. tions are created by network Protocols, These ety, The logical connecti en applications on different types of Compute tk hy allow sharing of data ae in a network. Some logical Connections fae (cq machintosh and an Pee used for file and printer sharing. The Tepyp sul application and fe oa i the internet. The TCP/IP is based on Peer 0-peer” . 1 praia itiedira connection between any two computers, Pi software. I IO. Analog ano Digital. Sipuals municate with each ohter, we send signals that is called data, The bea two types-analog and digital. We cannot use analog data in our Wee Process only digital data. Modern day computers and communica; digital signals. Naty, Comp, tions A signal has following characteristics — @ data connection (G) Bandwidth. This is the Capacity of a communication medium for Carrying data Bandwidth determines the amount of information that can be transmitted in a given amoun Of time. Its unit is bits per second, The other derivatives are Kilobits: per second (kbps), megapits per second (Mbps), Bigabits per Second (Gbps) and 'terabits Per second (Tbps) transmitted Across a point in one (4) Current or data rate, It is the amount of data Second and is measured in bps, 1.10.1 ANALOG Sicnats F radio Wave goes up and down in analogy PV, telephones, 4ape recor, ers use analog ‘ 8 N€ Signal in digital forms, . use continuously variable lectric currens ,. Voltage a reproduce data 4, bspeee Signgls c ‘"Smitted, eenlO8 system, it is very difficult tg rein : : gd 'SMission, That's. why analog Signals og. Ove Perform high quality data transmission, . an notyr purer NETWORK f 25 | ii analog signal is one in which the values taken can be continuous eg. ifa si ies magnitude between OV and 6Y, it can take any value between 0 and 6, An ag sonal 18 a0Y time continuous signal whete some time varying feature of the signal ae ntation of some other time varying quantity. et: Col reps An analog signal uses some property of the medium to convey signal's information, Amplilude | Time Fig, 1.13 : Representation of analog signal Any information can be conveyed by an analog signal, often suc signal i @ measured regase to changes in physical phenomenon suchas sound, light, temperature, pressure dis achived sing a transducer eg. in sound recording, Sound strike the diaphragm of a microphone that! causes fluctuations in current’ or voltage in an electric circuit. The cument or voltage is said to be an ‘analog’ of the sound An‘analog signal is a datum that charges overtime eg, depth of certain point ina pond, emp. ata particular location or anpude ofthe voltage at some node ina circuit that can be represented as a mathematical funtion, with time as the free variable (abscissa) and the signal itself as the dependent vaabe (ordinate) An analog signal is represented in Fig, 1.137 Advantages of Analog Signals 1. An analog signal has a theoretically infinite resolution, thus it will always has a higher resolution than any digital signal where resolution is in discrete steps. Analog systems make efficient use of bandwidth and are relatively immune to 8 af iA noise, nals are less flexible to the changes in-design. video are analog in nature, Analog | Analog has an inherent advantage as voice, image an Analog ttarkmission systems ar already in place worldwide, the interconnections af these systems is very common and all standards are well established.(COMPUTER NeTWo, i 26 ignals Disadvantages of Analog Sig i ission because jt ; erform high quality data transmt a Ven, 1, Analog signals can not P nd distortions in analog systems, i ove noise al ‘ oboe aie . difficult to rem’ ponents required in analog transmission is Telative, ter COM| 2. The cost of comput high difficult to upgrade 3, Analog networks are Yl stems offer security through scrambling of several frequencies and gS) " sting is easy to defeat making analog systems less secure. 1.10.2 Dicitat SIGNAL | A Signal in which orignal information is converted into a string of bits before being transmitted. Digital signals use binary data strings (0 and 1) to reproduce the data being, transmitted. Digital signals are less Prone to noise or distortion than analog signals. Digital signals can be sent for long distances and suffer less interference than analog signals, Sound storage in a compact disk is in digital form. Now-a-days,. most household electronic devices are based entirely upon digital signals. The internet is a network of digital signals, 28 is modern mobile phone communication; c a Digital Signals are digital representations of discrete-time signals, from analog signals with a digital ‘signal, which are often derived there can only be discre te values e.g. a signal. » 4,5, and 6 ina digitalcom gl ——> Amplitude WW i, Why | Network UTER 27 digital signal is a quantised discrete time signal. Digital signals are‘represented cally a shown in. fig. 1.15, » Time | Fig. 1.15 : Representation of Digital Signal Advantages of Digital Signals casein iti Digital signals can be tompressed relatively only thereby, increasing the efficiency of transmission. Digital transmission offers improved error performance. 23 3. The cost of the compte components required in digital transmission is very low. 4. Digital signals can be sent for long distances and, suffer less interference than analog signal. 5. Digital networks»can 1 ye managed more easily and erteetively since such networks consists of Seep PEE components. ‘ 6. Digital systems: can bp vperaded relatively: easy. + 7. Noise and sac a ave little effect on digital signals, making high quality data- transmission possible] t eran of digital signals "Digital signals have Loy resolution than analog signals~My WEEN Anatoc AND DIGITAL Sicnais Digital Signals T, Digital signals are less prone yo distortion than analog signajs""™) 8 a ENCE BET! 4.10.3 DiFFER' ignals ‘Analog Sigt! =o more Prone to no’ ise T, Analog signals a1 or distortion. + perform high |2. Digital signals can perform hig), » signals can no! data transmission. a, 2: ami da transl pe upatadea 3) Digital systems can be up i 3, Analog systems can relatively easy. Bradas easily. [4. The cost of computer com f computer components re- ; POnen, jon is relatively ms vay 4. The cost of ic required in digital transmissi quired in analog transmis! q 8! issio low. 5. teow signatshave infinite resolution |5. Digital signals have low resolution, 6. Analog signals can not be sent overlong | 6. Digital signals can be sent over jg, distances distances. ¢ 7. ‘Small fluctuations are meaning less in| 7. Small fluctuations in digital Signals are| analog signals meaningful. 8. In analog signals, values taken can be] 8. In digital signals, there can only 5 continuous discrete| values. ' 9. Example: Radio transmission 9. Example : Data, transmission of text integers, 2 Analeg and Digital Transunssion | Depending upon the message signal, communi (i) Analog Transmission (ii) Digital TransmissionFig. 1.16 : Basic Analog Transmission System presently all the AM, FM radio transmission and TV transmission are examples of analog communication. 4.11.2 DiitaL TRANSMISSION In digital transmission, the message signal to be transmitted is digital in nature. This seins that digital transmission involves the transmission of information in digital form. Model of a Digital Transmission System Figure 1.17 shows the model of a digital transmission system. The overall purpose of te stem is to transmit the message or sequences of symbols coming out of a source to destination point at as high a rate and accuracy as possible. The source and the destination rrint are physically separated in space and a communication channel connects the source ‘nthe destination point. The communication channel accepts electrical (i.e. electromagnetic) Sguals and the output of the channel is usually a smeared or distorted version of the input. ‘keto the non-ideal nature of the communication channel. In addition to this, the information- fearing signal is also corrupted by unpredictable electrical signals (i.e. noise) from both ta-made and natural causes. Thus, the smearing and the noise introduce errors in the fsmation being transmitted and limits the rate at which information can be communicated ‘em the source to the destination. Electrical communication channel Fig. 1.17 : Model of a Digital Transmission SystemMW see decoding @ message symbol at the receive; is of incorrect of incorr 30 i age | , The probability ance of @ digital communication system. \ formance O° ¢ er! f ion ks in a digi as a measure ue detailed look at each of the functional blocks in a digital Commun. i : Now, let us have system. 11.3 ANALOG TRANSMISSION ae | 1.11. sgsion-is aitransmission method of conveying voice, data, ima, 8 § Analog transmission ntinuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, 5 Or 5, aa ion using a COI i or video Te Tapa to that of a variable. It could be the transfer of an an, other property in é ir ignal using an analog modulation method such as FM or AM, or no Modulatio source signal u: f all. ! en ‘Analog transmission can be conveyed in many different fashions: @ twisted-pair.or coax cable f se © fiber-optic cable eo Mia air p20) n ait dp : © Via water : ; There are two basic kinds of analog transmission, both based on how they modut data to combine an input signal with a carrier. si frequency, and data is transmitted through its variations. The two techniques are amplitu modulation (AM), which varies the amplitude of the carrier signal, and frequency modulat (EM), which modulates the frequency of the carrier. Most analog transmissions fall in one of several categories. Until recently, most telephony and voice communication ¥ primarily analog in nature, 3S was most television and radio transmission. Eat “eemeunieation devices utilized analog-to-digital conversion devices called modulato emodulators, or modems, to Convert analog data to digital.data‘and back. : ignal. Usually, this. carrier signal is a speci 1.11.4 BeNeFits AnD Draw Analog transmission : significantly lower costs and in small “short-haul” is still very popular, in and complex multipt Particular for shorter distances, due Systems that simply 8 and timing equipment is unnecessal ‘ot need multiplexed digital transmissio lexin; / i BACKS OF ANALOG ‘TRANSMISSION do n However, in situation: achieve source linearity, or in long dist {0 attenuation problems: Furthermore systems are increasingly becoming s where a signal often has high signal-to-noise 1 ance, high igh signal-to-noise ratio and cannd mY Output Systems, +88 digital techn; “Bacy equipment. a » analog is unattractive du ques continue to be refined, analo; ‘ AeeetComPUTER Network cently, some nations, 31 ‘oh ee on certain media nies the Netherlands, have completely ce transmis’ q ta, such as television for. the Purposes of th, ared anslog saving MONEY. the government 1.11.5 ADVANTAGES AND Disabvantaces oF DiciTat TRANSMission Now, we shall discuss the advantages and disadvantages of digital transmissi briefly. . a Advantages Following are the advantages of digital transmission: (i) The digital transmission: systems are simpler and cheaper compared to analog. transmission systems because of the advances made in the IC technologies. (i) In digital transmission, the speech, video and other data may be merged and transmitted over a common channel using multiplexing, ~-(ii) Using data encryption, only’ permitted receivers may be allowed to detect the transmitted data. This property is of its most importance in military applications. (iv) Since the transmission jis ‘digital and the channel encoding is used, therefore the noise does-not accumulate-from repeater. to repeater in‘ long ‘distance communications: {v) Since the transmitted signal. is. digital:in nature, therefore a large amount of noise interference may be tolerated. (vi) Since in digital transmission, channel coding is used, therefore the errors may be detected and corrected in the receivers.» nA (vii) Digital transmission is adaptive to other advanced branches of data processing such'as digital signal processing, image processing and data compression etc. _Disadvantages seed Although digital transmission offers, so. many advantages as discussed above, it has Some drawbacks also. However, the advantages of digital transmission outweight disadvantages. The disadvantages are as under: (i) Due to analog to digital conversion, the data rate becomes high. Therefore more “smission bandwidth is required for digital transmission. in case of synchronous modulation. {t) Digital transmission needs synchronization1.11.6 DIFFERENCE BE tyres "7 Digital Transmission 1. Digital transmission uses discrete values 2. Digital transmission involves more | 2. bandwidth (about 74.5 MHz) 3. Signal-to-Noise ratio is high in digital | 3. transmission. 4. Transmitter cost is high in digital | 4. transmission 5. Performance over time is excellent in |)5. digital transmission 6. Receiver gain adjustment is not required | 6. in digital transmission 3 7 No adjustments are required in their installation Digital transmission offers a simple means of reconstructing the signal. -~~UN « Analog Transmission Analog transmission uses Continuo “range of values. Analog transmission involves leg * bandwidth (about 4.5 MHz) Signal to-noise ratio is low to moderate in analog transmission Transmission cost is moderate in analog transmission Performance: over time is moderate in analog transmission. Receiver gain adjustment is often require | in analog transmission Adjustments are often required in their installation Analog transmission require adjustment at receiver end in order to reconstruct the transmitted signal.