1|©Career Avenues

Contents
Part - I
1.0 Transportation Planning 5
1.1 Typical cross section of Highway 5
1.2 Gradient 12
1.3 Summit curve 13
1.4 Valley curve 15
1.5 Sight distance 16
1.6 Super elevation 20
1.7 Traffic intersection 23
1.8 Classification of Urban Roads 34
1.9 Transport planning 36
1.10 Transport modeling 37
1.11Traffic Engineering 41
1.12 Level of service 45
1.13 Speed 48
1.14 Shock waves 50
1.15 Parking 51
1.16 Traffic signal design 58
1.17 Types of traffic signs 60
1.18 Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) 62
1.19 Sustainable urban transport 64
Practice question 68
ANSWERS 79

Part - II
1.0 Introduction of HVAC 84
1.1 Processes involve in HVAC 84
1.2 working of HVAC 85
1.3 Factor affecting HVAC design and heat load calculation 86
1.4 TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONERS 87
1.5 Energy Consumption 95
1.6 Ventilation Heat Flow Rate 96
1.7 Air Changes Per Hour 97

2.0 Fire safety 98

2.1 Classification of Fire 98
2.2 Types of extinguishers 101
2.3. Fire Protection 103
2.4 Fire Prevention 106
2.5 Elements of a fire safety policy 107
2.6 Fire code 108
2.7 Type of Firefighting Installations 110
2.8 NBC Standards for Fire 111

3.0 LIFTS AND ESCALATORS 115

3.1 Types of elevators 117
3.2 Uses of elevators 123
3.3 Calculation related to elevator design 129
3.4 Escalators 132

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3.5 Travelator or Moving walkways: 139
Practice question 141
ANSWERS 148

4.0 Water Supply & Sanitation 155

4.1 Water supply system 156
4.2 Water treatment 158
4.3 Water Distribution Network 169
4.4 Water Supply and Sanitation for Residential Buildings 179
4.5 Materials 190
4.6 Hazen–Williams equation 208
4.7 Rainwater harvesting 212

4.8 WASTEWATER TREATMENT 216

4.9 Solid Waste Management 219

5. Electrical services 225

5.1 Types of power plant 225
5.2 Power transmission system 227
5.3 Power Distribution System 228
5.4 Circuit Breaker 230
5.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers 237
5.6 Power factor 241
5.7 Power consumption 242
5.8 Transformer 243
Practice question 248
ANSWERS 263

3|©Career Avenues
 Part - I

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1.0 Transportation Planning
Roads have been important in India since ancient times, but were given much lower priority
than railways during the British occupation. The First Road Development Plan (Nagpur Plan)
was formulated in 1943. After independence, the First Five-Year Plan (1951-56) classified
roads into four categories;
• National highways (NH)
• State highways (SH)
• Major district roads (MDR)
• Other district roads (ODR)
• Village roads (VR)

The Twenty-Year Plan (Bombay Plan) (1961-81) envisaged a major expansion of the Indian
road network, especially of National and State Highways. In 1984, the Indian Roads
Congress adopted a further major road network expansion plan, the Road Development Plan
(1981-2001), which had eight broad objectives. The following new road classification system
was proposed:
(1) Primary System, consisting of Expressways and National Highways;
(2) Secondary System, consisting of State Highways and Major District Roads; and
(3) Tertiary System (Rural Roads), consisting of other District Roads and Village Roads.

Today, India has about 2M km of roads, of which National and State Highways, respectively,
have about 2% and 6% of the length but 40% and 30% of the traffic.

1.1 Typical cross section of Highway

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1.1.1 Carriageway / Pavement
The portion of road way constructed for movement of vehicle traffic is called as carriageway
or crust or pavement. Width of the carriage way or the width of the pavement depends on the
width of the traffic lane and number of lanes. Width of a traffic lane depends on the width of
the vehicle and the clearance. Side clearance improves operating speed and safety.

The maximum permissible width of a vehicle is 2.44 and the desirable side clearance for
single lane traffic is 0.68 m. This require minimum of lane width of 3.75 m for a single lane
road. However, the side clearance required is about 0.53 m, on both side and 1.06 m in the
center. Therefore, a two lane road require minimum of 3.5 meter for each lane.

The desirable carriage way width recommended by IRC is given in the table below;

1.1.2 Shoulders
Shoulders are provided along the road edge and is intended for accommodation of stopped
vehicles, serve as an emergency lane for vehicles and provide lateral support for base and
surface courses. The shoulder should be strong enough to bear the weight of a fully loaded
truck even in wet conditions. The shoulder width should be adequate for giving working
space around a stopped vehicle. It is desirable to have a width of 4.6 m for the shoulders. A
minimum width of 2.5 m is recommended.

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Objectives of shoulders:
• Shoulder acts as service lane for break down vehicle.
• They provide lateral stability to the carriage way.
• They serve as parking places for vehicles in case of emergency.

1.1.3 Width of formation

Width of formation or roadway width is the sum of the widths of pavements or carriage way
including separators and shoulders. This does not include the extra land in formation/cutting.
The values suggested by IRC are given in the table below.

1.1.4 Road margins

The portion of the road beyond the carriageway and on the roadway can be generally called
road margin. Various elements that may form the road margin are;

Parking lanes
Parking lanes are provided in urban lanes for side parking. Parallel parking is preferred
because it is safe for the vehicles moving on the road. The parking lane should have a
minimum of 3.0 m width in the case of parallel parking.

Bus-bays
Bus bays are provided by recessing the kerbs for bus stops. They are provided so that they do
not obstruct the movement of vehicles in the carriage way. They should be at least 75 meters
away from the intersection so that the traffic near the intersection is not affected by the bus
bay.

Service roads
Service roads or frontage roads give access to access controlled highways like freeways and
expressways. They run parallel to the highway and will be usually isolated by a separator and
access to the highway will be provided only at selected points. These roads are provided to
avoid congestion in the expressways and also the speed of the traffic in those lanes is not
reduced.

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Cycle track
Cycle tracks are provided in urban areas when the volume of cycle traffic is high Minimum
width of 2 meter is required, which may be increased by 1 meter for every additional track.

Footpath
Footpaths are exclusive right of way to pedestrians, especially in urban areas. They are
provided for the safety of the pedestrians when both the pedestrian traffic and vehicular
traffic is high. Minimum width is 1.5 meter and may be increased based on the traffic. The
footpath should be either as smooth as the pavement or smoother than that to induce the
pedestrian to use the footpath.

Guard rails
They are provided at the edge of the shoulder usually when the road is on an embankment.
They serve to prevent the vehicles from running off the embankment, especially when the
height of the fill exceeds 3 m. Various designs of guard rails are there. Guard stones painted
in alternate black and white are usually used. They also give better visibility of curves at
night under headlights of vehicles.

1.1.5 Right of way

Right of way (ROW) or land width is the width of land acquired for the road, along its
alignment. It should be adequate to accommodate all the cross-sectional elements of the
highway and may reasonably provide for future development. To prevent ribbon development
along highways, control lines and building lines may be provided. Control line is a line which
represents the nearest limits of future uncontrolled building activity in relation to a road.
Building line represents a line on either side of the road, between which and the road no
building activity is permitted at all. The right of way width is governed by:

• Width of formation: It depends on the category of the highway and width of roadway
and road margins.
• Height of embankment or depth of cutting: It is governed by the topography and the
vertical alignment.
• Side slopes of embankment or cutting: It depends on the height of the slope, soil type
etc.
• Drainage system and their size which depends on rainfall, topography etc.
• Sight distance considerations: On curves etc. there is restriction to the visibility on the
inner side of the
• curve due to the presence of some obstructions like building structures etc.
• Reserve land for future widening: Some land has to be acquired in advance
anticipating future developments like widening of the road.

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The importance of reserved land is emphasized by the following. Extra width of land is
available for the construction of roadside facilities. Land acquisition is not possible later,
because the land may be occupied for various other purposes. The normal ROW requirements
for built up and open areas as specified by IRC is given in Table below.

SAMPLE
The rest of the content of the books and the
chapter has been hidden.

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Practice question
Level 1 (Easy Questions)
1. The width of the carriageway for multi-Lane pavement as per IRC recommendation is
a. 2.75 m per lane
b. 3.0 m per lane
c. 3.5 m per lane
d. 3.75 m per lane

2. Suggested ROW for NH in plain and rolling terrain is

a. 30 m
b. 40 m
c. 35 m
d. 45 m

3. Kerb generally used in rural roads is

a. Barrier type
b. Submerged type
c. Semi barrier type
d. Mountable

4. Where R is radius of horizontal curve the maximum grade compensation is limited to

a. 75/R % SAMPLE
b. 60/R % The rest of the content of the books and the
c. 30+R / R % chapter has been hidden.
d. 75 + R / R %

5. For the calculation of sight distance IRC suggests reaction time

a. 2.0 sec
b. 2.5 sec
c. 5.0 sec
d. 1.5 sec

6. Suggested desirable speed by IRC for NH/SH in plain area

a. 80 – 100 kmph
b. 60 – 80 kmph
c. 120 – 180 kmph
d. 65 – 80 kmph

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 7. Number of crossing conflict present at a T junction is
a. 3
b. 6
c. 9
d. 16

8. Recommended design speed by IRC for arterial road is

a. 100 kmph
b. 80 kmph
c. 50 kmph
a. 75 kmph

9. The relationship between speed and the density of traffic is

a. Directly proportional
b. Inversely Proportional
c. Not related to each other
d. None of these SAMPLE
The rest of the content of the books and the
chapter has been hidden.
10. At jam density, flow becomes
a. Maximum
b. Zero
c. Steady
d. Non- consistent

Level 2 (Moderate Questions)

1. The correct sequence of steps in four-stage model (FSM) is

a. Trip generation → Trip Distribution → Modal split → Trip assignment
b. Trip generation → Trip Distribution → Trip assignment → Modal split
c. Trip generation → Trip assignment → Trip Distribution → Modal split
d. Trip Distribution → Trip generation → Modal split → Trip assignment

2. Which of the following is/are correct regarding the super elevation?

P. This maximum allowable limit of super elevation for plain and rolling terrain is
equal to 7%.
Q. This maximum allowable limit of super elevation for Hilly terrain is equal to 10
%.
R. This maximum allowable limit of super elevation for urban roads is equal to 4 %.

a. P, Q, R
b. P
c. P, R
d. Q, R

11 | © C a r e e r A v e n u e s
 3. Which of the following is/are correct regarding the overtaking zones?
P. The desirable length of overtaking zones is 5 time OSD.
Q. The desirable length of overtaking zones is 5 time SSD.
R. The Minimum length of overtaking zones is 3 time OSD.

a. P, Q, R
b. P
c. P, R
d. Q, R

4. Which of the following is/are objective of shoulder?

P. Shoulder acts as service lane for break down vehicle.
Q. They provide lateral stability to the carriage way.
R. They serve as parking places for vehicles in case of emergency.

a. P, Q, R
b. P SAMPLE
c. P, R The rest of the content of the books and the
d. Q, R chapter has been hidden.

5. Match the terrain classification in group – I with the slope in group - II

Group – I Group – II
P. Plain 1. 60 %
Q. Rolling 2. 25-60 %
R. Mountainous 3. 10-25 %
S. Steep 4. 0-10 %

a. P-3, Q-2, R-1, S-4

b. P-4, Q-2, R-1, S-3
c. P-2, Q-1, R-4, S-3
d. P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1

Level 3 (One Mark GATE Questions)

1. Level of Service (LOS) for a signalized intersection is defined in terms of

a] Traffic flow characteristics b] mix of modes [GATE 2001]
c] delay d] profile of intersection

2. Minimum visibility distance at a major road intersection, for a design speed of 80

kmph is [GATE 2001]
a] 200 metres b] 120 metres c] 80 metres d] 100 metres

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 3. Decision on phasing is required in the design of [GATE 2002]
a] channelized intersection b] priority intersection
c] grade separated intersection d] signalized intersection

4. ‘Logic model’ for discrete choice analysis has been developed by [GATE 2002]
a] A.O. Hirschman b] D. McFadden
c] P. Nijkamp d] T. Scitovsky

5. In transportation planning link-node diagrams are required for [GATE 2002]

a] estimation of zonal trips
b] determination of trip characteristics
c] trip assignment along roads
SAMPLE
d] determination of mode characteristics
The rest of the content of the books and the
chapter
6. In measuring traffic noise, the has been
noise hidden.
level L90 represents [GATE 2002]
a] background noise level b] lowest noise level
c] average noise level d] peak noise level

7. The number of vehicles moving in a specified direction on a given lane and passing a
given point during a specified unit of time is called [GATE 2003]
a] traffic density b] traffic volume
c] traffic capacity d] basic capacity

8. The concept of obtaining maximum utility per unit length of road is called [2003]
a] capacity building b] facilities information system
c] saturation system d] trip distribution

9. What is the theoretical capacity of a traffic lane with one-way traffic flow at a speed
of 60 kmph? Assume that the average center to center spacing of vehicles at this
speed is 16.68 m [GATE 2003]
a] 1000 b] 3597
c] 500 d] 4000

10. Origin and destination survey helps in identifying [GATE 2005]

a] Desire lines of vehicular traffic flow
b] Location of main traffic nodes
c] Peak capacity of road
d] Peak capacity of road junctions

11. Autobahn [GATE 2006]

a] An automated mechanized pathway
b] A totally underground high speed freeway
c] An intercity fast moving freeway
d] A neighborhood bicycle pathway

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 12. The most appropriate hierarchy of roads in an urban area is [GATE 2006]
a] Freeway → Arterial → Local → Collector
b] Freeway → Arterial → Collector → Local
c] Local → Arterial → Freeway → Collector
d] Collector → Local → Freeway → Arterial

13. A woonerf is a [GATE 2007]

a] pavement pattern b] sanitation system element
c] speed reducing element d] furniture detail

14. Signal phasing in transportation system refers to [GATE 2008]

a] the number of combinations of traffic movements served through a signalized
intersection.
b] The distance between signalized intersections.
c] Phase of electric power required to make the signals operational.
d] Relative placements of red, green and amber lights on a signal post.
SAMPLE
15. The relationship between headway (h) and flow (q) in a traffic stream is represented
by: The rest of the content of the books and the [GATE 2008]
2 chapter has been hidden. 2
a] h = q b] h = q c] h = 1/q d] h = 1/q

16. ‘Desire lines’ are associated with [GATE 2009]

a] Origin – Destination analysis in transportation planning
b] Income – Expenditure analysis in personal finance management
c] Cut – Fill analysis in landscape planning
d] Demand – Supply analysis in economic planning

17. A ‘cul-de-sac’ is a street where [GATE 2009]

a] Only two-wheelers are permitted
b] Through traffic is discouraged
c] Pedestrians are not permitted
d] Vehicles are permitted to move in one direction only

18. The correct sequence in the four-stage model used for transportation planning is
[GATE 2009]
a] Trip generation → Trip distribution → Modal split → Trip assignment
b] Trip generation → Trip assignment → Modal split → Trip distribution
a] Trip distribution → Modal split → Trip assignment →Trip generation
a] Trip generation → Trip distribution → Trip assignment → Modal split

19. Advanced Traffic Lane information is an important feature of [GATE 2010]

a] Para Transit system b] Intelligent Transport system
c] High level cable car system d] Pedestrian Travellator system

20. The minimum road curb length required for parking 10 cars perpendicular to the road
is [GATE 2011]
a] 15 m b] 25 m c] 35 m d] 40 m

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 21. Which one of the following is NOT a traffic calming measure? [GATE 2012]
a] Rumble strips b] Roundabouts
c] Pedestrian crossings d] Roadside trees

22. Which one of the following mode is NOT categorized as a public transit?
[GATE 2012]
a] Bus b] Ferry c] Taxi d] Tram

23. Travel behavior characteristics of an urban area can be derived from

[GATE 2013]
a] Parking Survey b] Demographic Survey
c] Socio Economic Survey d] Origin & Destination Survey

24. As per the IRC standards, theSAMPLE

minimum width (in m) of a two lane urban carriageway
The rest
without a raised kerbofisthe content of the books and the [GATE 2014]
a] 6.0 chapter
b] 6.5 has been hidden.
c] 7.0 d] 8.0

25. In a theoretical traffic flow relationship, as shown in the figure given below, the slope
of line OF joining point F on curve and the origin O represents [GATE 2013]

a] Corresponding space mean speed b] Speed at maximum flow

c] Travel time at corresponding density d] Average headway at corresponding flow

26. Which of the following vehicular traffic intersections converts all crossing into
merging and diverging sequences? [GATE 2015]
a] Rotary b] Manual Signaling
c] Grade Separation d] Automatic Signaling

27. Desire Line diagram helps in [GATE 2015]

a] Completion of a project by a desired date
b] Meeting demand and supply in a desired category of housing.
c] Determining income versus expenditure pattern of individuals.
d] Origin-Destination analysis in transportation planning

15 | © C a r e e r A v e n u e s
 [GATE 2015]
28. A man starts from his residence and uses the following modes in sequence to reach
his office. Cycle rickshaw to railway station, then train to destination station, followed
by auto-rickshaw to nearby Bus station and finally bus to his office. Which of the
following describes his sequence of transit usage?
a] Non-Motorized Transit – Para Transit – Mass Transit – Public Transit
b] Para Transit – Public Transit - Non-Motorized Transit– Mass Transit
c] Private Transit – Public transit - Non-Motorized Transit– Mass Transit
d] Non-Motorized Transit– Mass Transit - Para Transit – Public Transit

29. ‘Summit Curve’ is a term associated with the design of [GATE 2016]
a] Roads and flyovers b] Escalators and elevators
c] Tensile fabric structures d] Geodesic domes

30. The grade-separated interchange suitable for 3-legged road intersection is:
[GATE 2017]
a] Trumpet SAMPLE b] Full Clover Leaf
The rest of the content of the books
c] Diamond and theClover Leaf
d] Partial
chapter has been hidden.
31. The design element provided to ensure safety of a vehicle travelling at a prescribed
speed along the curved segment of a highway is [GATE 2017]
a] shoulder b] super-elevation
c] median d] footpath

32. In mass transportation, LRTS stands for [GATE 2018]

a] Light Rail Transit System
b] Linear Rail Transit System
c] Light Rail Transportation System
d] Linear Rail Transportation System

33. ‘Sight Distance’ is considered in the design of [GATE 2018]

a] Road intersection
b] Fenestration
c] Open kitchen
d] Auditorium

34. Super-elevation of a road with pre-determined radius of curvature is primarily

dependent on [GATE 2020]
a] Altitude
b] Soil bearing capacity
c] Traffic volume
d] Design traffic speed

Level 4 (Two Mark GATE Questions)

1. For a four-way road intersection the following alternative traffic management

schemes are proposed. [GATE 2001]

16 | © C a r e e r A v e n u e s
 i. signalized intersection
ii. manually controlled intersection
iii. rotary intersection
Considering the above alternatives, which of the following statements is
INCORRECT?
a] All are equally space consuming
b] ‘I’ is more power consuming than ‘II’ and ‘III’
c] ‘II’ is more manpower consuming than ‘I’ and ‘III’
d] ‘III’ is less power and manpower consuming that ‘I’ and ‘II’

2. Match the attributes with the corresponding shape of Central Island in a rotary shown
in the sketches below [GATE 2003]
P. Reduction of vehicular speeds on entering rotary and enable speeding of
going out vehicle
Q. Enables excessive speeding of vehicles
R. Where two equally important roads cross
SAMPLE
S. Accommodates four
The rest or more
of the intersecting
content roads
of the books andand
theallows greater traffic
flow along direction of elongation
chapter has been hidden.

a] P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2 b] P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4

c] P-4, Q-2, R-3, S-1 d] P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1

3. Given below is a table of five types of roads and their characteristics. Which of the
following types represent the collector and the urban arterial street? [GATE 2003]
Type width (meters) Recommended speed (Km/hr.)
P 10-20 30
Q 20-30 50
R 30-40 60
S 50-60 80
T 80-100 80-100

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 a] R, S b] Q, S
c] Q, R d] S, T

4. The following figures show four different unmanaged traffic intersections in a

city

SAMPLE
Which ofThe rest of thestatements
the following content of the books
shows theand the numbers of potential traffic
correct
chapter has been hidden.
conflict points (excluding merging points) at the intersections? [GATE 2004]

a] P-8, Q-3, R-3, S-2 b] P-16, Q-3, R-3, S-0

c] P-8, Q-3, R-3, S-0 d] P-16, Q-3, R-3, S-2

5. To describe the traffic characteristics of a city, show how you would identify the
volume of [GATE 2005]
Group 1 Group 2
P. Peak hour traffic 1. By quantifying traffic that stops within the city
Q. Through traffic 2. By determining the maximum hourly traffic volume
R. Terminating traffic 3. By observing the traffic that does not stop inside the
city
a] P-1, Q-2, R-3 b] P-2, Q-3, R-1
c] P-3, Q-1, R-2 d] P-2, Q-1, R-3

6. Choose TWO abbreviations from the following that are very commonly used in
transportation planning. [GATE 2005]
P. MOU T. DJB
Q. DPC U. PCU
R. ROW V. RAW
S. ITI W. EIA

a] MOU, ROW b] ITI, DJB

c] ROW, PCU d] ROW, EIA

7. Match the traffic problems in Group 1 with their solutions in Group 2.

[GATE 2005]
Group 1 Group 2
P. Goods traffic serving city causing 1. Build an elevated road linking

18 | © C a r e e r A v e n u e s
 accidents during day time entry & exit to city
Q. Traffic jam along a major road 2. Install synchronized signaling
alignment during peak hours during peak hour
R. Through traffic constituting major 3. Provide separate lane for slow mode
share of city road space
S. Slow & fast modes creating much 4. Restrict entry of HTVs to late night
hours’ traffic confusion only

a] P-1, Q-4, R-3, S-2 b] P-3, Q-2, R-4, S-1

c] P-4, Q-3, R-1, S-2 d] P-4, Q-2, R-1, S-3

8. Arrange the types of standard urban roads in descending order from the following.
[GATE 2005]
Group 1 Group 2
P. National Roads U. Sector Roads
Q. District Distributors V. Local Distributors
R. Slip Roads W. Bus Roads
S. Primary Distributors X. Access Roads
T. Neighborhood Roads Y. Dead End Roads
a] S, Q, V, X b] P, V, W, Y
c] P, R, T, V d] S, Q, T, X

9. Match the components of travel demand in Group I with the forecasting models in
Group II [GATE 2006]
Group I SAMPLE Group II
P. Trip The
Generation 1. Multinomial Logit model
rest of the content of the books and the
Q. Trip Distribution 2. Minimum Tree search
chapter has been hidden.
R. Mode Choice 3. Gravity model
S. Trip Assignment 4. Regression model

a] P-4, Q-3, R-1, S-2 b] P-4, Q-2, R-1, S-3

c] P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1 d] P-1, Q-4, R-2, S-3

10. Match the descriptions in Group I with the traffic terminology in Group II.
[GATE 2007]
Group I Group II
P. The length of a road ahead of the vehicle 1. Visibility distance
Which should be visible to enable a driver to 2. Sighting distance
stop in case of an obstruction on the road 3. Overtaking sight
distance
Q. Distance covered by a vehicle from the instant 4. Cross over distance
a driver sees an obstruction ahead and brings 5. Stopping distance
the vehicle to a stop
R. Distance required for a vehicle to overtake and
safely pass another vehicle moving in the same
direction but at a lower speed

a] P-1, Q-3, R-4 b] P-4, Q-3, R-5

c] P-2, Q-5, R-4 d] P-2, Q-5, R-3

19 | © C a r e e r A v e n u e s
 11. Identify the hierarchy, from highest to lowest, of the number of potential conflict
point at the unmanaged traffic intersections given below. [GATE 2012]

a] P, Q, R, S b] R, Q, S, P
c] R, S, Q, P d] P, R, S, Q

12. Arrange the following in ascending order of width [GATE 2014]

P. Collector Street
Q. Arterial Road
R. Local Street
S. Sub-Arterial Road
a] P, Q, S, R b] R, P, S, SAMPLE
Q c] Q, S, R, P d] Q, S, P, R
The rest of the content of the books and the
chapter has been hidden.
13. Match the parameters in Group – I with their units in Group –II [GATE 2017]

Group – I Group – II
A. Traffic flow 1. Meter
B. Traffic density 2. Cycle/second
C. Right of way 3. Seconds
D. Traffic signal cycle length 4. Vehicle / Km
5. PCU/hr

a] P-5, Q-4, R-1, S-2 b] P-5, Q-4, R-1, S-3

c] P-5, Q-2, R-4, S-3 d] P-4, Q-5, R-1, S-3

[GATE 2019]
14. In a single lane road, traffic volume of 1000 vehicle/h moving at 20 km/h, comes to a
halt due to an accident. If jam density is 150 vehicles/km, the velocity of the shock
wave generated (in absolute value) is ___________.

Level 5 (Challenger Questions)

1. Data collected at an intersection for an hour is as follows;

Calculate Peak Hour Factor (PHF).

20 | © C a r e e r A v e n u e s
ANSWERS
LEVEL 1 (Easy Questions)
1. c

2. d

3. b

4. a

5. b

6. a

7. a
8. b

9. b

10. b

Level 2 (Moderate Questions)

1. a

2. a

3. c

4. a

5. d

Level 3 (One Mark GATE Questions)

1. c
We define the LOS for signalized and un-signalized intersections as a function of the
average vehicle control delay. LOS may be calculated per movement or per approach for
any intersection configuration, but LOS for the intersection as a whole is only defined for
signalized and all-way stop configurations. Structure plans set out strategic planning
policies and form the basis for detailed policies in local plans.

2. b
The safe stopping distance values calculated in the similar manner for various design
speeds and recommended by IRC

21 | © C a r e e r A v e n u e s
 Design Speed (kmph) 20 25 30 40 50 60 65 80 100
Safe stopping distance
(m) 20 25 30 45 60 80 90 120 180

3. d
The objective of phase design is to separate the conflicting movements in
an intersection into various phases, so that movements in a phase should have no
conflicts.

4. b
Daniel McFadden won the Nobel Prize in 2000 for his pioneering work in developing the
theoretical basis for discrete choice.

5. c
Node – a location on a transportation route that has the capacity to generate traffic (flow).
Link – the connection between 2 nodes along which flow occurs.
Route – a series of connected links.
Network – a system of nodes and links. May consist of several modal types (road, rail,
SAMPLE
etc…), but is typically
The of a single
rest of the mode type.
content of the books and the
chapter has been hidden.
6. a
7. b
Traffic volume is defined as the number of vehicles crossing a section of road per unit
time at any selected period. Traffic volume studies are conducted to collect data on the
number of vehicles and/or pedestrians that pass a point on a highway facility during a
specified time period.

8. c
Saturation system
In this system the optimum road length is calculated for an area, based on the concept of
obtaining maximum utility per unit length of road. Hence this system is called saturation
system or maximum utility system. The factors which are taken for obtaining the utility
per unit length of road are:
Population served by the road network.
Productivity served by the network
The productivity served may further be subdivided as
(i) agricultural products and
(ii) industrial products
The following steps may be followed to find the road network having maximum utility
per unit length by the saturation system.

9. b
Theoretical capacity of a traffic lane with one-way traffic flow
= Speed (Km/h) x 1000 / spacing.
Therefore, Theoretical capacity = 60 x 1000 / 16.68 = 1000

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 10. a
11. c
The Autobahn is the federal controlled-access highway system in Germany.

12. b
13. c
A woonerf is a living street, as originally implemented in the Netherlands and in Flanders,
the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium. Techniques include shared space, traffic
calming, and low speed limits.

14. a
15. d SAMPLE
16. a The rest of the content of the books and the
17. d chapter has been hidden.
18. a
19. b

20. b
The minimum road curb length required for parking 10 cars perpendicular to the road =
2.5 m width per car x 10 cars = 25m.

21. d
22. c
23. d
The O-D survey surveys households in order to obtain an accurate picture of all trips
made by residents on an average of the type of transportation used. The O-D survey is a
source of reliable, up-to-date and complete information on urban transportation systems.
It directly contributes to improving the planning of the urban environment and
transportation systems, networks and modes. Origin-destination (O-D) surveys provide a
detailed picture of the trip patterns and travel choices of a city’s or region’s residents.
These surveys collect valuable data related to households, individuals and trips. This
information allows stakeholders to understand travel patterns and characteristics; measure
trends; provide input to travel demand model development, forecasting, and planning for
area‐wide transportation infrastructure needs and services; and, monitor progress in
implementing transportation policies.
24. c
25. a
26. a
27. d
28. d
29. a
30. a
31. b
32. a
33. a
34. d

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Level 4 (Two Mark GATE Questions)
1. a
Rotary intersection takes more space comparatively.

2. a
3. b
4. b
Considering only crossing points,

5. b
6. c
PCU – Passenger car unit
ROW – Right of way SAMPLE
The rest of the content of the books and the
7. d chapter has been hidden.
8. a
9. a
10. d
11. c
12. b
13. b
Traffic flow is measure of PCU flowing through one point per unit time. Traffic density is
number of vehicles per unit stretch of road. Right of way is measure of access width.
Traffic signal cycle length is the measure of time taken for one complete cycle of signal.

Level 5 (Challenger Questions)

1. 0.895
Hourly Volume = 950 + 1100 + 1200 + 1050 = 4300 Veh
V15 = 1200 Veh
PHF = Hourly Volume / 4 x V15
PHF = 4300 / 4 x 1200 = 0.895

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