SPECIALIZED SUBJECT-HUMSS

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED

SOCIAL SCIENCES
_____ Semester, SY _____________
QUARTER 1, MODULE 4
THE CLIENTELE & AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING/
THE COUNSELING SERVICES, PROCESSES &
METHODS

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Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences
Self-Learning Module
1st Semester – Quarter 1, Module 4: The Clientele and Audiences in Counselling/The
Counselling Services, Processes and Methods
First Edition, 2021

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Lesson THE CLIENTELE & AUDIENCES IN
COUNSELLING/ THE COUNSELLING
SERVICES, PROCESSES & METHODS

INTRODUCTION

Hello Senior high! In this lesson you will learn to:

 describe the clientele and audience of counselling;
 illustrate the different processes and methods involved in undertaking counselling; and
 distinguish the needs of the individuals, groups, organizations, and communities.

Do you still remember your lesson in rights, responsibilities, and accountabilities of

counsellors? How about ethical and unethical behavior among counselors?

Before we proceed, do you know that counselors has clientele, audiences, settings,
processes, methods and tools in counselling?
Code of ethics help counselors to remind them of their rights, responsibilities and
accountabilities in the counselling profession. The rights, responsibilities and accountabilities of
the counselors are based on the counselor’s associations of Code of Conduct.

For you, who are the clientele and audiences of counselling? What are the processes,
methods and tools in counselling?

The clientele and audiences of counselling are normal people. They are not in need of
clinical or mental help. They may be the youth in need of guidance at critical moments of their
growth, anyone in need assistance in realizing a change in behavior or attitude, or simply seeking
to achieve a goal. What the audience normally calls for in counselling is application or
development of social skills. Sometimes, people need to cope with crisis. Other clientele and
audiences of counselling may be people in need of premarital and marital counselling, grief and
loss (divorce, death or amputation), domestic violence and other types of abuse, or coping with
terminal illness, death and dying.

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 LESSON AND PRACTICES

CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELLING

Clientele and audiences of the counselling profession come from different settings.
Counselors deal with a mixture of people with different concerns and issues. Among were the
following:

1. People who abuse drugs – drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical health but to our
mental health as well. It cannot be denied that the drug addiction creates more social problems
and contribute to social disintegration. Consequently, more youth victims cry for help and seek
for counselors’ attention.

2. People who use Tobacco – slowly our population recognizes the bad effects of tobacco to
our health, however, many people still use and continue use tobacco even if it is deadly. Users
find it difficult to stop smoking. Hence, smokers who desire to quit tobacco were added to the
list of the counselor’s audiences.

3. People who abuse alcohol – alcoholism is seen as a disease. Alcoholics find it difficult to
stop drinking on their own. This requires help from a professional as it requires appropriate
treatment. However, an equally important paradigm is to look at alcoholism as a weakness of
self – control and self –discipline. Therefore, this requires intervention other than treatment.

4. Women – most men still have less participation in household responsibilities and child care.
In this case, women’s advancement is constrained. What complicates this situation is the
women’s perception about themselves and the society’s expectations. Counselors are
responsible in helping women appreciate their own values, abilities, aptitudes, and interests
and to utilize these to develop their full potential. (Gibson and Mitchel ,2003).

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 1. Older Adults –a transition from a busy life to retirement stage must be instituted. This
is a challenge to the counselling profession, other issues that require attention of
counselling include loss of a partner, decline of mental capacity and mobility, increased
loneliness, decline in financial security etc.

2. People with AIDS –Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been labeled
as the most feared disease due to its incurability. Victims of this disease are seeking
help to improve their quality of life and to handle their emotional stress and low self-
esteem. Counselling’s approach requires sensitivity and appreciation of the intricacies
of the disease. Counselors may also help in assisting and educating the victims’ support
system.
3. Victims of Abuse – this population represents victims of domestic violence
characterized by spouse and child abuses. Spouse abuse is often associated with
poverty, drug abuse and career disappointments. The abuse has also become rampant
and has caused psychological damage to the victims. The counselors are increasingly
utilized to help the victims.

4. Gay Men and Lesbian Women- they are usually the victims of harassment, violence,
discrimination, and isolation. Gays and lesbians, like other sectors of the society, suffer
from peer denial, family clash, health uncertainties and prejudgment. Counselling will
focus on self-awareness, self- acceptance and understanding.

The individual as a client of counselling

 The individual who needs to be helped to manage well a life-changing situation

or personal problem or crisis and other support needs may undergo counselling as an
individual.

 This is the common type of counselling: the individualized type. The individual
needs capacitation to be able to manage well their unique circumstances, which may
vary difficult to endure alone.

 Problems like alcoholism, loss of job, divorce, imprisonment and rehabilitation

can be cause of shame and embarrassment. Without acquiring enough strength and
ability to go through such life experience, people are vulnerable and may come out
worse; while simply going through natural life transitions like retirement and growing
old.

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The group as the client of counselling

 group exist in communities, organizations, students in schools, teachers in

school, and department in workplaces, and such an entity can undergo group
counselling to meet counselling needs on that level.

 The needs can range from desire to reduce conflict or manage it, become more
productive as a team or work better together. Some of the group processes and
procedures resemble those that are applied to individuals. However, some are very
unique to group and organizational context.

The community as client of counselling

When people experience something collectively, which may be socially troubling and
constitute the danger of blocking their collective capacity to move on, counselling is necessary
to be undertaken on a community level.

Counselling and Its Work settings

• Counselors in Schools – has grown rapidly. According to Gibson and Mitchell
(2003), counselors are recognized especially in the preventive interventions and
developmental stage. There are elementary school counselors, junior high school
counselors, secondary school counselors, counselors in vocational schools,
counselors in higher education, and counselors in community and junior colleges.
The counselling service in the schools is usually located under the student affairs
program. It is under the supervision of the Dean of Students Affairs.
• Counselors in the Community Setting – refers to employment in community,
agency, and other non-school professional situations. Counselors can be found in
community and mental health agencies, employment and rehabilitation agencies,
correctional settings, and marriage and family practice. (Gibson and Mitchell, 2003)
• Counselors in the Private Sector – refers to counselors who decided to do full time
work as private practitioners or engage in part – time private practice while employed
by community agencies. This is feasible if the counselor’s expertise and
specialization matches or relevant to an adequate client population in the geographic
area. (Gibson and Mitchell, 2003)
• Counselors in the Government - counselors are also present in various agencies
of government or institutions supported by the government that are into social
welfare, health, and education. Relevant agencies or institutions include public
schools, public social welfare agencies such as that for the youth, children, and the
aging.

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COUNSELLING AND ITS PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS

There are six stages of the counselling process, namely, relationship building,
assessment and diagnosis, formulation of the counselling goals, intervention and problem
solving, termination and follow –up, and research and evaluation.

Stage One:
Stage Two: Stage Three:
Relationship Building. Assessment and Formulation of
This is the heart of Diagnosis. Counseling Goals.
counselling process One of the most crucial
because it provides the stages. This serves as Goals are important as
force and foundation for the window for the it sets the direction of
the counselling to the counselling process.
counsellor to have a
succeed. This stage It shall serve as the
involves establishing thorough appreciation
of the client’s condition. parameter of work and
rapport, promote
acceptance of the client It entails analysis of the the client counsellor
as a person with worth, root causes of relationship.
establishing genuine problems. The data that Counselling goals may
interaction, promote will be gathered in be treated as a process
direct mutual goal or outcome goal.
diagnosis will be
communication helping The client and
clients understand utilized in the
formulation of goals. counsellor must agree
themselves, helping
client focus and slowly
on the counselling
promote counselling goals.
relevant
communication, from
the client.

Stage Four: Stage Five: Stage Six:

Intervention and Termination and Research and
Problem Solving Follow –up. Evaluation
Guidelines: The essential goal in - - This stage can be
A. The counselor has to counselling is to witness undertaken at any
provide a mapping of the a client progress on point in the
different approaches his/her own without the counselling stage.
offered. assistance of the - - Research and
B. Describe the role of counselor.There are four
the counselor and client
evaluation are
components of
for each procedure. fundamental part of
termination which were
C. Identify possible risks the evaluation.
and benefits that may identified by Quintan - - Results of the
come. and Holahan: research provide a
D. Estimate the time and 1. Discussion of the end scientific appreciation
cost of each procedure. of counselling; of the counselling
Kafner and Busemeyer
2. Review of the course situation.
identified the sixstage model of counselling;
for problem solving Problem 3. Closure of the
detection, Problem definition,
Identification of alternative counsellor-client
solutions. relationship;
4. Discussion of the
client’s future and post-
counselling plan;

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The Counselling Services, Processes, and Methods

Counselling offers a wide range of services to individuals, groups and organizations,

and communities. In all the services, several processes are involved from needs assessment
to intervention or program designing and a selection of an array of methods available to the
profession in dispensing he services appropriately.

Conducting Needs Assessment for Individuals, Groups, Organization, and Communities

Since counselling is essentially an intervention, it is important that counselors

accurately understand the needs of their clients. This also helps to align their competencies to
the needs of individuals, groups, organizations, and communities that they intend to serve.
Needs assessments may range from a systematic observation of symptoms to conducting
formal surveys using a questionnaire to determine the necessity of the potential clients. The
results of the needs assessment will become the basis to decide on the range of services to
make available to the clients as well as choice of processes to be followed. In some cases,
individual counselling may be made while in some cases, group counselling may be considered
appropriate. The choice of counselors in terms of areas of specialization (that may be fitting to
the context) can be determined after a needs assessment is done.

Monitoring and Evaluating for Counselling Effectivity

When interventions are designed, the implementation stage follows. To ensure that
everything planned is performed accordingly, accurate documentation of all details is necessary
to generate data of factual evidence about the implementation. Both the planned and unplanned
occurrences in the process are documented. This is called monitoring. The goal is to ensure that
everything is being done as designed based on the diagnostic procedure and resource alignment.
Monitoring is done during the implementation phase.
At the end of the period of implementation or at a certain marked reasonable period,
assessments are needed to determine initial results— what is happening. This is called
evaluation. Evaluation examines the results and finds out if the intended results are being met
or not. It is the basis to continue or to phase out a program. If monitoring documents the
process, evaluation concentrates on the results.

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 PRACTICE EXERCISES
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write true if the statement is correct otherwise write False.

TRUE OR FALSE
1. Individuals and groups of people who receive service from various
counselling professions constitute the clientele and audience.
2. The clientele and audiences of counselling are normal people
3. Clienteles of counselling need to cope with crisis.
4. The most common type of counselling is the individualized type.
5. When people experience something collectively, which may be
socially troubling, counselling is necessary to be undertaken on a
community level
6. Counselling offers a wide range of services to individuals, groups,
organizations, and communities.
7. Needs assessment may range from a systematic observation of
symptoms to conducting formal surveys using a questionnaire to
determine the felt needs of the potential clients.
8. When interventions are designed, the implementation follows.
9. Monitoring is done during the implementation phase.
10. Evaluation examines the results and finds out if the intended
results are being met or not.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 2: DESCRIBE MY CLIENTELE!

Directions: Based on the given situation, describe the characteristics of the following clientele
and list down their specific needs. Use the table below for your answers.

Situation No. 1. Jenny feels insecure and outcast in school because she thinks her
classmates talk negatively about her.
Clientele Characteristic/s Specific Need/s

Situation No. 2. Anna keeps questioning herself if she is in the right job because she seems to
be getting more unmotivated as time goes. Her spirit for doing her job well has gone down
these past few months.
Clientele Characteristic/s Specific Need/s

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 Situation No. 3. Jack thinks he is addicted to video games and wants to control it to become
more productive with his schoolwork.
Clientele Characteristic/s Specific Need/s

Situation No. 4. Rita is overly concerned of men because of her traumatic experience she had
when she was as a little girl. She witnessed how three men robbed and stabbed her father to
death.
Clientele Characteristic/s Specific Need/s

Situation No. 5. Allan is overly jealous when it comes to the friends of his girlfriend. He cannot
seem to accept the fact that his girlfriend enjoys very much the company of others.
Clientele Characteristic/s Specific Need/s

Rubrics for checking:

Content = 30%, Understanding/Application = 25%, Original Thinking = 25%, Structure = 10%
and Grammar = 10%.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 3: PICTURE ANALYSIS

Directions: Based from the picture presented below, identify possible clienteles and audiences
of counselling. Write your answer on the graphic organizer.

https://www.google.com/search?q=typhoon+yolanda

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 Write your answers here:

Clientele and
Audiences of
Counselling

Rubrics for checking:

Content = 30%, Understanding/Application = 25%, Original Thinking = 25%, Structure = 10%
and Grammar = 10%.

Thank you for answering the practice exercises. If you answered the practice exercises
correctly, you are now ready to proceed to do the written works. If not, please try again until you
arrived at the correct answer.

Direction: Please write your learning from what has been discussed. Write your learning in your
notebook/answer sheet.

Upon reading the lesson above, I learned that…

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

and realized that …

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

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 WRITTEN WORKS

ASSESSMENT

Test A.
Directions: Identify the type of clientele being referred in each statement. Choose your answer
below then write the letter of your choice on the space provided after the number. Write the letter
of your answer.

a. Individual b. Group and Organizations c. Community

1. ____.This type of client may be counselled when people experience something

collectively that affects their collective capacity to move on.
2. ____.This type of clientele may be counselled when he has personal problems that need
to be resolved.
3. ____.This type of clientele may be counselled when there is a need to reduce conflict or
manage it that affects the team in performing well.
4. ____.This type of clientele may be counselled when one needs capacitation to be able to
manage his unique circumstances.
5. ____.This type of clientele may be counseled through seminars, symposium, or
orientations.
Test B.

Directions: Identify the counselling process being described in each statement. Choose the
correct answer from the given word bank and write it on the line before each number.

Implementation Intervention/Program design

Evaluation Needs Assessment Monitoring

6. _______________________. It is the systematic observation of symptoms of the client to

determine the specific felt needs.

7. _______________________. It is the process of planning the counselling methods and

tools to be used for the client based on what is needed.

8. _______________________. It is the process that involves acting on the plan for an

effective counselling.

9. _______________________. It is the process of documenting the entire process of

counselling while it is going on.

10. _______________________. It is the process of examining the results of counselling to

find out if the intended results were met or unmet.

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 PERFORMANCE TASK

Yes! I am a Counselor!
Directions: Recall the facts and events during the COVID-19 pandemic. Apply your learning of
the different audiences of counselling by determining who among the affected ones can be
considered as individual clientele, group clientele, and community clientele. Briefly describe why
they are potential audiences of counselling and how they can be helped through counselling. Use
the table format below in doing this activity.
PROPOSED SUGGESTIONS ON
AUDIENCE/CLIENTELE BRIEF DESCRIPTION HOW NEEDS CAN BE
EFFECTIVELY ADDRESSED
a. Individual

b. Groups

c. Community

Rubrics for checking:

5 4 3
Content The content gives the The content has The content lacks
audience a clear accurate and useful information
sense of the key information
concept.
Originality The ideas are The ideas are The ideas show very
presented in a unique presented in an little attempt at
and interesting way. interesting way. original thought.
Relevant and Supported point of Supported point of Supported point of
detailed content view effectively with view with some view with some
organized to appropriately relevant information. information.
support a point of selected and highly
view relevant information

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 Elias M. Sampa, Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences,(2017) by Rex
Book Store, 25-32.

Gibson, Robert L. and Mitchell ,Marriane H. Introduction to Counselling and guidance.

(Sixth edition). NJ: Merill Prentice Hall, 2003.

Gladding, Samuel T. Counselling: A Comprehensive Profession. ( Fourth Edition) .NJ

and Ohio : Merill Prentice Hall,2000.

Kaplan, David M., Tarvydas, Vilia M. and Gladding, Samuel T. “20/20: A Vision for the
Future of the Counselling: The New Consensus Definition of Counselling.” Journal of
Counselling and Development. Volume 92, 2014.

Mcleod, John. An introduction to Counselling. (Third Edition). Buckingham and

Philadelphia: Open University Press ,2003.

Nystul , Michael. Introduction to Counselling : An Art and Science Perspective.( Second

Edition ). USA: Allyn and Bacon, 2003.

Santrock, John W. Psychology. ( Seventh Edition) .USA: Mc Graw Hill,2003

Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences Module Quarter 1, Module 4: Division
of General Santos City

https://www.google.com/search?q=typhoon+yolanda&sxsrf=ALeKk00wa0X_cPITF6
yj2MD0RyGSsQ7DYA

Photo Credits:

Photos and illustrations by ARPAVIL

Photos retrieved from http://www.free-powerpoint-templates-design.com

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 Key to Practice Exercises

A. MOTIVATION QUESTION-ANSWERS MAY VARY

B. REVIEW-ANSWERS MAY VARY
C. PRACTICAL EXERCISES

A. Practical Exercise 1
1. True 6. True
2. True 7. True
3. True 8. True
4. True 9. True
5. True 10. True

B. Practical Exercise 2
Answer may vary (Possible Answers)

Situation No. 1. Jenny feels insecure and outcast in school because she thinks her
classmates talk negatively about her.
Clientele Characteristic/s Specific Need/s
INSECURE AND
JENNY ATTITUDE PROBLEM
OUTCAST IN SCHOOL
Situation No. 2. Anna keeps questioning herself if she is in the right job because she seems to
be getting more unmotivated as time goes. Her spirit for doing her job well has gone down
these past few months.
Clientele Characteristic/s Specific Need/s
ANNA UNMOTIVATED SELF-CONFIDENCE
Situation No. 3. Jack thinks he is addicted to video games and wants to control it to become
more productive with his schoolwork.
Clientele Characteristic/s Specific Need/s
ADDICTION TO VIDEO
JACK BEHAVIORAL PROBLEM
GAMES
Situation No. 4. Rita is overly concerned of men because of her traumatic experience where
she was as a little girl. She witnessed how three men robbed and stabbed her father to death.
Clientele Characteristic/s Specific Need/s
RITA OVERLY CONCERNED ANXIETY PROBLEM
Situation No. 5. Allan is overly jealous when it comes to the friends of his girlfriend. He cannot
seem to accept the fact that his girlfriend enjoys very much the company of others.
Clientele Characteristic/s Specific Need/s
ALLAN OVERLY JEALOUS BEHAVIORAL PROBLEM

C. Practical Exercise 3
Answers may vary

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 YOUTHS ORGANIZATIONS

Clientele and
Audiences of
Counselling
COMMUNITY
GROUPS

D. INSIGHTS FROM THE LESSON

Answers may vary
F. ASSESSMENT
1. C 6. Needs Assessment
2. A 7. Intervention Program/Design
3. B 8. Implementation
4. A 9. Monitoring
5. C 10. Evaluation

E. PERFORMANCE TASK
Possible Answers
PROPOSED SUGGESTIONS ON
AUDIENCE/CLIENTELE BRIEF DESCRIPTION HOW NEEDS CAN BE
EFFECTIVELY ADDRESSED
a. Individual
These are persons  Observe public minimum health
Covid-19 Patient suffering from Covid-19 standards
 Boost the immune system
 Vaccination
b. Groups
These are the frontliners  Support from the government of
Nurses/Doctors who sacrificed their lives Personal Protective Equipment
to beat the pandemic  Proper compensation as well as
crisis payment of hazard pay and
benefits
c. Community
These are the members  Aid/Support from the
of our society who lost government
Family their jobs and suffer  Livelihood programs
because of pandemic  Support from NGOs
crisis

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