SORAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GEOMATICS (DISTANCE MEASUREMENT)
NAME OF STUDENTS:
1. Yusf Ari
2. Rasty Srwr
3. Alan Rasool
4. Adil Akram
SUPERVISED BY: Mr. Rzgar A. Omer & Mr. Hassan
EXPERIMENTAL NO: 2
EXPERIMENTAL NAME: Distance Measurement
CLASS: 2nd Stage
GROUP NO: G 6
DATE OF TEST: 6 Oct 2022
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11 Oct 2022
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Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Objective ( Aims of The Test ) ....................................................................................................... 4
Apparatus (Equipment) ................................................................................................................... 4
Procedure ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Calculation and Graph .................................................................................................................... 6
Discussion ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Reference ........................................................................................................................................ 9
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Introduction
Distance measurement is one of the important surveying in fields, this may involve measuring the
distance between two or more points, and the common method of determining distance is by direct
measurement with a tape. two men are required, the back man, holding the zero point of the tape,
and the front man, holding the other end of the tape. In this case, we have to be careful because we
should try to do minimum error. After all, any knots in the tape or entangled links in the tape result
we will have errors in measurement. the distance measured with a tape is much more precise and
accurate than the distance obtained by pacing. Usually, the distance to be measured is longer than
the length of the tape, so we have to put intermediate points, the surveyors put steel bars in
intermediate points, and then the surveyors take a summation of meters between intermediate
points, so the surveyors get all distance.
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Objective ( Aims of The Test )
1. To determine the horizontal distance between two points by using tape.
2. To determine longer distances than the tape by intermediate points.
Apparatus (Equipment)
1. Tape
2. Steel Bars or Spray
3. Pens and Notebook
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Procedure
1. The student locates start point A with one steel bar.
2. Another student holds the tape toward point B in one straight line and reads the tape from
point B.
3. If the distance is longer than the tape length, a student holds the zero point at the center of
the starting point (A). another student drags his end of the tape in the direction of point
(B). Directed by the back student, he stretches the tape, in line with the ranging poles.
Then he plants an arrow to mark the end of the tape.
4. Repeat the measurement in the opposite direction using a different set of intermediate
points. If the average distance is not equal to the average distance found previously [The
error is not small], the entire taping exercise must be repeated.
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Calculation and Graph
0 15 20 10
A B
10 10 25 0
POINTS Start point to Intermediate point1 Intermediate point2 Summation
intermediate to intermediate to endpoint (m) (m)
point1(m) point 2 (m)
AB 20m 15m 10m 45m
BA 25m 10m 10m 45m
Error = (Sum Reading AB – Sum Reading BA) = (45 - 45) = 0 m
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Discussion
Distance measurement is one of the important surveying in fields, so engineers should know how
to measure distances very well. The surveyors should try to be accurate in measuring distances
and don’t make mistakes, because doing any mistakes result will have an error in measuring. And
as civil engineering students did this test in a field, we wanted to learn to measure distances with
intermediates. our distance between points A and B was 45 meters, we tried to measure the distance
with two intermediates, the first distance between point A and intermediate 1 was 15 meters, so
we measured 15 meters with a tape and then selected by spray as intermediate 1. and again, the
distance between intermediate 1 and intermediate 2 was 20 meters, we measured it and selected.
the final distance between intermediate 2 and point B should be 10 meters, and we measured the
remained distance which was 10 meters. so, we didn’t any mistakes in measuring, because the
summation of our distance was 45 meters. I repeated the measurement this time from point B to
point A, we measured the two intermediates (25-10) and the final distance between intermediate 2
and point A was 10 meters. so, we didn’t have any errors in the result, and we calculated it by this
rule:
Error = (Sum Reading AB - Sum Reading BA)
Error = (45 - 45) = 0.0 m
In general, the distance measurement obtained in the field will be in error. Errors in the distance
measurement can arise from a number of sources:
1. Instrument errors. A tap ay be faulty due to a defect in its manufacturing or from kinking.
The actual horizontal distance between the ends of the tape can vary due
2. Natural errors. to the effects of:
• Temperature.
• Elongation due to tension.
• Sagging.
Errors will arise from carelessness by the survey crew:
3. Personal errors. • Inexperience.
• Poor alignment.
• Tape not horizontal.
• Improper plumbing.
• faulty reading of the tape.
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Conclusion
The paper presents a low-cost, low power and simple system for distance measurement it is
certainly a reliable and efficient method for instantaneous measurement of distance. Since the
systems remained unaffected with the human activity. This system will have high application in
civil field of engineering where it has been a bigger challenge for precise measurement of small
and physically unreachable distances. So, we have to be precise as civil engineers and we will have
really accurate results that we can rely on.
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Reference
❖ LA PUTT, J.P., 1985. Surveying Lab Manual. National Book Store, Quad Alpha
Centrum Bldg., 125 Pioneer Street, Mandaluyong City 1550.
❖ Lee, J., Su, V., Ren, S. and Ishii, H., 2000, April. landscape: a vectorizing tape measure
for on-site measuring applications. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 137-144).
❖ Bhushan, B., Wyant, J.C. and Koliopoulos, C.L., 1985. Measurement of surface
topography of magnetic tapes by Mirau interferometry. Applied Optics, 24(10), pp.1489-
1497.
