BATCH SCRIPTING KEEP IN MIND ~

READ, LEARN AND PRACTICE…. MAKES ONE

PERFECT!
TUTORIAL
Siddhesh Surve (WHITE HAT NINJA)
BY: SIDDHESH SURVE (ETHICAL HACKER BATCH SCRIPTING BEGINEERS TO CORE LEVEL.
+ PENETRATION TESTER)
INDEX - OVERVIEW
 Batch Script Tutorial

INTRODUCTION -

Batch Scripts are stored in simple text files containing lines with
commands that get executed in sequence, one after the other.
Scripting is a way by which one can alleviate this necessity by
automating these command sequences in order to make one’s
life at the shell easier and more productive. This tutorial
discusses the basic functionalities of Batch Script along with
relevant examples for easy understanding.

Batch Script is incorporated to automate command sequences

which are repetitive in nature. Scripting is a way by which one
can alleviate this necessity by automating these command
sequences in order to make one’s life at the shell easier and
more productive. In most organizations, Batch Script is
incorporated in some way or the other to automate stuff.
 Some of the features of Batch Script are −

 Can read inputs from users so that it can be processed further.

 Has control structures such as for, if, while, switch for better
automating and scripting.
 Supports advanced features such as Functions and Arrays.
 Supports regular expressions.
 Can include other programming codes such as Perl.

 Some of the common uses of Batch Script are –

 Setting up servers for different purposes.

 Automating housekeeping activities such as deleting unwanted

files or log files.

 Automating the deployment of applications from one

environment to another.

 Installing programs on various machines at once.

 Batch Script – Environment

Writing and Executing –

Typically, to create a batch file, notepad is used. This is the simplest
tool for creation of batch files. Next is the execution environment for
the batch scripts. On Windows systems, this is done via the
command prompt or cmd.exe. All batch files are run in this
environment.

Following are the different ways to launch cmd.exe −

Method 1 − Go to C:\Windows\System32 and double click on the cmd file.
Method 2 − Via the run command – To find the command prompt(cmd.exe) on
Windows server.

Once the cmd.exe is launched, you will be presented with the

following screen.
 Batch Script – Commands

S.No Commands & Description

1 VER

This batch command shows the version of MS-DOS you are using.
2 ASSOC
This is a batch command that associates an extension with a file type (FTYPE),
displays existing associations, or deletes an association.
3 CD
This batch command helps in making changes to a different directory, or
displays the current directory.
4 CLS
This batch command clears the screen.
5 COPY
This batch command is used for copying files from one location to the other.
6 DEL
This batch command deletes files and not directories.
7 DIR
This batch command lists the contents of a directory.
8 DATE
This batch command help to find the system date.
9 ECHO
This batch command displays messages, or turns command echoing on or off.
10 EXIT
This batch command exits the DOS console.
11 MD
This batch command creates a new directory in the current location.
12 MOVE
This batch command moves files or directories between directories.
13 PATH
This batch command displays or sets the path variable.
14 PAUSE
 This batch command prompts the user and waits for a line of input to be
entered.
15 PROMPT
This batch command can be used to change or reset the cmd.exe prompt.
16 RD
This batch command removes directories, but the directories need to be empty
before they can be removed.
17 REN
Renames files and directories
18 REM
This batch command is used for remarks in batch files, preventing the content
of the remark from being executed.
19 START
This batch command starts a program in new window, or opens a document.
20 TIME
This batch command sets or displays the time.
21 TYPE
This batch command prints the content of a file or files to the output.
22 VOL
This batch command displays the volume labels.
23 ATTRIB
Displays or sets the attributes of the files in the curret directory

24 CHKDSK
This batch command checks the disk for any problems.
25 CHOICE
This batch command provides a list of options to the user.
26 CMD
This batch command invokes another instance of command prompt.
27 COMP
This batch command compares 2 files based on the file size.
28 CONVERT
This batch command converts a volume from FAT16 or FAT32 file system to
NTFS file system.
29 DRIVERQUERY
This batch command shows all installed device drivers and their properties.
30 EXPAND
This batch command extracts files from compressed .cab cabinet files.
31 FIND
This batch command searches for a string in files or input, outputting matching
lines.
32 FORMAT
This batch command formats a disk to use Windows-supported file system such
as FAT, FAT32 or NTFS, thereby overwriting the previous content of the disk.
33 HELP
This batch command shows the list of Windows-supplied commands.
34 IPCONFIG
This batch command displays Windows IP Configuration. Shows configuration
by connection and the name of that connection.
35 LABEL
This batch command adds, sets or removes a disk label.

36 MORE
This batch command displays the contents of a file or files, one screen at a time.

37 NET
Provides various network services, depending on the command used.

38 PING
This batch command sends ICMP/IP "echo" packets over the network to the
designated address.

39 SHUTDOWN
This batch command shuts down a computer, or logs off the current user.

40 SORT
This batch command takes the input from a source file and sorts its contents
alphabetically, from A to Z or Z to A. It prints the output on the console.

41 SUBST
This batch command assigns a drive letter to a local folder, displays current
assignments, or removes an assignment.

42 SYSTEMINFO
This batch command shows configuration of a computer and its operating
system.
43 TASKKILL
This batch command ends one or more tasks.
44 TASKLIST
This batch command lists tasks, including task name and process id (PID).

45 XCOPY
This batch command copies files and directories in a more advanced way.
46 TREE
This batch command displays a tree of all subdirectories of the current directory
to any level of recursion or depth.

47 FC
This batch command lists the actual differences between two files.
48 DISKPART
This batch command shows and configures the properties of disk partitions.

49 TITLE
This batch command sets the title displayed in the console window.

50 SET
Displays the list of environment variables on the current system.

 YOU CAN ALSO SEE ALL OF THESE COMMANDS IN

YOUR COMMAND PROMPT WINDOWS USING THIS
COMMAND …

~ C:\\USERS\sid > HELP

“HELP” – Command To See All Commands In Working With Info.

 Batch Script – Files

Creating Batch Files-

Batch files are normally created in notepad. Hence the simplest way
is to open notepad and enter the commands required for the script.
For this exercise, open notepad and enter the following statements.

Command ~
@ECHO OFF
DEL .

Deletes All files in the Current Directory With Prompts and Warnings.

(Hidden, System, and Read-Only Files are Not Affected).

Saving Batch Files

After your batch file is created, the next step is to save your batch file.
Batch files have the extension of either .bat or .cmd. Some general rules
to keep in mind when naming batch files –

 Try to avoid spaces when naming batch files, it sometime creates issues
when they are called from other scripts.
 Don’t name them after common batch files which are available in the system
such as ping.cmd.

When saving your batch file a few points to keep in mind.

 Remember to put the .bat or .cmd at the end of the file name.
  Choose the “Save as type” option as “All Files”.

Executing Batch Files

Following are the steps to execute a batch file –

 Step 1 − Open the folder where you saved and created the file.

 Step 2 – Right Click On the file, Now Click On Open.

 Step 3 – This Will Execute the Batch File But Will Not Show
What Happened.

Modifying Batch Files

Following are the steps for modifying an existing batch file.

 Step 1 − Open windows explorer.

 Step 2 − Go to the loca on where the .bat or .cmd file is stored.

 Step 3 − Right-click the file and choose the “Edit” option from
the context menu. The file will open in Notepad for further
editing.
 Batch Script – Syntax

Normally, the first line in a batch file often consists of the following command.

ECHO Command –
@echo off - By default, a batch file will display its command as it runs.
The purpose of this first command is to turn off this display. The
command "echo off" turns off the display for the whole script, except for
the "echo off" command itself. The "at" sign "@" in front makes the
command apply to itself as well.

Rem - Very often batch files also contains lines that start with the "Rem"
command. This is a way to enter comments and documentation. The
computer ignores anything on a line following Rem. For batch files with
increasing amount of complexity, this is often a good idea to have
comments.

First Batch Script Program.

Let’s construct our simple first batch script program. Open notepad and enter the
following lines of code. Save the file as “List.cmd”.

@echo off
Rem This is for listing down all the files in the directory Program files
dir "C:\Program Files" > C:\Users\sid\Documents\lists.txt
echo "The program has completed"

The code does the following −

 Uses the echo off command to ensure that the commands are not shown when the
code is executed.
 The Rem command is used to add a comment to say what exactly this batch file
does.
  The dir command is used to take the contents of the location C:\Program Files.
 The ‘>’ command is used to redirect the output to the file C:\lists.txt.
 Finally, the echo command is used to tell the user that the operation is completed.
When the above command is executed, the names of the files in
C:\Program Files will be sent to the file C:\Lists.txt and in the command
prompt the message “The program has completed” will be displayed.
 Batch Script – Variables

There are two types of variables in batch files. One is for

parameters which can be passed when the batch file is called and
the other is done via the set command.

Command Line Arguments

Batch scripts support the concept of command line arguments wherein arguments
can be passed to the batch file when invoked. The arguments can be called from
the batch files through the variables %1, %2, %3, and so on.
The following example shows a batch file which accepts 3 command line
arguments and echo’s them to the command line screen.
@echo off
echo %1
echo %2
echo %3

If the above batch script is stored in a file called test.bat and we were to run
the batch as –
Test.bat 1 2 3
The above command produces the following output.
1
2
3

Set Command
The other way in which variables can be initialized is via the ‘set’ command.
Following is the syntax of the set command.

Syntax
set /A variable-name=value
where,
 variable-name is the name of the variable you want to set.
 value is the value which needs to be set against the variable.
 /A – This switch is used if the value needs to be numeric in nature.
The following example shows a simple way the set command can be
used.

Example -
@echo off
set message=Hello World
echo %message%
 In the above code snippet, a variable called message is defined and set with the value
of "Hello World".
 To display the value of the variable, note that the variable needs to be enclosed in the
% sign.

Output -
The above command produces the following output.
Hello World

Working with Numeric Values

In batch script, it is also possible to define a variable to hold a numeric value. This
can be done by using the /A switch.
The following code shows a simple way in which numeric values can be set with the
/A switch.

@echo off
SET /A a = 5
SET /A b = 10
SET /A c = %a% + %b%
echo %c%

 We are first setting the value of 2 variables, a and b to 5 and 10 respectively.

 We are adding those values and storing in the variable c.
 Finally, we are displaying the value of the variable c.
 The output of the above program would be 15.

 All of the arithmetic operators work in batch files. The following example shows
arithmetic operators can be used in batch files.
@echo off
SET /A a = 5
SET /A b = 10
SET /A c = %a% + %b%
echo %c%
SET /A c = %a% - %b%
echo %c%
SET /A c = %b% / %a%
echo %c%
SET /A c = %b% * %a%
echo %c%

The above command produces the following output.

15
-5
2
50

Local vs Global Variables

In any programming language, there is an option to mark variables as
having some sort of scope, i.e. the section of code on which they can be
accessed. Normally, variable having a global scope can be accessed
anywhere from a program whereas local scoped variables have a defined
boundary in which they can be accessed.

Example
@echo off
set globalvar = 5
SETLOCAL
set var = 13145
set /A var = %var% + 5
echo %var%
echo %globalvar%
ENDLOCAL
Few key things to note about the above program.

 The ‘globalvar’ is defined with a global scope and is available throughout the
entire script.
 The ‘var‘ variable is defined in a local scope because it is enclosed between a
‘SETLOCAL’ and ‘ENDLOCAL’ block. Hence, this variable will be destroyed
as soon the ‘ENDLOCAL’ statement is executed.
Output
The above command produces the following output.
13150
5

Working with Environment Variables

If you have variables that would be used across batch files, then it is
always preferable to use environment variables. Once the environment
variable is defined, it can be accessed via the % sign. The following
example shows how to see the JAVA_HOME defined on a system. The
JAVA_HOME variable is a key component that is normally used by a wide
variety of applications.

@echo off
echo %JAVA_HOME%

The output would show the JAVA_HOME directory which would depend from system
to system. Following is an example of an output.

%JAVA_HOME%
 Batch Script – Comments

It’s always a good practice to add comments or documentation for the

scripts which are created. This is required for maintenance of the scripts
to understand what the script actually does.
For example, consider the following piece of code which has no form of
comments. If any average person who has not developed the following
script tries to understand the script, it would take a lot of time for that
person to understand what the script actually does

ECHO OFF
IF NOT "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" GOTO Syntax
ECHO.%* | FIND "?" >NUL
IF NOT ERRORLEVEL 1 GOTO Syntax
IF NOT [%2]==[] GOTO Syntax
SETLOCAL
SET WSS=
IF NOT [%1]==[] FOR /F "tokens = 1 delims = \ " %%A IN ('ECHO.%~1') DO SET WSS = %%A
FOR /F "tokens = 1 delims = \ " %%a IN ('NET VIEW ^| FIND /I "\\%WSS%"') DO FOR /F
"tokens = 1 delims = " %%A IN ('NBTSTAT -a %%a ^| FIND /I /V "%%a" ^| FIND "<03>"')
DO ECHO.%%a %%A
ENDLOCAL
GOTO:EOF
ECHO Display logged on users and their workstations.
ECHO Usage: ACTUSR [ filter ]
IF "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" ECHO Where: filter is the first part
of the computer name^(s^) to be displayed

Comments Using the Rem Statement

There are two ways to create comments in Batch Script; one is via the Rem
command. Any text which follows the Rem statement will be treated as comments
and will not be executed. Following is the general syntax of this statement.

Syntax
Rem Remarks

where ‘Remarks’ is the comments which needs to be added.

The following example shows a simple way the Rem command can be used.
Example

@echo off
Rem This program just displays Hello World
set message=Hello World
echo %message%

Output
The above command produces the following output. You will notice that the line with
the Rem statement will not be executed.
Hello World

Comments Using the :: Statement

The other way to create comments in Batch Script is via the :: command. Any text
which follows the :: statement will be treated as comments and will not be executed.
Following is the general syntax of this statement.

Syntax
:: Remarks
where ‘Remarks’ is the comment which needs to be added.
The following example shows the usage of the "::" command.

Example
@echo off
:: This program just displays Hello World
set message = Hello World
echo %message%

Output
The above command produces the following output. You will notice that
the line with the :: statement will not be executed.
Hello World

Note − If you have too many lines of Rem, it could slow down the code, because in
the end each line of code in the batch file still needs to be executed.
Let’s look at the example of the large script we saw at the beginning of this topic and
see how it looks when documentation is added to it.
::===============================================================
:: The below example is used to find computer and logged on users
::
::===============================================================
ECHO OFF
:: Windows version check
IF NOT "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" GOTO Syntax
ECHO.%* | FIND "?" >NUL
:: Command line parameter check
IF NOT ERRORLEVEL 1 GOTO Syntax
IF NOT [%2]==[] GOTO Syntax
:: Keep variable local
SETLOCAL
:: Initialize variable
SET WSS=
:: Parse command line parameter
IF NOT [%1]==[] FOR /F "tokens = 1 delims = \ " %%A IN ('ECHO.%~1') DO SET WSS = %%A
:: Use NET VIEW and NBTSTAT to find computers and logged on users
FOR /F "tokens = 1 delims = \ " %%a IN ('NET VIEW ^| FIND /I "\\%WSS%"') DO FOR /F
"tokens = 1 delims = " %%A IN ('NBTSTAT -a %%a ^| FIND /I /V "%%a" ^| FIND
"<03>"') DO ECHO.%%a %%A
:: Done
ENDLOCAL
GOTO:EOF
:Syntax
ECHO Display logged on users and their workstations.
ECHO Usage: ACTUSR [ filter ]
IF "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" ECHO Where: filter is the first part of the
computer name^(s^) to be displayed

You can now see that the code has become more understandable to
users who have not developed the code and hence is more maintainable.
 Batch Script – Strings

a string is an ordered collection of characters, such

as "Hello, World!".

S.No Strings & Description

1 Create String

A string can be created in DOS in the following way.

2 Empty String
Empty String
3 String Interpolation
String interpolation is a way to construct a new String value from a mix of constants,
variables, literals, and expressions by including their values inside a string literal.

4 String Concatenation
You can use the set operator to concatenate two strings or a string and a character,
or two characters. Following is a simple example which shows how to use string
concatenation.
5 String length
In DOS scripting, there is no length function defined for finding the length of a string.
There are custom-defined functions which can be used for the same. Following is
an example of a custom-defined function for seeing the length of a string.
6 toInt
A variable which has been set as string using the set variable can be converted to
an integer using the /A switch which is using the set variable. The following example
shows how this can be accomplished.

7 Align Right
This used to align text to the right, which is normally used to improve readability of
number columns.
8 Left String
This is used to extract characters from the beginning of a string.
9 Mid String
This is used to extract a substring via the position of the characters in the string.
10 Remove
The string substitution feature can also be used to remove a substring from another
string.
11 Remove Both Ends
This is used to remove the first and the last character of a string.
12 Remove All Spaces
This is used to remove all spaces in a string via substitution.

13 Replace a String
To replace a substring with another string use the string substitution feature.
14 Right String
This is used to extract characters from the end of a string.
 Batch Script – Arrays

Arrays are not specifically defined as a type in Batch Script but can be
implemented. The following things need to be noted when arrays are implemented
in Batch Script.

 Each element of the array needs to be defined with the set command.
 The ‘for’ loop would be required to iterate through the values of the array.

Creating an Array.

An array is created by using the following set command.

set a[0]=1
Where 0 is the index of the array and 1 is the value assigned to the first element of
the array.

Another way to implement arrays is to define a list of values and iterate through the
list of values. The following example show how this can be implemented.
Example
@echo off
set list=1 2 3 4
(for %%a in (%list%) do (
echo %%a
))

Output
The above command produces the following output.
1
2
3
4
Accessing Arrays.

You can retrieve a value from the array by using subscript syntax, passing the index
of the value you want to retrieve within square brackets immediately after the name
of the array.

Example
@echo off
set a[0]=1
echo %a[0]%

In this example, the index starts from 0 which means the first element can be
accessed using index as 0, the second element can be accessed using index as 1
and so on. Let's check the following example to create, initialize and access arrays −

@echo off
set a[0]=1
set a[1]=2
set a[2]=3
echo The first element of the array is %a[0]%
echo The second element of the array is %a[1]%
echo The third element of the array is %a[2]%

The above command produces the following output.

The first element of the array is 1
The second element of the array is 2
The third element of the array is 3

Modifying an Array.

To add an element to the end of the array, you can use the set element along with
the last index of the array element.
Example
@echo off
set a[0]=1
set a[1]=2
set a[2]=3
Rem Adding an element at the end of an array
Set a[3]=4
echo The last element of the array is %a[3]%

The above command produces the following output.

The last element of the array is 4

You can modify an existing element of an Array by assigning a new value at a given
index as shown in the following example −

@echo off
set a[0]=1
set a[1]=2
set a[2]=3
Rem Setting the new value for the second element of the array
Set a[1]=5
echo The new value of the second element of the array is %a[1]%

The above command produces the following output.

The new value of the second element of the array is 5

Iterating Over an Array.

Iterating over an array is achieved by using the ‘for’ loop and going through each
element of the array. The following example shows a simple way that an array can
be implemented.

@echo off
setlocal enabledelayedexpansion
set topic[0]=comments
set topic[1]=variables
set topic[2]=Arrays
set topic[3]=Decision making
set topic[4]=Time and date
set topic[5]=Operators

for /l %%n in (0,1,5) do (

echo !topic[%%n]!
)
Following things need to be noted about the above program −
 Each element of the array needs to be specifically defined using the
set command.
 The ‘for’ loop with the /L parameter for moving through ranges is
used to iterate through the array.

Output

The above command produces the following output.

Comments
variables
Arrays
Decision making
Time and date
Operators

Length of an Array.

The length of an array is done by iterating over the list of values in the array since
there is no direct function to determine the number of elements in an array.

@echo off
set Arr[0]=1
set Arr[1]=2
set Arr[2]=3
set Arr[3]=4
set "x = 0"
:SymLoop

if defined Arr[%x%] (
call echo %%Arr[%x%]%%
set /a "x+=1"
GOTO :SymLoop
)
echo "The length of the array is" %x%

Output

Output The above command produces the following output.

1
2
3
4
"The length of the array is" 4

Creating Structures in Arrays.

Structures can also be implemented in batch files using a little bit of an extra coding
for implementation. The following example shows how this can be achieved.
Example
@echo off
set obj[0].Name=Joe
set obj[0].ID=1
set obj[1].Name=Mark
set obj[1].ID=2
set obj[2].Name=Mohan
set obj[2].ID=3
FOR /L %%i IN (0 1 2) DO (
call echo Name = %%obj[%%i].Name%%
call echo Value = %%obj[%%i].ID%%
)

The following key things need to be noted about the above code.
 Each variable defined using the set command has 2 values associated with
each index of the array.
 The variable i is set to 0 so that we can loop through the structure will the length
of the array which is 3.
 We always check for the condition on whether the value of i is equal to the
value of len and if not, we loop through the code.
 We are able to access each element of the structure using the obj[%i%]
notation.

Output

The above command produces the following output.

Name=Joe
Value=1
Name=Mark
Value=2
Name=Mohan
Value=3
 Batch Script – Operators

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific

mathematical or logical manipulations.
In batch script, the following types of operators are possible.

 Arithmetic operators
 Relational operators
 Logical operators
 Assignment operators
 Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators.

Batch script language supports the normal Arithmetic operators as any

language. Following are the Arithmetic operators available.

Operator Description Example

+ Addition of two operands 1 + 2 will give 3

− Subtracts second operand from the first 2 − 1 will give 1

* Multiplication of both operands 2 * 2 will give 4

/ Division of the numerator by the denominator 3 / 2 will give 1.5

% Modulus operator and remainder of after an integer/float 3 % 2 will give 1

division
Logical Operators.

Logical operators are used to evaluate Boolean expressions. Following

are the logical operators available.
The batch language is equipped with a full set of Boolean logic operators
like AND, OR, XOR, but only for binary numbers. Neither are there any
values for TRUE or FALSE. The only logical operator available for
conditions is the NOT operator.

Operator Description

AND This is the logical “and” operator

OR This is the logical “or” operator

NOT This is the logical “not” operator

Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators are also possible in batch script. Following are the operators
available.

Operator Description

& This is the bitwise “and” operator

| This is the bitwise “or” operator

^ This is the bitwise “xor” or Exclusive or operator

 Batch Script - DATE and TIME

The date and time in DOS Scripting have the following two basic commands for
retrieving the date and time of the system.

DATE.

This command gets the system date.

Syntax
DATE

Example
@echo off
echo %DATE%

Output
The current date will be displayed in the command prompt. For example,
Mon 12/28/2015

TIME
This command sets or displays the time.

Syntax
TIME

Example
@echo off
echo %TIME%

Output
The current system time will be displayed. For example,
22:06:52.87

Following are some implementations which can be used to get the date and time in
different formats.
 Batch Script - Input / Output

There are three universal “files” for keyboard input, printing text on the screen and
printing errors on the screen. The “Standard In” file, known as stdin, contains the
input to the program/script. The “Standard Out” file, known as stdout, is used to write
output for display on the screen. Finally, the “Standard Err” file, known as stderr,
contains any error messages for display on the screen.
Each of these three standard files, otherwise known as the standard streams, are
referenced using the numbers 0, 1, and 2. Stdin is file 0, stdout is file 1, and stderr is
file 2.

Redirecting Output (Stdout and Stderr)

One common practice in batch files is sending the output of a program to a log file.
The > operator sends, or redirects, stdout or stderr to another file. The following
example shows how this can be done.

Dir C:\ > list.txt

In the above example, the stdout of the command Dir C:\ is redirected to the file
list.txt.
If you append the number 2 to the redirection filter, then it would redirect the stderr to
the file lists.txt.

Dir C:\ 2> list.txt

One can even combine the stdout and stderr streams using the file number and the
‘&’ prefix. Following is an example.

DIR C:\ > lists.txt 2>&1

Suppressing Program Output
The pseudo file NUL is used to discard any output from a program. The following
example shows that the output of the command DIR is discarded by sending the
output to NUL.

Dir C:\ > NUL

Stdin
To work with the Stdin, you have to use a workaround to achieve this. This can be
done by redirecting the command prompt’s own stdin, called CON.
The following example shows how you can redirect the output to a file called lists.txt.
After you execute the below command, the command prompt will take all the input
entered by user till it gets an EOF character. Later, it sends all the input to the file
lists.txt.

TYPE CON > lists.txt

 Batch Script - Return Code

By default when a command line execution is completed it should either

return zero when execution succeeds or non-zero when execution fails.
When a batch script returns a non-zero value after the execution fails, the
non-zero value will indicate what is the error number. We will then use
the error number to determine what the error is about and resolve it
accordingly.

Following are the common exit code and their description.

Error Code Description

0 Program successfully completed.

1 Incorrect function. Indicates that Action has attempted to execute non-

recognized command in Windows command prompt cmd.exe.

2 The system cannot find the file specified. Indicates that the file cannot be
found in specified location.

3 The system cannot find the path specified. Indicates that the specified path
cannot be found.

5 Access is denied. Indicates that user has no access right to specified

resource.

9009 Program is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable

program or batch file. Indicates that command, application name or path
0x2331 has been misspelled when configuring the Action.

221225495 Not enough virtual memory is available.

0xC0000017 It indicates that Windows has run out of memory.
-1073741801

3221225786 The application terminated as a result of a CTRL+C. Indicates that the

application has been terminated either by the user's keyboard input
0xC000013A CTRL+C or CTRL+Break or closing command prompt window.
-1073741510
3221225794 The application failed to initialize properly. Indicates that the
application has been launched on a Desktop to which the
0xC0000142
current user has no access rights. Another possible cause is
-1073741502 that either gdi32.dll or user32.dll has failed to initialize.

Error Level
The environmental variable %ERRORLEVEL% contains the return code
of the last executed program or script.
By default, the way to check for the ERRORLEVEL is via the following
code.

Syntax

IF %ERRORLEVEL% NEQ 0 (
DO_Something
)

It is common to use the command EXIT /B %ERRORLEVEL% at the end

of the batch file to return the error codes from the batch file.
EXIT /B at the end of the batch file will stop execution of a batch file.
Use EXIT /B < exitcodes > at the end of the batch file to return custom
return codes.
Environment variable %ERRORLEVEL% contains the latest errorlevel in
the batch file, which is the latest error codes from the last command
executed. In the batch file, it is always a good practice to use environment
variables instead of constant values, since the same variable get
expanded to different values on different computers.
Let’s look at a quick example on how to check for error codes from a
batch file.
Example
Let’s assume we have a batch file called Find.cmd which has the
following code. In the code, we have clearly mentioned that we if don’t
find the file called lists.txt then we should set the errorlevel to 7. Similarly,
if we see that the variable userprofile is not defined then we should set
the errorlevel code to 9.

if not exist c:\lists.txt exit 7

if not defined userprofile exit 9
exit 0
Let’s assume we have another file called App.cmd that calls Find.cmd first. Now, if
the Find.cmd returns an error wherein it sets the errorlevel to greater than 0 then it
would exit the program. In the following batch file, after calling the Find.cnd find, it
actually checks to see if the errorlevel is greater than 0.
Call Find.cmd

if errorlevel gtr 0 exit

echo “Successful completion”

Output
In the above program, we can have the following scenarios as the output

 If the file c:\lists.txt does not exist, then nothing will be displayed in
the console output.
 If the variable userprofile does not exist, then nothing will be
displayed in the console output.
 If both of the above condition passes then the string “Successful
completion” will be displayed in the command prompt.
 Batch Script – Loops

Loops

In the decision making chapter, we have seen statements which have

been executed one after the other in a sequential manner. Additionally,
implementations can also be done in Batch Script to alter the flow of
control in a program’s logic. They are then classified into flow of control
statements.

S.No Loops & Description

1 While Statement Implementation

There is no direct while statement available in Batch Script but we can do an

implementation of this loop very easily by using the if statement and labels.
2 For Statement - List Implementations
The "FOR" construct offers looping capabilities for batch files. Following is the
common construct of the ‘for’ statement for working with a list of values.

3 Looping through Ranges

The ‘for’ statement also has the ability to move through a range of values. Following
is the general form of the statement.

4 Classic for Loop Implementation

Following is the classic ‘for’ statement which is available in most programming
languages.

Looping through Command Line Arguments

The ‘for’ statement can also be used for checking command line
arguments. The following example shows how the ‘for’ statement can be
used to loop through the command line arguments.
Example

@ECHO OFF
:Loop

IF "%1"=="" GOTO completed

FOR %%F IN (%1) DO echo %%F
SHIFT
GOTO Loop
:completed

Output
Let’s assume that our above code is stored in a file called Test.bat. The
above command will produce the following output if the batch file passes
the command line arguments of 1,2 and 3 as Test.bat 1 2 3.

1
2
3
 Batch Script – Functions

A function is a set of statements organized together to perform a specific

task. In batch scripts, a similar approach is adopted to group logical
statements together to form a function.
As like any other languages, functions in Batch Script follows the same
procedure –

 Function Declaration − It tells the compiler about a function's

name, return type, and parameters.
 Function Definition − It provides the actual body of the function.

Function Definition
In Batch Script, a function is defined by using the label statement. When
a function is newly defined, it may take one or several values as input
'parameters' to the function, process the functions in the main body, and
pass back the values to the functions as output 'return types'.
Every function has a function name, which describes the task that the
function performs. To use a function, you "call" that function with its name
and pass its input values (known as arguments) that matches the types
of the function's parameters.

Following is the syntax of a simple function.

:function_name
Do_something
EXIT /B 0

 The function_name is the name given to the function which should

have some meaning to match what the function actually does.
 The EXIT statement is used to ensure that the function exits
properly.
Following is an example of a simple function.

Example

:Display
SET /A index=2
echo The value of index is %index%
EXIT /B 0

S.No Functions & Description

1 Calling a Function

A function is called in Batch Script by using the call command.

2 Functions with Parameters
Functions can work with parameters by simply passing them when
a call is made to the function.
3 Functions with Return Values
Functions can work with return values by simply passing variables
names
4 Local Variables in Functions
Local variables in functions can be used to avoid name conflicts and
keep variable changes local to the function.
5 Recursive Functions
The ability to completely encapsulate the body of a function by
keeping variable changes local to the function and invisible to the
caller.
6 File I/O
In Batch Script, it is possible to perform the normal file I/O operations
that would be expected in any programming language.
7 Creating Files
The creation of a new file is done with the help of the redirection filter
>. This filter can be used to redirect any output to a file.
8 Writing to Files
Content writing to files is also done with the help of the redirection
filter >. This filter can be used to redirect any output to a file.
9 Appending to Files
Content writing to files is also done with the help of the double
redirection filter >>. This filter can be used to append any output to
a file.
10 Reading from Files
Reading of files in a batch script is done via using the FOR loop
command to go through each line which is defined in the file that
needs to be read.
11 Deleting Files
For deleting files, Batch Script provides the DEL command.
12 Renaming Files
For renaming files, Batch Script provides the REN or RENAME
command.
13 Moving Files
For moving files, Batch Script provides the MOVE command.
14 Batch Files – Pipes
The pipe operator (|) takes the output (by default, STDOUT) of one
command and directs it into the input (by default, STDIN) of another
command.
15 Batch Files – Inputs
When a batch file is run, it gives you the option to pass in command
line parameters which can then be read within the program for
further processing.
16 Using the SHIFT Operator
One of the limitations of command line arguments is that it can
accept only arguments till %9. Let’s take an example of this
limitation.
17 Folders
In Batch Script, it is possible to perform the normal folder based
operations that would be expected in any programming language.
18 Creating Folders
 The creation of a folder is done with the assistance of the MD (Make
directory) command.
19 Listing Folder Contents
The listing of folder contents can be done with the dir command. This
command allows you to see the available files and directories in the
current directory.
20 Deleting Folders
For deleting folders, Batch Scripting provides the DEL command.
21 Renaming Folders
For renaming folders, Batch Script provides the REN or RENAME
command.
22 Moving Folders
For moving folders, Batch Script provides the MOVE command.
 Batch Script – Process

Viewing the List of Running Processes

In Batch Script, the TASKLIST command can be used to get the list of
currently running processes within a system.

Syntax

TASKLIST [/S system [/U username [/P [password]]]]

[/M [module] | /SVC | /V] [/FI filter]
[/FO format] [/NH]

Following are the description of the options which can be presented

to the TASKLIST command.

S.No. Options & Description

1. /S system
Specifies the remote system to connect to
2. /U
[domain\]user
Specifies the user context under which the command should execute.
3. /P [password]
Specifies the password for the given user context. Prompts for input if omitted.
4. /M [module]
 Lists all tasks currently using the given exe/dll name. If the module name is not
specified all loaded modules are displayed.
5. /SVC
Displays services hosted in each process.
6. /V
Displays verbose task information.
7. /FI filter
Displays a set of tasks that match a given criteria specified by the filter.
8. /FO format
Specifies the output format. Valid values: "TABLE", "LIST", "CSV".
9. /NH
Specifies that the "Column Header" should not show in the output. Valid only for
"TABLE" and "CSV" formats.
Examples

TASKLIST

The above command will get the list of all the processes running on your
local system. Following is a snapshot of the output which is rendered
when the above command is run as it is. As you can see from the
following output, not only do you get the various processes running on
your system, you also get the memory usage of each process.

Image Name PID Session Name

Session# Mem Usage
========================= ======== ================
=========== ============
System Idle Process 0 Services 0
4 K
System 4 Services 0
272 K
smss.exe 344 Services 0
1,040 K
csrss.exe 528 Services 0
3,892 K
csrss.exe 612 Console 1
41,788 K
wininit.exe 620 Services 0
3,528 K
winlogon.exe 648 Console 1
5,884 K
services.exe 712 Services 0
6,224 K
lsass.exe 720 Services 0
9,712 K
svchost.exe 788 Services 0
10,048 K
svchost.exe 832 Services 0
7,696 K
dwm.exe 916 Console 1
117,440 K
nvvsvc.exe 932 Services 0
6,692 K
nvxdsync.exe 968 Console 1
16,328 K
nvvsvc.exe 976 Console 1
12,756 K
svchost.exe 1012 Services 0
21,648 K
svchost.exe 236 Services 0
33,864 K
svchost.exe 480 Services 0
11,152 K
svchost.exe 1028 Services 0
11,104 K
svchost.exe 1048 Services 0
16,108 K
wlanext.exe 1220 Services 0
12,560 K
conhost.exe 1228 Services 0
2,588 K
svchost.exe 1276 Services 0
13,888 K
svchost.exe 1420 Services 0
13,488 K
spoolsv.exe 1556 Services 0
9,340 K

tasklist > process.txt

The above command takes the output displayed by tasklist and saves it
to the process.txt file.

tasklist /fi "memusage gt 40000"

The above command will only fetch those processes whose memory is
greater than 40MB. Following is a sample output that can be rendered.

Image Name PID Session Name Session#

Mem Usage
========================= ======== ================ ===========
============
dwm.exe 916 Console 1
127,912 K
explorer.exe 2904 Console 1
125,868 K
ServerManager.exe 1836 Console 1
59,796 K
WINWORD.EXE 2456 Console 1
144,504 K
chrome.exe 4892 Console 1
123,232 K
chrome.exe 4976 Console 1
69,412 K
chrome.exe 1724 Console 1
76,416 K
chrome.exe 3992 Console 1
56,156 K
chrome.exe 1168 Console 1
233,628 K
chrome.exe 816 Console 1
66,808 K

Killing a Particular Process

Allows a user running Microsoft Windows XP professional, Windows
2003, or later to kill a task from a Windows command line by process id
(PID) or image name. The command used for this purpose is the
TASKILL command.

Syntax

TASKKILL [/S system [/U username [/P [password]]]] { [/FI

filter]
[/PID processid | /IM imagename] } [/T] [/F]
 Following are the description of the options which can be presented
to the TASKKILL command.

S.No. Options & Description

1. /S system
Specifies the remote system to connect to
2. /U
[domain\]user
Specifies the user context under which the command should execute.
3. /P [password]
Specifies the password for the given user context. Prompts for input if omitted.
4. /FI
FilterName
Applies a filter to select a set of tasks. Allows "*" to be used. ex. imagename eq
acme* See below filters for additional information and examples.
5. /PID
processID
Specifies the PID of the process to be terminated. Use TaskList to get the PID.
6. /IM
ImageName
Specifies the image name of the process to be terminated. Wildcard '*' can be used
to specify all tasks or image names.
7. /T
Terminates the specified process and any child processes which were started by it.
8. /F
Specifies to forcefully terminate the process(es).
Examples

taskkill /f /im notepad.exe

The above command kills the open notepad task, if open.

taskill /pid 9214

The above command kills a process which has a process of 9214.

Starting a New Process

DOS scripting also has the availability to start a new process altogether.
This is achieved by using the START command.

Syntax

START "title" [/D path] [options] "command"

[parameters]

Wherein

 title − Text for the CMD window title bar (required.)

 path − Starting directory.
 command − The command, batch file or executable program to
run.
 parameters − The parameters passed to the command.
 Following are the description of the options which can be
presented to the START command.

S.No. Options & Description

1. /MIN
Start window Minimized
2. /MAX
Start window maximized.
3. /LOW
Use IDLE priority class.
4. /NORMAL
Use NORMAL priority class.
5. /ABOVENORMAL
Use ABOVENORMAL priority class.
6. /BELOWNORMAL
Use BELOWNORMAL priority class.
7. /HIGH
Use HIGH priority class.
8. /REALTIME
Use REALTIME priority class.
Examples

START "Test Batch Script" /Min test.bat

The above command will run the batch script test.bat in a new window. The windows
will start in the minimized mode and also have the title of “Test Batch Script”.

START "" "C:\Program Files\Microsoft

Office\Winword.exe" "D:\test\TESTA.txt”

The above command will actually run Microsoft word in another process
and then open the file TESTA.txt in MS Word.
 Batch Script – Aliases

Aliases means creating shortcuts or keywords for existing

commands. Suppose if we wanted to execute the below
command which is nothing but the directory listing
command with the /w option to not show all of the
necessary details in a directory listing.

Creating an Alias

Alias are managed by using the doskey command.

Syntax

DOSKEY [options if needed] [command] =

[text/path/shortcut]

Following are the description of the options which can be presented to

the DOSKEY command.

S.No. Options & Description

1. /REINSTALL
Installs a new copy of Doskey
2. /LISTSIZE = size
Sets size of command history buffer.
3. /MACROS
Displays all Doskey macros.
4. /MACROS:ALL
Displays all Doskey macros for all executables which have Doskey macros.
5. /MACROS:exename
Displays all Doskey macros for the given executable.
6.
/HISTORY
Displays all commands stored in memory.
7. /INSERT
Specifies that new text you type is inserted in old text.
8. /OVERSTRIKE
Specifies that new text overwrites old text.
9. /EXENAME = exename
Specifies the executable.
10.
/MACROFILE = filename
Specifies a file of macros to install.
11. macroname
Specifies a name for a macro you create.
12. text
Specifies commands you want to record.

Example

Create a new file called shortcut.bat and enter the following commands in the file.
The below commands creates two aliases, one if for the cd command, which
automatically goes to the directory called test. And the other is for the dir command.

@echo off
doskey cd = cd/test
doskey d = dir
Once you execute the command, you will able to run these aliases in
the command prompt.

Output

The following screenshot shows that after the above created batch file is
executed, you can freely enter the ‘d’ command and it will give you the
directory listing which means that your alias has been created.
 Batch Script – Network

Batch script has the facility to work with network settings.

The NET command is used to update, fix, or view the
network or network settings. This chapter looks at the
different options available for the net command.

S.No NET Commands & Description

1 NET ACCOUNTS

View the current password & logon restrictions for the computer.
2 NET CONFIG
Displays your current server or workgroup settings.
3 NET COMPUTER
Adds or removes a computer attached to the windows domain controller.

4 NET USER
This command can be used for the following
View the details of a particular user account.
5 NET STOP/START
This command is used to stop and start a particular service.
6 NET STATISTICS
Display network statistics of the workstation or server.

7 NET USE
Connects or disconnects your computer from a shared resource or displays
information about your connections.
 Batch Script – Registry

The Registry is one of the key elements on a windows system. It contains a lot
of information on various aspects of the operating system. Almost all
applications installed on a windows system interact with the registry in some
form or the other.
The Registry contains two basic elements: keys and values. Registry
keys are container objects similar to folders. Registry values are non-
container objects similar to files. Keys may contain values or further keys.
Keys are referenced with a syntax similar to Windows' path names, using
backslashes to indicate levels of hierarchy.
This chapter looks at various functions such as querying values, adding,
deleting and editing values from the registry.

S.No Types of Registry & Description

1 Reading from the Registry

Reading from the registry is done via the REG QUERY command.
2 Adding to the Registry
Adding to the registry is done via the REG ADD command.
3 Deleting from the Registry
Deleting from the registry is done via the REG DEL command.
4 Copying Registry Keys
Copying from the registry is done via the REG COPY command.
5 Comparing Registry Keys
Comparing registry keys is done via the REG COMPARE command.
Reading from the Registry

Syntax

REG QUERY [ROOT\]RegKey /v ValueName [/s]

REG QUERY [ROOT\]RegKey /ve --This returns the
(default) value

Where RegKey is the key which needs to be searched for in the registry.

Example

@echo off
REG QUERY
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Windows\

The above command will query all the keys and their respective values
under the registry key

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Windows\
Output

The output will display all the keys and values under the registry key.
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\W
indows\

This location in the registry has some key information about the windows
system such as the System Directory location.

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Windo
ws
Directory REG_EXPAND_SZ %SystemRoot%
SystemDirectory REG_EXPAND_SZ %SystemRoot%\system32
NoInteractiveServices REG_DWORD 0x1
CSDBuildNumber REG_DWORD 0x4000
ShellErrorMode REG_DWORD 0x1
ComponentizedBuild REG_DWORD 0x1
CSDVersion REG_DWORD 0x0
ErrorMode REG_DWORD 0x0
CSDReleaseType REG_DWORD 0x0
ShutdownTime REG_BINARY 3AFEF5D05D46D101
Adding to the Registry

Syntax

The REG ADD command has the following variations. In the second
variation, no name is specified for the key and it will add the name of
“(Default)” for the key.

REG ADD [ROOT\]RegKey /v ValueName [/t DataType] [/S

Separator] [/d Data] [/f]
REG ADD [ROOT\]RegKey /ve [/d Data] [/f]

Where
 ValueName − The value, under the selected RegKey, to edit.
 /d Data − The actual data to store as a "String", integer, etc.
 /f − Force an update without prompting "Value exists, overwrite
Y/N".
 /S Separator − Character to use as the separator in
REG_MULTI_SZ values. The default is "\0".
 /t DataType − These are the data types defined as per the registry
standards which can be −
o REG_SZ (default)
o REG_DWORD
o REG_EXPAND_SZ
o REG_MULTI_SZ
Example

@echo off
REG ADD HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console /v Test /d "Test
Data"
REG QUERY HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console /v Test
In the above example, the first part is to add a key into the registry under
the location HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console. This key will have a
name of Test and the value assigned to the key will be Test Data which
will be of the default string type.

The second command just displays what was added to the registry by
using the REG QUERY command.

Output
Following will be the output of the above program. The first line of the
output shows that the ‘Add’ functionality was successful and the second
output shows the inserted value into the registry.

The operation completed successfully.

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console
Test REG_SZ Test Data
Deleting from the Registry

Syntax

The REG DELETE command has the following variations. In the second
variation, the default value will be removed and in the last variation all the
values under the specified key will be removed.

REG DELETE [ROOT\]RegKey /v ValueName [/f]

REG DELETE [ROOT\]RegKey /ve [/f]
REG DELETE [ROOT\]RegKey /va [/f]

Where
 ValueName − The value, under the selected RegKey, to edit.
 /f − Force an update without prompting "Value exists, overwrite
Y/N".

Example

@echo off
REG DELETE HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console /v Test /f
REG QUERY HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console /v Test

In the above example, the first part is to delete a key into the registry
under the location HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console. This key has the
name of Test. The second command just displays what was deleted to
the registry by using the REG QUERY command. From this command,
we should expect an error, just to ensure that our key was in fact deleted.
Output

Following will be the output of the above program. The first line of the
output shows that the ‘Delete’ functionality was successful and the
second output shows an error which was expected to confirm that indeed
our key was deleted from the registry.

The operation completed successfully.

ERROR: The system was unable to find the specified
registry key or value.
Copying Registry Keys

Syntax

REG COPY [\\SourceMachine\][ROOT\]RegKey

[\\DestMachine\][ROOT\]RegKey

Example

@echo off
REG COPY HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console\Test
REG QUERY HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console\Test

In the above example, the first part is to copy the contents from the
location HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console into the location
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console\Test on the same machine. The
second command is used to query the new location to check if all the
values were copied properly.
Output

Following is the output of the above program. The first line of

the output shows that the ‘Copy’ functionality was successful
and the second output shows the values in our copied location.

The operation completed successfully.

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Console\Test
HistoryNoDup REG_DWORD 0x0
FullScreen REG_DWORD 0x0
ScrollScale REG_DWORD 0x1
ExtendedEditKeyCustom REG_DWORD 0x0
CursorSize REG_DWORD 0x19
FontFamily REG_DWORD 0x0
ScreenColors REG_DWORD 0x7
TrimLeadingZeros REG_DWORD 0x0
WindowSize REG_DWORD 0x190050
LoadConIme REG_DWORD 0x1
PopupColors REG_DWORD 0xf5
QuickEdit REG_DWORD 0x0
WordDelimiters REG_DWORD 0x0
ColorTable10 REG_DWORD 0xff00
ColorTable00 REG_DWORD 0x0
ColorTable11 REG_DWORD 0xffff00
ColorTable01 REG_DWORD 0x800000
ColorTable12 REG_DWORD 0xff
 Batch Script – Printing

Printing can also be controlled from within Batch Script via the NET
PRINT command.

Syntax

PRINT [/D:device] [[drive:][path]filename[...]]

Where /D:device - Specifies a print device.

Example

print c:\example.txt /c /d:lpt1

The above command will print the example.txt file to the parallel port lpt1.

Command Line Printer Control

As of Windows 2000, many, but not all, printer settings can be configured from
Windows's command line using PRINTUI.DLL and RUNDLL32.EXE

Syntax

RUNDLL32.EXE PRINTUI.DLL,PrintUIEntry [ options ] [

@commandfile ]

Where some of the options available are the following −

 /dl − Delete local printer.
 /dn − Delete network printer connection.
 /dd − Delete printer driver.
 /e − Display printing preferences.
 /f[file] − Either inf file or output file.
 /F[file] − Location of an INF file that the INF file specified with /f may
depend on.
 /ia − Install printer driver using inf file.
 /id − Install printer driver using add printer driver wizard.
 /if − Install printer using inf file.
 /ii − Install printer using add printer wizard with an inf file.
 /il − Install printer using add printer wizard.
 /in − Add network printer connection.
 /ip − Install printer using network printer installation wizard.
 /k − Print test page to specified printer, cannot be combined with
command when installing a printer.
 /l[path] − Printer driver source path.
 /m[model] − Printer driver model name.
 /n[name] − Printer name.
 /o − Display printer queue view.
 /p − Display printer properties.
 /Ss − Store printer settings into a file.
 /Sr − Restore printer settings from a file.
 /y − Set printer as the default.
 /Xg − Get printer settings.
 /Xs − Set printer settings.
Testing if a Printer Exists

There can be cases wherein you might be connected to a network printer

instead of a local printer. In such cases, it is always beneficial to check if
a printer exists in the first place before printing.
The existence of a printer can be evaluated with the help of the
RUNDLL32.EXE PRINTUI.DLL which is used to control most of the
printer settings.

Example

SET PrinterName = Test Printer

SET file=%TEMP%\Prt.txt
RUNDLL32.EXE PRINTUI.DLL,PrintUIEntry /Xg /n
"%PrinterName%" /f "%file%" /q

IF EXIST "%file%" (
ECHO %PrinterName% printer exists
) ELSE (
ECHO %PrinterName% printer does NOT exists
)

The above command will do the following –

 It will first set the printer name and set a file name which will hold
the settings of the printer.
 The RUNDLL32.EXE PRINTUI.DLL commands will be used to
check if the printer actually exists by sending the configuration
settings of the file to the file Prt.txt
Useful Books on Batch Script

USEFUL 25 BATCH PROGRAMS FOR PRACTICE.

 DIR MAKER
 FILE DELETER
 TEXT FILE PRINTER
 AUTOMATIC PROGRAMS STARTUP
 STORING BATCH RESULTS INTO TEXT FILE
 SIMPLE MATRIX FUN PT.1
 SIMPLE MATRIX FUN PT. 2
 AUTO SHUTDOWN, RESTART TOOL
 GETTING RUNNING TASK INTO TEXT FILE
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DRIVE FILES
 AUTOMATIC PING TOOL
 SYSINFO CATCHER
  SMALL VIRUS TO HANG SYSTEM
 SIMPLE BATCH VIRUS TO CORRUPT THE SYSTEM
 DDOS ATTACKER
 GRABING SAM AND SYSTEM FILES
 MAKE OWN TERMINAL WITH CUSTOM TITLE &
USER
 AUTOMATIC FILE HIDDER AND UNHIDER WITH
DETAILS
 AUTOMATIC SITE OPENER PROGRAM
 AUTOMATIC SEARCH ENGINE
 AUTOMATIC FILE COPIER, MOVER PROGRAM
 AUTOMATIC DRIVE/DIRECTORY DETAILS SAVER
 SIMPLE CLOCK PROGRAM
 PIN GENERATOR
 Specialized Command Prompt

USEFUL LINKS TO STUDY MORE ABOUT BATCH

SCRIPTING…

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/basics-of-batch-scripting/
http://www.trytoprogram.com/batch-file/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_file
https://www.instructables.com/Some-Cool-Batch-
Applications/
https://www.tech2hack.com/create-dangerous-notepad-
virus/
~~~~ END OF THE COURSE ~~~~

BATCH SCRIPTING – BEGINEER TO CORE LEVEL!