Chemistry - Guide

Chemistry - branch of science that deals with composition of matter, and its transformation.

Atom - smallest resulting particle when there is a chemical change. It came from the greek word "atomos" means indivisible.

Subatomic particles of an atom:

1. Electron - a negatively charged particle ( ) residing in the orbit of atoms.

2. Proton - a positively charged particle ( ) located in the nucleus of an atom.

3. Neutron - a zero charged particle located in the nucleus of an atom.

Nucleus - center of an atom. It is consist of protons and neutrons.

Orbits - a hypothetical ellipse around the nucleus where electrons reside.

Atomic Mass - approximately the mass of nucleus (sum of the masses of protons and neutrons). The mass of the electrons are
negligible.

Atomic Number - the number of electrons.

Element – cannot “chemically” broken down into simpler substances.

Molecule – group of atoms bonded together to represent a smallest fundamental unit of compound.

Compound – composed of 2 or more different elements.

Mole or mol – scientific unit to measure atoms and molecules

Avogadro’s number – unit is atoms per mole or molecules per mole.

No. of moles:

No. of atoms or molecules:

Ions - an atom that gains or loses an electron.

Valence or Oxidation Number:

1. Sum of valences of elements in a compound is 0

2. Sum of valences of elements in an ion is the same as the valence of an ion.

3. Valences of an element in free state is 0.

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Chemistry - Guide

Periodic Table of Elements

Ionic Bond - bonding occurs when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Usually the bonding
occurs when a metal combined with a nonmetal.

Covalent Bond - bonding occurs when there is a sharing of electrons between atoms. The bonding occurs when there is a
combination of nonmetals.

Rules for naming simple covalent compounds:

1. Name the leftmost non-metal in the periodic table by its elemental name
2. Name the other non-metal by its elemental name and an "ide" ending.
3. Use the prefixes mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, etc to indicate the number of element in the molecule.
4. If mono is the first prefix, it is understood and not written.

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Question 1

What is the chemical formula of Sulfur Trioxide?

A.
B.
C.
D.

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Question 2

Find the molecular weight of in g/mole

A. 72
B. 61
C. 73
D. 63

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Question 3

Formula for Calcium Chloride

A.
B.
C.
D.

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Question 4

How many moles are present in 100 grams of ?

A. 3.732
B. 0.440
C. 2.273
D. 4.040

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Question 5

How many molecules of water are there in 36 grams of water?

A. 1.4285 x 10^24
B. 1.2044 x 10^24
C. 1.2528 x 10^24
D. 1.4254 x 10^24

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Question 6

When changes to in a reaction,

A. It loses a proton
B. It gains an electron
C. It gains a proton
D. It loses an electron

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Question 7

What is the oxidation state of nitrogen in ?

A. -1
B. +1
C. +3
D. +5

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Question 8

What is the oxidation number of Cr in the dichromate ion ?

A. -1
B. 0
C. 3
D. 6

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Question 9

An atom of beryllium consists of 4 protons, 5 neutrons and 4 electrons. The

mass number of this atom is

A. 13
B. 9
C. 8
D. 5

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Chemistry - Guide

Common Ways of Expressing Concentration

• Percent by weight or mass:

• For balance equation:

• Molarity – number of moles of solute per liters of solution (unit is mol/L or M)

○ Formula:
○ Note: solute is the substance that is dissolved in solvent.

• Molality – number of moles of solute per kilograms of solvent

○ Formula:

• Normality – number of gram equivalent weight of solute per liters of solution

○ Formula:
○ Gram equivalent weight:
○ Note: F is the number of for acid and for base.

• pH – power of hydrogen ions

○ Formula:
○ Note: is the molar concentration of hydrogen ion, is the molar concentration of hydronium ion,
and is the molar concentration of hydroxyl ion
○ Acid:
○ Base or alkaline:
○ Distilled water:
○ Identity: wherein

• PPM – parts of solute per million parts of solution

○ Formula:

Dilution and Neutralization

• Dilution – reducing the concentration by adding more solvent.

• Neutralization – method to calculate concentration of unknown solution by titration.
○ Acid-Base Neutralization:
○ Equivalence Point:

Stoichiometry

• Determining amount of reactant based on balanced chemical equation by using ratio and proportion
• At STP,

Electrolysis

• Electric current effect in chemical solution.

• Formula: wherein

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Question 10

What is the acid concentration of Nitric Acid, , with ph value of -0.55?

A. 2.33 M
B. 4.55 M
C. 5.33 M
D. 3.55 M

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Question 11

What is the percent composition by mass of oxygen element in sulphuric

acid ?

A. 65.25%
B. 34.75%
C. 62.25%
D. 32.27%

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Question 12

If 2.25 g of pure calcium metal are converted to 3.13 g of pure CaO, what is
the atomic weight of calcium? The atomic weight of oxygen is 16 g/mol

A. 28 g/mol
B. 33 g/mol
C. 37 g/mol
D. 41 g/mol

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Question 13

Chemical analysis of methyl ether showed it to be composed of 52.17% C,

13.05% H and 34.78% O. Determine its empirical formula

A.
B.
C.
D.

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Question 14

How many liters of 2M solution can be produced from 184 g of ethyl

alcohol ?

A. 1.5 L
B. 2L
C. 2.5 L
D. 5L

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Question 15

The molality of a solution of ethyl alcohol, in water is 1.54 mol/kg, How

many grams of alcohol are dissolved in 2.5 kg of water?

A. 192
B. 188
C. 177
D. 162

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Chemistry - Guide

Ideal Gas Law

• Has two formulas:

○ Formula 1: wherein
○ Formula 2: wherein (shift+const+27)

• Boyle’s Law – constant temperature

○ Formula:

• Charle’s Law – constant pressure

○ Formula:

• Gay Lussac’s Law – constant volume

○ Formula:
○ Note:
○ Note:

• Combined Gas Law:

• Note:
• Osmotic Pressure:

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Question 16

A gas occupies 0.213 L at STP. How many moles are there in this sample of gas?

A. 0.0089 mole
B. 0.0095 mole
C. 0.089 mole
D. 0.095 mole

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Question 17

A cold tire contains 1000 in^3 of air at 24 psig and 32 °F. What is the
pressure in the tire if the temperature and volume are increased to 35 °F
and 1020 in^3 respectively?

A. 33.24 psia
B. 38.17 psia
C. 49.24 psia
D. 42.17 psia

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Question 18

An ideal gas is contained in a vessel of unknown volume at a pressure of

1 atmosphere. The gas is released and allowed to expand into a previously
evacuated vessel whose volume is 0.500 L. Once equilibrium has been
reached, the temperature remains the same while the pressure is recorded
as 500 mm of mercury. What is the unknown volume, V, of the first
vessel?

A. 0.853 L
B. 0.962 L
C. 1.07 L
D. 1.18 L

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Question 19

An ideal gas at 0.60 atm and 87 deg Celsius occupies 0.450 L. How many
moles are in the sample?

A. 0.0002 mol
B. 0.0091 mol
C. 0.012 mol
D. 0.038 mol

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Question 20

What is most nearly the combined volume of 1.0 g of hydrogen gas

and 10.0 g of helium gas when confined at 20 deg Celsius and 5 atm?

A. 10 L
B. 12 L
C. 14 L
D. 16 L

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Chemistry - Guide

Graham’s Law of Diffusion

o Formula:

Kinetic Molecular Theory

o RMS velocity:
o Average velocity:
o Kinetic Energy per gas molecule: wherein K is the Boltzmann
constant (shift+const+25).

Crystallography

o Deals with study of crystal structures.

o Body-centered cubic (BCC) structure
o Face-centered cubic (FCC) structure
o Atomic Packing Factor:
o Miller Indices – vector representation for the orientation of atomic plane in a crystal lattice.
○ Formula:
o Density of Crystal:
o Note: 1 angstrom ( ) is equivalent to meters.

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Question 21

What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecule N2 in air at 300 K?

A. 498 m/s
B. 508 m/s
C. 517 m/s
D. 521 m/s

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Question 22

Determine the rate of diffusion of neon (20.9 g/mol) vs argon (40 g/mol).

A. 1.34
B. 1.38
C. 0.72
D. 0.74

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Question 23

What is the kinetic energy of the molecules of an ideal gas at 30 degrees Celsius?

A. 6.27 x 10^(-21)
B. 6.21 x 10^(-22)
C. 5.11 x 10^(-22)
D. 5.57 x 10^(-21)

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Question 24

It takes 5 minutes for a 10-mole argon (40.0 g/mol) to diffuse through a small
slit. Under similar conditions, how long it will take the same number of moles
of chlorine gas to diffuse through a small slit?

A. 2.55 mins
B. 4.65 mins
C. 5.55 mins
D. 6.65 mins

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Question 25

1. How many atoms are in the unit cell of a body-centered cubic structure?

a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four

2. How many atoms are in the unit cell of a face-centered cubic structure?

a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four

3. What is the first coordination number of a body-centered cubic structure?

a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10

4. What is the first coordination number of a face-centered cubic structure?

a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 12

5. The plane intercepts the coordinate axis at x = 1, y = 3, and z = 2. What are the miller
indices of the plane?

a. (1, 3, 2)
b. (1, 2, 3)
c. (6, 2, 3)
d. (3, 2, 6)

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