MODULE

STEEL DESIGN

STEEL DESIGN

I. RIVETED JOINTS IN TENSION

A. Regular Hole Arrangement:

Principle:
“If tensile force is passing thru the centroid of the rivet
formation, the stresses in the rivets are the same. Thus, if the
2. Minimum thickness of fillet weld (z):
rivets are of the same size, the rivet reactions are also the same.”
Material thickness of thicker
B. Staggered Hole Arrangement: Minimum size of
part joined
Cochrane’s Formula: fillet weld (in mm)
(in mm)
6 or less 3.0
Note: add z to gross width of member along zigzag
section under tension investigation 0ver 6 to 13 5

Over 13 – 19 6

Over 19 8

3. Critical section for shear and effective of weld

thickness:

II. RIVETED BRACKETS

𝑷
𝒆 4. Minimum length of weld:
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝒇𝒎𝟐
𝑷 𝟐
𝒇𝒎𝟏
𝒇𝒂 𝒇𝒂 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐
𝑮
𝑮 𝑮 𝑮
𝑪𝟑 𝑴
𝒇𝒎𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 𝒇𝒂 𝟑
𝑤 𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑴: 𝑃𝑒
𝑤 𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑮: 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑠

𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐸𝑁𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐶𝐼𝑇𝑌 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑃 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝐺 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑀 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝐺

𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷𝐸𝐷 𝐵𝑅𝐴𝐶𝐾𝐸𝑇

III. WELDED JOINT 5. Minimum length of lap joint:

1. Maximum Thickness of Weld (z)
1.1. for 6 mm thick material or less:

1.2. for material more than 6 mm thick :

 MODULE
STEEL DESIGN

Slenderness Limitations and Effective Length

The effective length factor, K, for calculation of

column slenderness, KL/r, on the basis of
compression, preferably should not exceed 200.

:
6. Allowable stresses for fillet weld:
a. Shearing stress:
Fv (allowable) = is smaller of:
0.3 x Nominal tensile strength of weld
&
For E60 electrodes: Fv (allow) = 93.80 MPa
For E70 electrodes: Fv (allow) = 108.90 Mpa
b. Tension and compression:
Ft (allowable) = allowable stress for base material

IV. WELDED BRACKETS

𝒆 𝑷 𝒆 𝑷
𝟑

𝑷 𝒇𝒎 𝑴 𝑷𝒆

The nominal compressive strength, , shall be

𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒊𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒑 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒊𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒎 determined based on the limit state of flexural
𝑾𝒆𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝑾𝒆𝒍𝒅𝒔 buckling.

𝟏 The flexural buckling stress, is determined as

𝒇𝒑 𝟐 𝒇𝒎𝟐
follows:

Design for Members for Compression: 1. When √ or

NSCP 2015 Section 505 [ ]

The design compressive strength, , and the
2. When √ or
allowable compressive strength, , are
determined as follows:

The nominal compressive strength, , shall be the Where:

lowest value obtained according to the limit states of
flexural buckling, torsional buckling and flexural-
torsional buckling.
( )
1. For doubly symmetric and singly symmetric COMBINED AXIAL LOADING:
members the limit state of flexural buckling is Interaction equations to be used:
applicable.
2. For singly symmetric and unsymmetric fa/Fa 0.2 fa/Fa > 0.2
members, and certain doubly symmetric
members, such as cruciform or built up
columns, the limit states of torsional or
flexural-torsional buckling are also
applicable.
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STEEL DESIGN

Use: Use the more conservative Case 1: No sagrods

of:
+ 1.0 Method 1: Moment Resolution Method
+𝜹 1.0 and

+ 1.0
Method 2: Flexural Resolution Method
10
𝜹=
[ ] Case 2: With sagrods
A. Sagrod at middle point (center)

Values of cm

Frame Cm

Unbraced
(with sides 0.85
way)
When there is no traverse B. Sagrod at third points
loads acting between the
ends of the column
Cm = 0.60 – 0.40( )
0.40
Braced
(without sides When subjected to traverse
way) loads acting between the
ends of the column

Restrained Unrestrained
ends ends
0.85 1.0
DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR
FLEXURE:
Purlins: The design flexural strength, , and the
allowable flexural strength, , shall be
Principle: determined as follows:
Purlins are inclined members. Thus they
are subjected to bending in the x – x (major)
axis and y – y (minor) axis. =Lateral Torsional buckling modification factor for
non-uniform moment diagrams when both ends of the
unsupported segment are braced.

:
=Absolute value of maximum moment in the
unbraced segment, N-mm.
= Absolute value of moment at quarter point of the
unbraced segment
= Absolute value of moment at centerline of the
unbraced segment
 MODULE
STEEL DESIGN

= Absolute value of moment at three quarter point

of the unbraced segment Nominal Shear Strength:

1. For webs rolled I-shaped members, with

√ ,

1 00
: 1 0
10
1. When , the limit state of lateral- 2. For webs of all other doubly symmetric shapes
torsional buckling does not apply. and singly symmetric shapes and channels, except
round HSS, the web shear coefficient, , is
2. When ,
determined as follows:
[ ] a. For 1 10√ ; 10
3. When ;
b. For 1 10√ 1 √
: 1 10√
= length between points that are either
braced against lateral displacement of
compression flange or braced against twist of c. For 1 √
the cross section
1 1

√ ( )
( )
( )
Where = the overall depth times the
=Modulus of Elasticity (200,000 MPa) web thickness, , mm2
=torsional constant
=elastic section modulus taken about the x-axis The web plate buckling coefficients, , is
determined as follows:
a. For unstiffened webs with ,
The Limiting Lengths and are determined as except for the stem of tee shapes
follows: where .
b. Stiffened webs,
√

( )
√ √ √ ( ) ; when or ( )
:
√ Where:

a = clear distance between transverse

: stiffeners, mm
h = for rolled shapes, the clear distance
: √
between flanges less the fillet or corner
: radii, mm
= distance between the flange centroids = for built-up welded sections, the clear
=Moment of Inertia about the principal y-axis distance between flanges, mm
= for built-up bolted sections, the
distance between fastener lines, mm
DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR SHEAR: = for tees, the overall depth

The Design Shear Strength, , and the allowable Strength of Elements in Shear
shear strength, , shall be determined as follows. 1. For Shear Yielding of the Element:

0 0 1 00
1 1 0
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STEEL DESIGN

2. For Shear Rupture of the Element: for bolt splice plates

0 (see next page for

00 reference)

= net area subject to shear, mm2

Block Shear Strength:

0
0

0
00

= gross area subject to shear, mm2

= net area subject to tension, mm2
= net area subject to shear, mm2

Where the tensions stress is uniform, ;

Where the tensions stress is non-uniform,

DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR TENSION:

Slenderness Limitations:

There is no maximum slenderness limit for design of

members in tension. For members designed on the basis of
tension, the slenderness ratio L/r preferably should not
exceed 300. This suggestion does not apply to rods or
hangers in tension.

Tensile Strength

The design strength, , and the allowable tensile

strength, , of tension members, shall be the lower value
obtained according to the limit states of tensile yielding in
the gross section and tensile rupture in the net section.

1. For tensile yielding in the gross section:

2. For tensile rupture in the net section:

Where:

= effective net area, mm2

= gross area of member, mm2
= specified minimum yield stress of the type of
steel being used, MPa
= specified minimum tensile strength of the
type of steel being used, MPa