BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1

Architectural System
The architecture of space experienced through movement in space-time
Achieved by means of technology
Accommodating a program compatible with its context

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
The technical process and methods used in the constructing buildings.

Building technology encompasses; materials and their applications, physical

properties, capacities and vulnerabilities; the functioning of components and
system; the principles, procedures and details of building assembly; operating
strategies and so on.
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HONESTY IN MATERIALS
Truth to materials is an architectural theory based on the idea that materials should
be used where they are most appropriate, and without their inmate qualities being
concealed in any way.
 Exposed concrete left unpainted, with
shuttering marks insanded. Timber’s natural grain left unpollished, painted or stained.
Copper’s natural patina left untoched. Steelwork left exposed.

MATERIALS PROPORTIONS
All building materials in architecture have distinct properties of elasticity, hardness,
and durability. And they all have an ultimate strength beyond which they cannot extend
themselves without fracturing, breaking, or collapsing. Since the stresses in a material
resulting from the force of gravity increase with size, all materials also have rational
dimensions beyond which they cannot go.
In the construction of architecture, structural elements are called upon
to span spaces and transmit their loads through vertical supports to the
foundation system of a building. The size and proportion of these elements are
directly related to the structural tasks they perform and can therefore be visual
indicators of the size and scale of the spaces they help enclose.

BEAM AND COLOMN

Beams, for example, transmit their loads horizontally across space to their vertical
supports. If the span or load of a beam were doubled, its bending stresses would likewise
double, possibly causing it to collapse. But if its depth were doubled, its strength would
increase fourfold. Depth, therefore, is the critical dimension of a beam and its depth-to-
span ratio can be a useful indicator of its structural role. n a similar manner, columns
become thicker as their loads and unsupported height increase.

MANUFACTURED PROPORTIONS
Many architectural elements are sized and proportioned not only according to their
structural properties and function, but also by the process through which they are
manufactured. Because these elements are mass- produced in factories, they have
standard sizes and proportions imposed on them by the individual manufacturers or by
industry standards.
WOOD
LUMBER
wood after it is sawed or sliced into
boards, planks, timber etc.

ROUGH LUMBER Unplanned or

undressed lumber
SURFACED or DRESSED LUMBER
Planed having at least one smooth side
S2S = Smooth on 2 sides
S4S = Smooth on 4 sides

WOOD SLAB A kind of rough lumber

which is cut tangent to the annual rings,
running the full length of the log and
containing at least one flat surface

TIMBER A piece of lumber 5’’ or larger

in its smallest dimension

PLANK Wide piece of lumber from ½’’

to 5’’ thick

BOARD A piece of lumber less than 1

½’’ thick and at least 4 inches or 1
meter wide

FLITCH Thick piece of lumber

CLASSIFICATIONS OF WOOD
MODE OF GROWTH
 EXOGENEOUS outward growing trees
which are most preferred for lumbering

ENDOGENEOUS inside growing trees

and are not preferred for lumbering

BY GRAIN

HARDWOODS SOFT WOODS

KAMAGONG PINEWOOD
MOLAVE DOUGLAS FIR
NARRA CEDAR
TANGUILE
YAKAL
GMELINA

LUMBERING

WOOD SEASONING
The process of removal of moisture content from wood, so as to make it useful for
construction and other uses, is called drying of wood or seasoning of wood. This reduces
the chances of decay, improves load bearing properties, reduces weight, and exhibits
more favourable properties like thermal & electrical insulation, glue adhesive capacity &
easy preservative treatment etc.

ENGINEERED WOODS
PLYWOOD Is made of an odd
number of veneer sheets glued
together with the grains at right
angle to each other.

PLYBOARD a material which is

made of wooden strips at its
core and thin veneer panels at
its top and bottom sides.
PHENOLICBOARD Phenolic
board is plywood like material
which is manufactured with the
help of woven fabrics/ high
density thermo-setting cellulose
fabrics along with phenolic
resins

ORIENTED STRAND BOARD

(OSB)Non-veneered wood
panel commonly used for
sheathing and subflooring,
made by bonding three or five
layers of long, thin wood
strands under heat and
pressure using a waterproof
adhesive.

WAFERBOARD Non-veneered
wood panel product composed
of large thin wood flakes
bonded under heat and
pressure using a waterproof
adhesive.

FIBERBOARD A building
material made of wood or other
plant fibers compressed with
binder into rigid sheets.

PARTICLEBOARD Also called

chipboard, no veneered wood
panel product made by bonding
small wood particles under heat
and pressure, commonly used
as core material
PARALLEL STRAND LUMBER
(PSL)A structural lumber
product made by bonding long,
narrow wood strands.

LAMINATED VENEER
LUMBER (lVL)A structural
lumber product made by
bonding layers of wood veneers
together

GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER

(GLULAM) A structural wood
member made up of series of
timber bonded together to form
a thicker mass.
WOOD JOINERY
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1
STONES

STONE
An aggregate or composition of minerals, each of which is composed of inorganic
chemical substances.
Types of stone according to origin
 IGNEOUS ROCK Formed from crystallization of molten magma. (ex. Granite,
Obsidian, malachite, serpentine)
 SEDIMENTARY ROCK Formed from deposition of sediments (ex. Limestone,
travertine, dolomite, oolite, sandstone, bluestone, brownstone, soapstone
 METAMORPHIC ROCK Formed from changing of their original structure by the
action of extreme pressure, heat or various composition of these factors (ex.
Marble, verd antique, slate, quartzite, gneiss
 BUILDING STONE Any stone suitable for use in building construction
Qualifications of stone as a construction material
 Strength
 Hardness
 Durability
 Workability
 Density
 Appearance

Types of stone according to form

 RUBBLE Irregular pieces of stone that have been roughly cut to size
 DIMENSION STONE / CUT STONE Pieces of stone cut to size or finished
according to set or drawings
 FLAGSTONE / FLAT SLABS Thin pieces of stone slab ½’’ up
  CRUSHED ROCK Tiny pieces of stone varying size from 3/8’’ to 6’’
APPLICATION OF STONE IN CONSTRUCTION
 WALL PANEL
 STONE MASONRY - ASHLAR
 STONE MASONRY - RUBBLEWORK
 RETAINING WALL – GABION WALL
 STONE STEPS
 STONE FLOORING

KINDS OF STONE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

 GRANITE (IGNEOUS) Igneous origin and composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica.
It’s generally very hard, strong durable and capable of taking a high polish.
 WHITE GRANITE Composed of quartz (milky white) and feldspar (off white)
 BLACK GRANITE Commercially known as “black granite” but actually Gabbro,
kind of igneous rock similar to basalt
 PINK GRANITE Pink colored granite is result of an abundance of potassium
feldspar (salmon pink), specs of quartz, feldspar and amphibole
 BLACK AND WHITE GRANITE Black and white granite have equal parts quartz,
feldspar, and amphibole, making a speckled black and white granite.
 RED GRANITE Red granite is a variation of pink potassium feldspar (salmon pink)
abundant granite, where the k-feldspar takes on a redder than pinker color.
 BLUE GRANITE Commercially known as blue granite but not actually granite,
potentially Larvikite, another type of igneous rock
 LIMESTONE(SEDIMENTARY) is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of
calcium carbonate in the form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in
clear, warm, shallow marine waters. It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that
forms from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal, and fecal debris. They are
usually beige in color.
 TRAVERTINE(SEDIMENTARY) A sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium
carbonate. It has been formed at the earth’s surface through the evaporation of
water from hot springs. Usually yellowish or brown in color
 SANDSTONE(SEDIMENTARY) A class of rock composed of cemented silica
grains. Colors include gray, buff, light brown and red.
 MARBLE(METAMORPHIC) Metamorphic rock, one that has been changed from
its original structure in this case, limestone and dolomite have been recrystallized
to form marble.
 SLATE ROCK(METAMORPHIC) Formed by metamorphosis of clays and shales
deposited in layers. A unique characteristic of the rock is the relative ease with
which it may be separated into thin tough sheets, called slates, ¼” or more thick
 QUARTZ An engineered product generally made up of 93% natural quartz and 7%
resin and pigments.
 SOLID SURFACE Man-made, non-porous, low-maintenance material used for
surfaces such as countertops to mimic the appearance and functions of natural
stone materials.
STONE FINISHES
 HONED FINISH Smooth stone finish having little or no gloss obtained by rubbing
with an abrasive
 POLISHED WORK Stone finish with crystalline texture, ground and buffed to form
a glasslike surface
 BUSHED HAMMERED Textured stone finish created by hitting the material
manually or mechanically with a bush hammer.
 SANDBLASTED Textured stone finish created by repeatedly blasting silica sand
against the material through an air gun
 QUARRY FACED Stone finish made with traditional masonry tools, chipping the
stone with controlled blows
 LEATHER FINISH Stone finished obtained by process of brushing the slab with a
range of brushes.
 SAWN FINISH Stone finished created by sawing the stone with a diamond disc
tooth.
Building technology 1 prelims

I. PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

A. Physical properties of material

1. Bulk Density – it is the ratio of mass to the volume of material in its natural
state that is including voids and pores. It is expressed in kg/mᵌ.

2. Porosity – it is the volume of the material occupied by pores. It is the ratio of

volume of pores to the volume of the material. It influences the thermal conductivity,
strength, bulk density, durability, etc.

3. Density – it is the ratio of mass of the material to its volume in homogeneous state.

4. Specific Gravity – it is the ratio of mass of given substance to the mass of water
at 4ᵒc for the equal volumes.

5. Fire resistance – the ability to withstand against fire without changing its shape
and other properties.

6. Frost resistance – the ability of material to resist freezing or thawing.

7. Weathering resistance – ability of material to withstand against all atmospheric

actions without losing its strength and shape.

8. Spalling resistance – ability of material to undergo certain number of cycles

of sharp temperature variations without failing.

9. Water Absorption – the capacity of material to absorb and retain water.

10. Water Permeability – ability of a material to permit water through.

11. Hygroscopicity – property of material to absorb water vapour from the air.
12. Coefficient of softening – ratio of compressive strength of a saturated
material to its compressive strength in dry state.

13. Refractoriness - the property of material which cannot melt or lose its shape at
prolonged high temperatures.

B. Mechanical Properties of Material

1. Strength – capacity of material to resist failure caused by loads acting on it.

2. Hardness – property of material to resist scratching by a herder body.

3. Elasticity – capacity of material to regain its initial shape and size after removal of
load.

4. Plasticity - if the material undergoes permanent deformation without cracking and

retain its shape after removal of load applied.
5. Brittleness – if the material fails suddenly without causing any deformation
when load is applied.

6. Fatigue – if the material is subjected to repeated loads then failure occurs at

some point which is lower than the failure caused by steady loads.

7. Impact strength – if a material is subjected to sudden loads and it

undergoes some deformation without causing rupture.

8. Abrasion resistance – the loss of material due to rubbing.

9. Creep – deformation caused by constant loads for long periods.

II. WOOD

Wood – is a tough, fibrous cellular substance that makes up most of the

stems and branches of trees beneath the bark.

A. 2 types of wood

1. Softwood – comes from a conifer. Conifers are any of various predominantly

evergreen, cone bearing trees such as pine.
Wood layers
2. Hardwood – a wood from a broad-leaved flowering tree such as cherry, maple or
oak.
B. Classifications of wood according to mode of growth

1. EXOGENEOUS - outward growing trees which are most preferred for lumbering.

2. ENDOGENEOUS - inside growing trees and are not preferred for lumbering.

C. Classifications of wood according to grain

1. Straight grain – the fibers in a board roughly parallel with the vertical axis of the
log from which it is sawn.

2. Cross grain – the fibers run at varying and irregular directions from the vertical
axis of the log.

3. Diagonal grain – this grain results when an otherwise straight-grained log isn’t
sawn along the vertical axis.

4. Fine grain – small, tight grains in a wood. Also referred as smooth grain.

5. Coarse grain – wood grain characterized by wide, conspicuous annual

rings with considerable contrast in pore size between springwood and
summerwood.

D. Manner of log sawing

1. Plain-saw – to saw a squared log into boards with

evenly spaced parallel cuts. Also called bastard-
saw.

2. Quarter-saw – to saw quartered logs approximately

at right angles to the annual rings.

E. Different types of wood seasoning

1. Air-seasoning – traditional method of wood drying and also the longest, taking 6-9
months. Wood logs or planks are stacked outside on pallets in such manner that air
can circulate vertically and horizontally though the timbers.

2. Kiln dry seasoning – most common and effective commercial process for drying
wood. In this process, timbers enter at one end and travel on a trolley through
chambers with different air conditions to progressive dry the wood.

3. Solar Kiln seasoning – this method combines the speed of kiln seasoning and the
low energy of air drying. Solar kilns have single-thickness windows on the south side of
the structure that work as collectors to trap the sun’s energy.
4. Microwave seasoning – uses pulsed energy directed into timbers to drive out
moisture in a manner that will not cause seasoning degrade it also provides advantage
such as high speed and high quality and is well suited for seasoning lumber, blocks,
veneer, chips, paper and wood- based composite materials.

F. Wood Defects

1. Cup – curvature across the width or

face of a wood piece.

2. Bow – a curvature along the length of a

wood piece.

3. Crook – a curvature along the edge of a

wood piece.

4. Twist – a warp resulting from the turning

of the edges of a wood piece in opposite
directions.
G. Lumber

1. Lumber – wood after it is sawed or sliced into boards, planks, timber etc.
2. Rough Lumber - Unplaned or undressed lumber.
3. Surfaced Lumber or Dressed lumber - Planed having at least one smooth side.
4. Timber - A piece of lumber 5’’ or larger in its smallest dimension.
5. Plank - Wide piece of lumber from ½’’ to 5’’ thick.
6. Board - A piece of lumber less than 1 ½’’ thick and atleast 4 inches or 1 meter wide.
7. Flitch - Thick piece of lumber.

H. Wood Products
1. ORIENTED STRAND BOARD (OSB) - Non-veneered wood panel commonly
used for sheathing and subflooring, made by bonding three or five layers of long,
thin wood strands under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive.

2. WAFERBOARD - Non-veneered wood panel product composed of large thin

wood flakes bonded under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive.

3. PARTICLEBOARD – type of fibreboard. Non-veneered wood panel product made by

bonding small wood particles under heat and pressure, commonly used as core
material. Also called chipboard.

4. MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD - a type of fibreboard. A building material made

of wood or other plant fibers compressed with binder into rigid sheets.

5. PARALLEL STRAND LUMBER (PSL) – A structural lumber product made by

bonding long, narrow wood strands.

6. LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (lVL) - A structural lumber product made by

bonding layers of wood veneers together

7. GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER (GLULAM) - A structural wood member made up of

series of timber bonded together to form a thicker mass.

8. WOOD LAMINATE – a multi-layered synthetic wood product that are typically

glued onto core panels.

9. WOOD VENEER – thin slices of wood,usually 1/8’’.

10. COMPOSITE PANEL – wood panel product consisting of 2 face veneers

boned to a reconstituted wood core.

11. PLYWOOD – a wood panel product made by bonding veneers together under
heat and pressure, usually with the grain at right angles to each other and
symmetrical about the center ply.
III. STONE

Stone – an aggregate or composition of minerals, each of which is composed of

inorganic chemical substances.

A. Types of stone according to origin

1. Igneous rock – formed from crystallization of molten magma (ex. Granite,

obsidian, malachite, serpentine)

2. Sedimentary rock – formed from deposition of sediments. (ex.limestone,

travertine, dolomite, oolite, sandstone, bluestone, brownstone, soapstone)

3. Metamorphic rock – formed from changing of their original structure by the action of
extreme pressure, heat or various composition of these factors. (ex. Marble, verd
antiques, slate, quartzite, geneiess)

B. Building stone

Building stone – any stone suitable for use in building construction

a.) Qualifications of building stone

- strength
- hardness
- durability
- workability
- density
- appearance

C. Types of stone according to form

1. RUBBLE - Irregular pieces of stone that have been roughly cut to size.

2. DIMENSION STONE / CUT STONE - Pieces of stone cut to size or finished

according to set or drawings.

3. FLAGSTONE / FLAT SLABS - Thin pieces of stone slab ½’’ up.

4. CRUSHED ROCK - Tiny pieces of stone varying size from 3/8’’ to 6’’.

D. Application of stone in construction

1. Panelling - Consists of using slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover
backup walls and provide a finished exterior.

2. Ashlar - Work requires the use of cut stone and includes broken ashlars, irregular
coursed ashlars, and regular coursed ashlars.
3. Rubblework - Used as random when no attempt is made to produce either
horizontal or vertical course lines. Small spaces are filled with spalls, small stones and
used as course rubble work, horizontal course lines are maintained but no vertical
course lines used.

3. Trim - Involves use of stones cut for a specific purpose and include Quoin – stones
laid at the intersection of two walls.

4. Jambs - Stones which form the sides of window and door openings.

5. Sills - stones which form the bottom of window and door openings.

6. Belts -special stone courses which are built into a wall for a particular purpose. One
reason is to provide architectural relief to a large wall of one material or to provide a
break I the vertical plane of the wall, another reason is to hide a change in the wall
thickness

7. Copings - one which is cut fit on the top of a masonry wall. It prevents the passage
of water into the wall, sheds water to either inside or outside, and gives a finished
appearance to the wall.

8. Cornices - Specially cut stones which are built into and project from a masonry wall
near the top to provide the appearance of a cave.

9. Lintels - Stones which bridge the top of door and window openings.

10. Stone steps - Made to fit over an inclined concrete slab or to cap steps cast in
concrete.

11. Arch Stone - Cut to form some particular type of arch over a door or window
opening.

12. Stone flooring - Walks and patios, made by covering a base of stone concrete,
brick or tile with flagstones, trimmed flagstone, trimmed rectangular and square.

E. Kinds of stone in building construction

1. ARGILITE - Commonly dark-blue with faint shades of green, used for flooring
tile, stair threads, coping stone, interior wall base, interior window stools of
exterior window sills.

2. GRANITE - Igneous origin and composed of quartz, feldspar, hornblende and

mica. Its generally very hard, strong durable and capable of taking a high polish.

3. LIMESTONE - sedimentary rock which is either oolitic, or calcite cemented

calcareous stone formed of shells fragments, particularly non-crystalline in nature, it
has no cleavage lines and uniform in structure and composition.

4. TRAVERTINE - A sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate. It

has been formed at the earth’s surface through the evaporation of water from hot
springs.

5. MARBLE - Metamorphic rock, one that has been changed from its original
structure in this case, limestone and dolomite have been recrystallized to form
marble.
6. SERPENTINE - Igneous rock with with traditional masonry tools, chipping the
the mineral serpentine. The mineral is stone with controlled blows.
olive green to greenish black, but
impurities may give the rock other 6. LEATHER FINISH - Stone finished
color. obtained by process of brushing the slab
with a range of brushes.
7. SANDSTONE - A class of rock
composed of cemented silica grains. 7. SAWN FINISH - Stone finished created by
Colors include gray, buff, light brown sawing the stone with a diamond disc teeth.
and red.

8. SLATE ROCK - Formed by

metamorphosis of clays and shales
deposited in layers. A unique characteristic
of the rock is the relative ease with which it
may be separated into thin tough sheets,
called slates, ¼” or more thick.

9. QUARTZ - An engineered product

generally made up of 93% natural quartz
and 7% resin and pigments.

10. SOLID SURFACE - Man-made, non-

porous, low-maintenance material used
for surfaces such as countertops to mimic
the appearance and functions of natural
stone materials.

F. STONE FINISHES

1. HONED FINISH - Smooth stone finish

having little or no gloss obtained by
rubbing with an abrasive .

2. POLISHED - Stone finish with

crystalline texture, ground and buffed
to form a glasslike surface.

3. BUSHED HAMMERED - Textured

stone finish created by hitting the
material manually or mechanically with a
bush hammer.

4. SANDBLASTED - Textured stone

finish created by repeatedly blasting silica
sand against the material through an air
gun.

5. QUARRY FACED - Stone finish made

METAL AND STEEL ALLOY STEEL Type of steel to which various
METAL Any of a class of elementary elements such as chromium, cobalt, copper,
substances such as gold, silver, or copper, all manganese, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten or
of which are crystalline when solid and many of vanadium have been added in a sufficient
which are characterized by opacity, ductility, amount to obtain particular physical or
conductivity and unique luster when freshly chemical properties.
fractured.
STAINLESS STEEL A type of alloy steel
containing minimum of 12%chromium with
Types of Metals
nickel, manganese or molybdenum as
Ferrous metal
additional alloying elements so as to be highly
Non-ferrous metal
resistant to corrosion.
Noble metal
Heavy metal WEATHERING STEEL A type of alloy steel
that forms an oxide coating when exposed to
FERROUS METALS A metal containing iron rain or moisture in the atmosphere.
as a primary element. These metals are prized NON-FERROUS METALS These are type of
for their tensile strength and durability. Ferrous steel that has no iron content making them
metals have a high carbon content which malleable and giving them higher resistance to
generally makes them vulnerable to corrosion rust and corrosion. They are ideal for liquid
when exposed to moisture. pipes. They are also important for many
electronic and wiring applications because they
Types of Ferrous Metals are non-magnetic.
Cast Iron
Wrought Iron Types of Non-Ferrous Metals
Steel Aluminum
Alloy Copper
Lead
CAST IRON Cast iron is an alloy made from
Tin
iron, carbon, and silicon. Cast iron is brittle and
Zinc
hard and resistant to wear. It’s used in water
pipes, machine tools, automobile engines and ALUMINUM A ductile, malleable, silver-white
stoves. metallic element that is often used in many
hard, light alloys often anodized for better
WROUGHT IRON Wrought iron is an alloy with
corrosion resistance, color and surface
so little carbon content it’s almost pure iron.
hardness. Because it is lightweight it is suitable
During the manufacturing process, some slag
for aircraft, food cans, cars railways and
is added which gives wrought iron excellent
kitchen utensils
resistance to corrosion and oxidation, however,
it is low in hardness and fatigue strength. ALUMINUM COMPOSITE PANEL (ACP)
Wrought iron is used for fencing and railings, Aluminum composite panels are a common
agricultural implements, nails, barbed wire, building material with several uses for buildings
chains, and various ornaments. and signage. The material is made of two
panels of thin, flat aluminum that are bonded to
STEEL Any of various iron-based alloys having
a non-aluminum center.
a carbon content less than that of cast iron and
more than that wrought iron, having qualities of COPPER A ductile, malleable, reddish-brown
strength, hardness and elasticity varying metallic element that is an excellent conductor
according to composition and heat treatment. of heat and electricity, it is widely used in
electrical wiring and piping and manufacture
CARBON STEEL A type of steel with
alloys such as bronze and brass.
increased carbon content. It also has increased
strength and hardness but reduced ductility
and weldability.
LEAD A heavy, soft malleable, bluish-gray HOT BLACKENING A high-temperature
metallic element used in solder and radiation process that uses machines to spread a thin
shielding and roofing material such as layer of oxide onto the metal surface to form a
terneplate. matte finish with high abrasion resistance.
TIN A lustrous, low-melting, bluish-white METAL GRINDING Grinding machines use
metallic element that is malleable and ductile at friction, attrition and/or compression to smooth
ordinary temperatures and used in plating and out your part’s surface. Different machines
in making alloys and soft solders. deliver different levels of smoothness.
ZINC A ductile, crystalline, bluish-white metallic METAL PLATING To plate with an adherent
element, used for galvanizing iron and steel metallic coating by electrolysis, usually to
and in making other alloys. increase the hardness, improve the durability
or enhance the appearance of the base metal
TITANIUM Titanium is as strong as steel but
45% lighter. Itis corrosion-resistant due to the POWDER COATED Powder coating gives
presence of a thin oxide coating on the surface metal a protective layer and a uniform matte
of the metal. aesthetic. Powder coated finishes are available
Types of Metal finishes in an unlimited choice of colors.
Anodized
Sand blasted VIBRATORY FINISH Vibratory Finishing, also
Brushed known as mass finishing, is a
Buffed mechanical/chemical process for the deburring,
Polished radiusing, smoothing, polishing and degreasing
Hot blackened of individual, mass produced parts.
Metal grinding
Metal plated Kinds of steel and metal products
Powder coated I-beam
Vibratory finish C-channel
ANODIZED To coat a metal esp. Aluminum or Angle bar T-channel
magnesium with a hard, non-corrosive film by Z-bar
electrolytic or chemical action. Steel bar Deformed bar
Tubular steel
SAND BLASTED Sand blasting lends metal a Steel pipe
smooth, matte surface, virtually free from MS plate
texture. Sand blasted steel can be vulnerable Metal sheet
to rusting and should be protected with Corrugated metal
specialty paint or other coating. Expanded metal
Perforated metal sheet
BRUSHED FINISH Brushed or dull-polished Wire cloth
metal displays a unidirectional satin finish with Steel grating
a subtle grain that varies in intensity depending Wire rope
on the level of abrasive action during GI wire
manufacturing.
POLISHED This process generates a brushed
or lined finish. A coarse line pattern remains
afterward.
BUFFING This method removes the lines and
creates a bright, lustrous finish. Another, less
familiar use of buffing is to remove large
amounts of metal.
GLASS molten glass into a plate (rolled glass) that is
subsequently ground and polished after
A hard, brittle, usually transparent or cooling.
translucent substance produced by fusing silica
together with flux and a stabilizer into a mass FLOAT GLASS
the cools to a rigid condition without
crystallization.

Glass making process

CROWN GLASS

A flat, soda-lime-silica glass that is extremely

smooth and nearly distortion-free,
manufactured by pouring molten glass onto a
An old form of window glass formed by blowing surface of molten tin and allowing it to cool
and whirling a hollow sphere of glass into a flat, slowly.
circular disk with a center lump left by the
worker’s rod. Architectural glass
ANNEALED GLASS
SHEET GLASS

A
flat

soda lime silica glass fabricated by drawing the

molten glass from a furnace (drawn glass), or
Glass that is cooled slowly to relieve internal
by forming a cylinder dividing it lengthwise and
stresses
flattening it (cylinder glass). The fire –polished
surfaces are not perfectly parallel, resulting in
HEAT-STRENGTHENED GLASS
some distortion of vision.

PLATE GLASS
A

Annealed glass that undergoes reheating and

sudden cooling making it twice as strong as
flat, soda-lime-silica glass formed by rolling annealed glass but having the same thickness
 WIRED GLASS
TEMPERED GLASS

Annealed glass that is reheated to just below Flat or patterned glass having a square or
the softening point and then rapidly cooled to diamond wire mesh embedded within it to
induce compressive stresses and tensile prevent shattering in the event of breakage.
stresses in the interior.
PATTERNED GLASS
LAMINATED GLASS

Glass having an irregular surface pattern

2 or more plies of flat glass bonded under heat formed in the rolling process to obscure vision
and pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl butyral or to diffuse light
resin that retains the fragments if the glass is
broken FROSTED GLASS

Glass having one or both sides acid-etched or

sandblasted to obscure vision

GLASS BLOCK
A translucent, hollow block of glass with clear, Adding different powdered metal oxides,
textured, or patterned faces, made by using sulfides or other compounds to the molten
two halves together with a partial vacuum glass will add or change the color. Common
inside and used for glazing openings colors for architectural glass include blue,
green, gray and bronze. Applying a silver
REFLECTIVE GLASS coating to this type of glass will result in a
mirror of that color.

Glass having a thin, translucent metallic

coating bonded to the exterior or interior
surface to reflect a portion of the light and
radiant heat that strike it.

LOW-EMISSIVITY GLASS

CONCRETE

CONCRETE An artificial, stone-like building

material made by mixing cement and various
mineral aggregates with sufficient water to
cause the cement to set and bind the entire
mass.
Glass that transmits visible light while COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE
selectively reflecting the longer wavelengths of  Cement
radiant heat  Aggregates
 Water

TINTED GLASS
Glass having a chemical admixture to absorb a
portion of the radiant heat and visible light that
strike it. Also called heat-absorbing glass.

COLORED MIRROR
CEMENT A calcined mixture of clay and
limestone, finely pulverized and used as
ingredient in concrete and mortar.

PORTLAND CEMENT The most extensively

used type of cement inbuilding construction.

- Tricalcium silicate, hardening or early gain

in strength
- Dicalcium silicate, aging or long-term gain in
strength
- Tricalcium aluminate, Initial setting of the
cement TERAZZO

Types of Portland cement

•Type I – normal, general type used in
construction.
•Type II – moderate, Reduced tricalcium
aluminate making it more resistant to sulfates
and causing it more resistant to sulfates and
causing to generate less heat of hydration.
•Type III – high early strength, -Increased
tricalcium silicate causing it to cure faster and
gain strength earlier STUCCO
•Type IV – low heat, reduced tricalcium
silicate and increased dicalcium silicate used in
massive concrete structures.
•Type V – sulfate resisting, Reduced
tricalcium aluminate, where retarding setting
time is needed and resistance to sulfate is
required.
•Air- entraining portland cement, all types
with small quantity of an air entraining agent.
•White portland cement, used in making
precast concrete and in making terrazzo,
stucco and tile grout. TILE GROUT

PRECAST CONCRETE
AGGREGATE Any of various hard, inert, GRAVEL
mineral materials such as sand and gravel.

FINE AGGREGATE Sand having a particle

smaller than ¼’’ BLAST FURNACE SLAG

COARSE AGGREGATE Crushed stones,

gravel or blast furnace slaghaving a particle
larger than ¼’’

WELL GRADED
POORLY GRADED
GAP GRADED

PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE MIXTURE

CRUSHED STONE CLASS PROPORTION USES

AAA 1:1:2 Pre-stressed and
post tensioned
AA 1 : 1.5 : 3 Underwater
retaining wall,
shear walls
A 1:2:4 Footings, pier,
columns, girders,
beams, joists and
slabs
B 1 : 2.5 : 5 Slab-on-fill and
non-load bearing
 walls Drum type mixer
C 1:3:6 Concrete plant
boxes and
parapet walls
D 1 : 3.5 :7 Plant boxes,
footpaths,
walkway and
lean concrete

WATER
The water used in a concrete or mortar mix is
free of such harmful substances as organic
material, clay and salts.
Requirements for a good quality concrete Pan type mixer
 Strength and durability
 Workability
 Dense and uniform
 Curing

Admixture
 Air-entraining agent
 Accelerator
 Retarder
 Surface-active agent
 Water-reducing agent
 Coloring agent

Mixing of concrete
 Job-site mixing
 Ready-mixed

Job-site mixing Ready-mixed concrete

For smaller jobs, projects that will be poured in Concrete that is manufactured in a batch plant,
stages, or on jobsites not easily reached by according to a set engineered mix design. And
ready mix trucks, jobsite mixing offers you delivered on site.
flexibility and quality control.
Agitator truck

PNEUMATIC PLACEMENT Delivery of

concrete by a pipeline or hose to the point of
Volumetric concrete mixer placement on a construction site.

SHOTCRETE Used of pump and hose to spray

concrete at a high velocity over reinforcement
until desired thickness is reached.
Deposition and placement of concrete
 Direct placement
 Drop chute
 Pneumatic placement
 Shotcrete

DIRECT PLACEMENT Discharging of freshly

mixed concrete directly into a form from a
Consolidation of concrete mix
concrete mixer, buggy or crane.
 Spading
 Vibration

DROP CHUTE A chute for containing and

directing a falling stream of freshly mixed
concrete so as not or cause segregation. Things to avoid in concrete placement
 Segregation
  Stratification The milky deposit containing cement and
 Bleeding aggregate fines on the surface of new concrete
 Laitance caused by bleeding of excess mixing water,
overworking of the mix or improper finishing.
SEGREGATION
Separation of coarse aggregate from the
mortar or of water from the other ingredients of
freshly mixed concrete.

Concrete curing
Curing is the process of maintaining adequate
moisture content and temperature in concrete
at early ages so that it can develop properties
STRATIFICATION the mixture was designed to achieve.
The separation of an excessively wet or over
vibrated concrete mix into horizontal layers Why?
with increasingly lighter material migrating  STRENGTH GAIN
toward the top.  DURABILITY
 SERVICEABILITY AND APPEARANCE

BLEEDING Curing period

The emergence of excess mixing water onthe
surface of newly placed concrete.

LAITANCE
 PERMISSIBLE SLUMP

COMPRESSION TEST A method for

determining the compressive strength of a
concrete batch, using a hydraulic press to
measure the maximum load a test cylinder can
support in axial compression before fracturing.
Quality testing of concrete
 Slump test
 Compression test

SLUMP TEST
A method for determining the consistency and
workability of freshly mixed concrete by
measuring the slump of test specimen.
Concrete finishing
 Dry-shake finish TROWEL FINISH A dense, smooth finish
 Float finish obtained by working a fresh concrete or plaster
 Broom finish surface with a steel trowel.
 Trowel finish
 Swirl finish

DRY-SHAKE FINISH
A colored finish produced by sprinkling a dry
mixture of cement, sand and a pigment on a
fresh concrete surface.

SWIRL FINISH
A textured finish given to a fresh plaster or
concrete surface by troweling with a circular
overlapping motion.

FLOAT FINISH
A fine-textured finish obtained by smoothing
afresh concrete, plaster or stucco surface with
a bull float.

Architectural concrete
 Beton brut
 Pebble washout
 Bush hammered finish
 Polished concrete
 Skim coat

BROOM FINISH BETON BRUT Concrete left in its natural state

A straited finish obtained by stroking a broom after formwork is removed, esp. when the
or stiff brush over a freshly troweled concrete concrete surface reflects the texture, joints and
surface. fasteners of a board form.
PEBBLE WASHOUT SKIM COAT
A decorative finish produced by sandblasting, A skim coat is a thin coat of joint compound—
etching with an acid or scrubbing concrete also known as mud—that you can use to repair
surface after the initial set-in order to remove or smooth damaged walls. You may need a
the outer layer of cement paste and expose the skim coat if you are repairing a crack, filling a
aggregate. joint, or leveling an area with an existing flat
surface.

BUSH HAMMERED FINISH

A coarse-textured finish obtained by fracturing TADAO ANDO
a concrete surface with a power-driven
hammer. CHURCH OF LIGHT

POLISHED CONCRETE
Polished concrete is concrete that has been
AZUMA HOUSE
processed through a series of mechanically
ground "polishing/grinding".
4X4 HOUSE

CENTRO ROBERTO GARZA SADA

LUCIANO KRUK
RODRIGUEZ HOUSE