in
Sport, 13(6), 578-583.

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and injury during
professional rugby league skills training. Journal of Science and Medicine in
Sport, 13(6), 578-583. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.007

THESIS/DISSERTATION (PRINT/ONLINE)

Author, A. A. (1978). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Unpublished

doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Name of Institution, Location.

Smith, T. L. (2008). Change, choice and difference: The case of RN to BN degree

programmes for registered nurses (Unpublished master’s thesis). Victoria
University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.

Mann, D. L. (2010). Vision and expertise for interceptive actions in sport (Doctoral
dissertation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia). Retrieved
from http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44704
 NEWSPAPER ARTICLE (PRINT, NO AUTHOR, & ONLINE)

Matthews, L. (2011, November 23). Foodbanks urge public to give generously. Manila
Bulletin, p. 4.

Little blue penguins homeward bound. (2011, November 23). Manila Bulletin, p. 5.

Rogers, C. (2011, November 26). Smartphone could replace wallets. The Dominion Post.
Retrieved from http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/gadgets/6038621/Smartphone-
could-replace-wallets

MAGAZINE

White, M. (2011, October). Food, inglorious food. North & South, 307, 96-97.

Ng, A. (2011, October-December). Brush with history. Habitus, 13, 83-87.

INTERNET/ONLINE ARTICLES

Reyes, A. (2010). Pet therapy. Retrieved from http://www.holisticonline.com/stress

/stress_pet-therapy.htm

NO AUTHOR/NO DATE

Title of article. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.holisticonline.com/stress/stress_pet

-therapy.htm

ORGANIZATION/CORPORATE AUTHOR

Ministry of Health. (2008). Drug policy in New Zealand. Retrieved from

http://www .moh. govt.nz/moh.nsf/wpg_index/About-drugs

Note: Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL across lines; instead, break the
URL before most punctuation (an exception would be http://). Do not add a period
after the URL, to prevent the impression that the period is part of the URL unless the URL
has a period. Make sure that the URL is not underlined and the font color is black.

References: Publication Manual of APA (6th Edition)