Introduction The chart provides information

about/illustrates/demonstrates/compares/depicts/ describes +
O( đề) +in 4 countries + between 1997 and 2007/ over a 10-year
course, starting from 1997/ over the course of 10 years, starting
from 1997

Overview Trend
Overall, there was an upward/ a downward trend in O(đề) + nước/công
ty, as opposed to the data for + nước/công ty. The data for …,
meanwhile, remained unchanged, despite some fluctuations/ a
decrease.
HOẶC
Overall, an upward/ a downward trend was witnessed in O(đề)
+nước/công ty, as opposed to the data for…
Order, highest of the highest/lowest of the lowest
In addition, TÊN registered/recorded the highest/ lowest figures
throughout the given period/ for most of the period, which
peaked/bottomed in + năm

WRITING TASK 1
VOCABULARY – DATA
V tăng Rise, increase, go up, climb, grow, ascend, inch, crawl,
<rocket/balloon/surge>
N tăng Rise, increase, climb, growth, ascent, inch, crawl, <rocket, balloon, surge>

V giảm Decrease, fall, decline, drop, dip, go down, <plunge, plummet>

N giảm Decrease, fall, decline, drop, dip, <plunge, plummet>

V dao động Fluctuate, oscillate

N dao động Fluctuation, oscillation

A volatile period
Hover
V giữ Remain unchanged/ stable/ unmodified + at Số
 nguyên Stay unchanged/unmodified + at Số
Plateau + at Số
Level off/out + at Số
V đạt đỉnh Peak at/top at
Reach/hit a peak of
Reach/hit the highest value on record of
Reach/hit a record high of

V chạm đáy Bottom at

Hit/ reach a trough of
Hit/reach the lowest value on record of
Hit/ reach a record-low of
ADV mạnh Dramatically, drastically, considerably, remarkably, markedly
Substantially, rapidly, significantly, sharply
ADV nhẹ Slightly
Marginally
Modestly/ moderately
Slowly/ gradually
ADV đều steadily
đặn
ADV + số Roughly, approximately
Respectively/ in that order

SENTENCE STRUCTURES
1.Oil use in Japan steadily increased from 10mb to 20mb between 1997 and 2007.
2.Oil use in Japan steadily increased by 10mb to reach 20mb between 1997 and 2007.
3. Oil use Japan witnessed/saw/exhibited/displayed/underwent a steady increase of 10mb to
reach 20mb between 1997 and 2007.
4. A steady increase of 10mb to reach 20mb in oil use in Japan was
witnessed/saw/exhibited/displayed/seen between 1997 and 2007.
5. There was a steady increase of 10mb to reach 20mb in oil use in Japan between 1997 and
2007.
6. The period between 1997 and 2007 witnessed/saw/underwent/displayed/exhibited a
steady increase of 10mb to reach 20mb in oil use in Japan.
Be expected/projected/calculated/estimated to V (trong tương lai)

LINE GRAPH
Introduction The chart provides information
about/illustrates/demonstrates/compares/depicts/ describes +
O( đề) +in 4 countries + between 1997 and 2007/ over a 10-year
course, starting from 1997/ over the course of 10 years, starting
from 1997

Overview Trend
Overall, there was an upward/ a downward trend in O(đề) + nước/công
ty, as opposed to the data for + nước/công ty. The data for …,
meanwhile, remained unchanged, despite some fluctuations/ a
decrease.
HOẶC
Overall, an upward/ a downward trend was witnessed in O(đề)
+nước/công ty, as opposed to the data for…
Order, highest of the highest/lowest of the lowest
In addition, TÊN registered/recorded the highest/ lowest figures
throughout the given period/ for most of the period, which
peaked/bottomed in + năm

BODY 1 S(A), which stood at SỐ in năm đầu, (1,2,3) to reach /hit + SỐ +

TIME. Likewise, the figure for B (16) to hit/reach Số over the same
(A//B) period.

BODY 2 In the first year of the given period, S(C) ….. the data for D, at SỐ C
and SỐ D, respectively/in that order. S(C) cách 16 to reach/hit SỐ
 (C><D) after SỐ years. Meanwhile, S(D) (16) to reach/hit SỐ …years later.

SENTENCE STRUCTURES
1.Cách 3,4,5,6, followed by a/an adj N
2.Cách 1,2,3, before adv+Ving
3.Cách 16, before a/an adj N was seen/witnessed/displayed/ exhibited
Timelinelineoverviewtrend, order
1 yearorder,group and compare data

GROUPING AND COMPARING DATA

1.Số cao nhất, số cao nhì
Standing at SỐ, SA was slightly higher than the figure for B, at SỐ.
2.Số xấp xỉ nhau, không chênh lệch quá nhiều
The data for A and B were approximately the same, at SỐ and SỐ, respectively/in that order.
The difference between SA and that for B was negligible, at SỐ and SỐ, respectively.
SA surpassed the figure for B by SỐ CHÊNH LỆCH, at SỐ CAO HƠN and SỐ THẤP
HƠN, respectively/in that order.
3. Những số bằng nhau
SA was equal to that of B, at SỐ each.
SA equaled that of B, at SỐ each.
SA and that of B recorded the same figure, at SỐ each.
4. Những số gấp nhau 2,3,4,.. lần
SA was SỐ times the figure for B, at SỐ cao hơn and SỐ thấp hơn, respectively/in that
order.
5.Những số lộn xộn: từ 3 số trở lên
The data for the remaining … ranged from a Low of Số thấp of B to a High of số cao of D.

VOCABULARY
Account for/take up/make up
Constitute/ comprise
A large/signification proportion of
The lion’s share of
A small minority of
An infinitesimal/ negligible proportion of
%-%= percentage point

PROCESS
Introduction The process/diagram illustrates/
describes/demonstrates
+natural process: how S+V
+ manufacturing process: how to V

Overview +number of steps

+simple/complex
+linear/cyclical
+begin/end
Overall, it is a simple/complex process
(which includes SỐ steps)/ which is divided
into SỐ steps
As can be seen, this linear, cyclical process
begins when S+V and ends when S+V.

BODY 1
BODY 2

STARTING SENTENCES
-Firstly,/First of all,
 the process begins when S+V
the first step depicts/describes/reveals that SV
it is described/ depicted/revealed in the first step that SV
As can be seen from the first step, SV
-Secondly,/Second of all,
-subsequently,/next,/then,/
the subsequent/ Số thứ tự step describes/ reveals/depicts that SV
it is described/revealed/depicted in Số thứ tự step that SV
As can be seen from the subsequent/ Số thứ tự step, SV
-Finally,/Lastly,
the process is finalized when SV
the process ends when SV
the process culmintes in Ving

Sự xuất hiện Appear=emerge=come into being

Be born=be created=be formed
Sự biến mất Disappear=vanish=no longer exist=be out of
existence
Sự to ra Become larger= grow in size= become
bigger
Sự nhỏ lại Become smaller= diminish in size
Sự giữ lại Be held=be kept=be retained
Sự phân loại Be catogorized= be sorted= be classified=
be separated into different types
Sự vận chuyển Be transported= be sent to= be carried to=
be brought to= be delivered to
Sự thay đổi hình dạng (Natural) transform into= turn into= grow
into
(Non-natural) be turned into = be converted
into

MAP
Introduction The map/maps illustrates/ demonstrates
the differences between A and B in năm
the changes that A underwent between
năm and năm.
how S changed between năm and năm
The maps compare the layouts of A and B
in năm.

Overview +nhiều thay đổi/khác biệt nhất

+cái gì mở rộng/ thu hẹp
+cái gì biến mất/ xuất hiện

BODY 1
BODY 2

Sự xuất hiện Appear=emerge=come into being =witness

the construction/appearance/emergence of
Be built=be constructed= be erected
Sự biến mất Disappear=vanish=no longer exist=be out of
existence= witness the
disappearance/demolition of
Be destroyed= be demolished
Be cut down= be cleared( cây, rừng)
Sự mở rộng Increase in size= become larger= become
more spacious= witness the expansion of
Be enlarged= be expanded= be made larger
= be widened= be broadened
Sự thu hẹp Become narrower= become smaller=
diminish in size= be less spacious
Be made narrower/smaller = be narrowed
Sự giữ lại Be held=be kept=be retained
Sự thay thế Be replaced with = be superseded by
V biến mất + to make way for/pave the way
for
Sự cải tạo Witness the conversion/transformation into
B of A
Be converted into=be turned into
Sự thay đổi hình dạng (Natural) transform into= turn into= grow
into
(Non-natural) be turned into = be converted
into
Sự giữ nguyên Remained
unchanged/unmodified=witness/see no
change/difference=stay the same

WRITING TASK 2
OPINION
Introduction (2) (1)Background
It is often claimed that
It is sometimes/commonly believed that
It is a common thought/belief that
Opinions diverge on whether
One school of thought holds that
Much has been debated over whether
NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE FACT
It is true that…
There is no denying that…
(2) Thesis statement
+Do you agree or disagree?
While the thinking that + ĐỀ is valid to a certain extent, I would
 content that +QUAN ĐIỂM NGƯỢC LẠI
+Is this a negative or positive development?
While this tendency brings with it several negative outcomes, I believe
that overall, it is a desirable development.
While there are several benefits when + ĐỀ, I believe that overall, it is
an undesirable development.
+Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantage?
While this tendency indeed has some drawbacks, I believe that they are
eclipsed by the substantial benefits.
While there are admittedly several benefits to…, I believe that the
negative influences of this growing development are more glaring.

Body 1 1.Topic sentence

There are several reasons why + ĐỀ
2.For one
3. This is because,/In fact,
4.In addition to this, sin SV,SV
5.As a result,/Therefore,/In other words,/This means that
Body 1.Topic sentence
2OPINION Despite the above arguments, I firmly believe that…/It is my firm
belief that + Ý KIẾN
2.It must be recognized that …
Arguably
Admittedly
3.This is because,/In fact,
4.Another reason is that
5.For example,…, which
TÊN perfectly exemplifies this situation, as…
Conclusion In conclusion, while it is true to some extent that + đề, I would
maintain that + Ý KIẾN.
There is no denying that… is a pressing issue/vexing problem in some countries
Has been a topic of interest
Has been acquiring enormous popularity/is gaining traction in recent years
Given this/ In light of this
There are several reasons why
It is understandable why some people subcribe to the view that…
Granted, one might argue that…
Proponents of…often point out that…
Opponents of… often point out that…
However, this thinking is flawed
However, this viewpoint fails to take into account/factor in the fact in…
However, these people fail to realize that…

In my opinion
From my perspective
In my point of view
I would maintain that
I would argue that
I would contend that
In addition to this
Additionally
Besides this
Added to this is that
Another solution/reason/benefit/drawback/consequence is that…
 DISCUSSION - OPINION

Introduction (1)Paraphrase
Some people think/believe that
Some people hold the thought/belief that
Opinions diverge on whether..or..
There has been ongoing discussion on whether…
Much has been debated over whether…
(2)Opinion
From my perspective
In my opinion
Nevetheless, it is my belief that…
Body 1: view (1)on the one hand, it is understable why some people subscribe to the
không ủng hộ view that + view không ủng hộ
On the one hand, some people advocate the idea that…, and
justifiably so.
On the one hand, there are several justifications/explanations behind
the idea that..
(2)For one,
(3)This is because/This can be explained by the fact that/In fact,
(4)In addition to this, sin SV, SV
(5)Therefore,/As a result,..
Body 2: view ủng (1)On the one hand, I would maintain that+OPINION for the
hộ: opinion following reasons
I would contend/argue that
I firmly believe that
There are compelling reasons for me to believe that
(2) It must be recognized that
(3)In other words,/This means that…
 (4)Another reason is that
(5)Therefore,/As a result,..
Conclusion In conclusion, while there are some justifications to exhort the idea
that +view không ủng hộ + tóm tắt main idea, I am convinced that +
opinion+ tóm tắt main idea

CAUSES – SOLUTIONS
Causes
people’s daily lives/activities/customs
Effects
Individualtime, money, benefit(mental/physical)
societysocial security
govermentsbudget/policy
Introduction (1)Background paraphrase đề
It is true that
In many parts of the world,
There is no denying that

(2)Thesis statementanswer the question

+causes- solutions
There are several reasons behind this trend and actions should be taken to
deal with the situation
This essay will outline the underlying causes of this trend/tendency,
before suggesting some viable solutions to mitigate/alleviate the situation
This can be attributed to several factors, and actions should be taken to
improve the situation
+Effects/Problems – Solutions: Although this trend undoubtedly leads to
many negative consequences, actions can be taken to mitigate the
situation.
Body 1 Causes – solutions
(1)Topic sentence
 It is understandable why + đề
(2)One reason is that + cause 1
(3)In fact,/This can be explained by the fact that…
(4)Another cause/reason is that + cause 2, since/as +explanation.
(5)As a result,/Therefore,…
Effects/problems – solutions
(1)Several problems can be anticipated when + ĐỀ
(2)One major problem is that +problem 1/effect 1
(3)In fact,/This can be explained by the fact that/This is because…
(4)Another problem is that +problem 2/effect 2, which means that
+result/example
(5)As a result,/Therefore…
Body 2 (1)Topic sentence
Fortunately, several measures can be taken in order to tackle this
situation/solve the problem/alleviate the problem/eradicate the problem
(2)The first solution is that +solution 1
(3)In fac,/This can be explained by the fact that/This is because
(4)In addition to this, as/since+explanation, solution 2.
(5)As a result,/Therefore,…
conlusion +Causes – solutions
In conclusion, it is obvious that there are two main reasons behind this
tendency. Nevertheless, several steps can be taken to deal with the
situation
+effects/problems – solutions
In conclusion, this tendency will bring about several negative
consequences. Nevertheless, several steps can be taken in order to deal
with the situation.