PHY4003 Modern Optics (Class 21)

Joon I. Jang
Department of Physics, Sogang University
Spring Semester 2022
Dichroism & birefringence SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Scattering SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Rayleigh scattering: size of scatterer <<  (strong frequency dependence)

Mie scattering: size of scatterer ~  (weak frequency dependence)

Brewster angle SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Degree of polarization:

Choi et al. JACS (2021)

Waveplates SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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They can control the polarization of light using birefringence.

Half waveplate: essential for polarization-dependent exps.

since it can rotate the axis of the linear polarization vector.
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They can control the polarization of light using birefringence.

Quarter waveplate: essential for polarization-dependent exps.

since it can convert linear polarization to circular polarization.
Rhombs SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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2 Total internal reflections

cos 𝜃 − 𝑖(sin2 𝜃 − 1/𝑛2 )1/2

𝑟⊥ =
cos 𝜃 + 𝑖(sin2 𝜃 − 1/𝑛2 )1/2

cos 𝜃/𝑛2 − 𝑖(sin2 𝜃 − 1/𝑛2 )1/2

𝑟|| =
cos 𝜃/𝑛2 + 𝑖(sin2 𝜃 − 1/𝑛2 )1/2

𝑖281.3 𝑜
𝑛 = 1.51 𝑟⊥ = 0.1954 − 𝑖0.9807 = 𝑒
𝑖236.3 𝑜
𝑟|| = −0.5555 − 𝑖0.8315 = 𝑒

∆𝜑 = 281.3𝑜 − 236.3𝑜 = 45𝑜

Linear  Circular
Example 3 SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Optical activity SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Circular dichroism
Optical activity SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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rotary power

clockwise counterclockwise
Faraday effect SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Birefringence can be externally induced by
1) stress, 2) E field, and 3) B field.

Faraday effect is similar to optical activity under a B field (magneto-optic).

Faraday effect can be accumulated by

multiple reflection, which is different from
typical optical activity.

A positive Verdet constant is l(d)-rotatory when k is (anti)parallel to B.

Faraday effect SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Magneto-optic circular birefringence 𝑛ℒ ≠ 𝑛ℛ

q
B B q MOKE: reflection not transmission

ℒ-state ℛ-state
Kerr effect & Pockels effect SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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∆𝑛 = 𝑛𝑒 − 𝑛𝑜 : birefringence induced by E field

Kerr effect: field squared

Pockels effect: field

E-O (electro-optic) modulation by external E field

Stokes parameters SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Polarization in terms of not E field but intensity that can be measured

Transmittance by 4 filters: Unique determination of the polarization state of light

1. ND (neutral density) filter (isotropic filter): I0

2. Linear polarizer (transmission axis 0o): I1
3. Linear polarizer (transmission axis 45o): I2
4. Circular polarizer (ℛ-state): I3

Intensity

ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
ൡ polarization state ቐ 45𝑜 𝑜𝑟 − 45𝑜
𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
Stokes parameters: HW10 proof SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Unpolarized beam: (1,0,0,0)

horizontal beam: (1,1,0,0) & vertical beam: (1,-1,0,0)

45o beam: (1,0,1,0) & -45o beam: (1,0,-1,0)

ℛ-state beam: (1,0,0,1) & ℒ-state beam: (1,0,0,-1)

Stokes parameters SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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(1,-1,0,0)+(2,0,0,-2) = (3,-1,0,-2)

V = 5/3

Complete polarization:

Degree of polarization:
Jones vectors SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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For only polarized light
Jones and Muller matrices SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Example 4 SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Cross polarization
1 0 0 0 0 0
=
0 0 0 1 0 0

1 −1 1 1 0 0
=
−1 1 1 1 0 0

1 𝑖 1 −𝑖 0 0
=
−𝑖 1 𝑖 1 0 0

Half WP = 2 quarter WP
Example 5 SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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Example 6 SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝜃 0 1 0 0 0
0 𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝜃 0 1 0 0
One problem disclosed for YOU! SOGANG UNIVERSITY
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