📘 Steel Structures 10​ Density of

structural steel = 7850

22​ Fillet weld
minimum size = 3 mm
– Topic 1:
kg/m³. 23​ Fillet weld max
Structural Steel, IS
11​ Partial safety size = t – 1.5 mm (t =
Codes & Properties factor for steel (γm0) thinner plate).
= 1.10.
1​ Structural steel 24​ Minimum pitch
design in India 12​ Partial safety of rivets/bolts = 2.5d.
governed by IS factor for bolts/welds
800:2007 (Limit (γm1) = 1.25. 25​ Maximum pitch
State). (compression) = 12t or
13​ For limit state of 200 mm, whichever
2​ Earlier steel collapse, load factor smaller.
code → IS 800:1984 (γf) = 1.5 (DL+LL).
(Working Stress 26​ Maximum pitch
Method). 14​ For (tension) = 16t or 200
wind/earthquake load, mm, whichever
3​ Rolled steel γf = 1.2. smaller.
sections covered in IS
808:1989. 15​ Characteristic 27​ Minimum edge
yield stress = fy. distance = 1.5d (hand
4​ Structural steel cut) or 1.7d (machine
properties covered in 16​ Design strength cut).
IS 2062. of steel = fy/γm0.
28​ Nominal
5​ E250 grade → 17​ Design diameter of bolt =
minimum yield compressive/tensile shank diameter.
strength 250 MPa. strength = fu/(√3 ×
γm0). 29​ Net effective
6​ E350 grade → area = An = A – (n × d
minimum yield 18​ Fu (ultimate × t).
strength 350 MPa. tensile strength) of
mild steel = 410 MPa. 30​ Bearing strength
7​ Modulus of of bolt = Vnpb = 2.5k d
elasticity (E) = 2 × 10⁵ 19​ Fu/fy ratio must t fu/γmb.
N/mm². not be less than 1.25.
31​ Shear strength
8​ Poisson’s ratio 20​ Minimum of bolt = Vnsb =
for steel = 0.3. thickness of structural (fub/√3γmb) Anb.
steel (exposed) = 6
9​ Coefficient of mm. 32​ Threaded area
thermal expansion of Ab = 0.78 × shank
steel = 12 × 10⁻⁶ /°C. 21​ Minimum area.
thickness of steel (in
contact with concrete)
= 10 mm.
33​ High-strength carrying compression 56​ Euler’s buckling
friction grip bolts & bending) = 250. load = π²EI/(KL)².
governed by IS 4000. 57​ Radius of
34​ Shear capacity 45​ Slenderness gyration r = √(I/A).
of HSFG bolt = μf × Fn. ratio limit (tension
members, reversal of 58​ Slenderness
35​ Welds governed stress) = 350. ratio = L/r.
by IS 816 & IS 9595.
46​ Slenderness 59​ IS 800
36​ Minimum ratio limit (tension recommends
overlap length for lap members, not Perry-Robertson
joint weld = 5 × t reversal) = 400. formula for column
(plate thickness). buckling.
47​ Tension member
37​ Fillet weld rupture strength = 0.9 60​ Effective
effective throat An fu/γm1. slenderness ratio
thickness = k × size limited to 180 for
(k=0.7). 48​ Shear lag effect members under
→ reduces effective compression.
38​ Minimum length area in tension
of weld = 4 × size. members. 61​ Tension
members governed by
39​ Max length of 49​ β factor (shear yielding, rupture, and
weld without end lag) depends on block shear.
return = 12 × size. connection length to
width ratio. 62​ Block shear
40​ Groove weld strength formula in IS
strength = throat area 50​ Effective length 800 Cl. 6.4.1.
× fu/γmw. of column = KL.
63​ Bearing capacity
41​ Weld symbol 51​ Effective length of bolts depends on
specifications → IS factor K depends on edge distance & pitch.
813. end condition.
64​ Load carrying
42​ Residual 52​ K = 1.0 for capacity of rivet < bolt
stresses always hinged-hinged column. < HSFG bolt.
present in rolled steel
sections. 53​ K = 2.0 for 65​ HSFG bolts
fixed-free (cantilever). provide frictional
43​ Slenderness resistance, not
ratio limit (axial 54​ K = 0.5 for bearing.
compression) = 180. fixed-fixed.
66​ Rivets obsolete
44​ Slenderness 55​ K = 0.7 for in modern steel
ratio limit (members fixed-hinged. structures.
67​ Lap joints 78​ IS code for 89​ Eccentric
subject to eccentric bolted & welded connections cause
shear. connections = IS bending in bolts.
800:2007, Section 10.
68​ Eccentricity 90​ Slip-critical
increases with pitch. 79​ Maximum bolt connection strength =
spacing along load μ × Fn.
69​ Welded joints direction = 16t or 200
preferred due to better mm. 91​ Typical μf for
rigidity. HSFG bolts =
80​ Bolts in double 0.45–0.55.
70​ Fillet welds shear have 2 shear
cheaper than butt planes. 92​ In welded
welds. connections, failure
81​ Bearing stress may occur in weld or
71​ Butt welds failure → bolt crushes parent metal.
transfer full strength plate.
of member. 93​ For fillet welds,
82​ Tear-out failure effective throat
72​ Heat-affected → edge distance too thickness ≤ 0.7 × size.
zone (HAZ) reduces small.
strength in welds. 94​ Effective length
83​ Long joint of weld ≥ 4 × throat
73​ Stress efficiency reduced by thickness.
concentration in bolted shear lag.
joints higher than 95​ Intermittent
welded joints. 84​ Rivet value = welds used for
lesser of shear economy.
74​ Design strength strength & bearing
of fillet weld = fwd = strength. 96​ Minimum clear
fu/(√3 γmw). spacing between welds
85​ Net section area = 4t.
75​ Design shear in tension = An = A –
strength of weld = fwd ndt. 97​ Minimum lap
× throat area. length for HSFG bolts
86​ Gross section = 4 × diameter.
76​ Partial safety yielding → governs
factor for weld (γmw) long members. 98​ HSFG bolts
= 1.25. develop full strength
87​ Net section immediately (no slip).
77​ Design strength rupture → governs
of groove weld = short members. 99​ Bearing-type
throat thickness × bolts develop strength
length × fwd. 88​ Lug angle used after slip occurs.
to reduce shear lag.