Principle Of

Communication Systems

Lecture 1
Instructor: Dr. Moazzam Islam
Tiwana,
Room 329 Academic Block 1,
[email protected]
 Course Literature
Textbook:
• Analog and Digital Communication, (3rd Edition) by
B. P. Lathi, Oxford Printing Press

Reference Books:
• Communication Systems, (3rd Edition) by Simon Haykin, John Wiley &
Sons
• Analog and Digital Communication Systems, (6th Edition) by Leon W.
Couch II, Prentice Hall, 2001

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 Pre-requisites

• Signals and Systems

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 Marks Distribution
Theory Assessment:

Sessional I 10 Marks
Midterm II
Sessional 15 Marks
25 Marks
Quizzes 15 Marks
Assignments 10 Marks
Terminal Exam 50 Marks
Total 100 Marks

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 Course Objectives

• To introduce principles of analog and digital

communication systems and methods used in
modulating and demodulating signals in order to
carry information from a source to a destination

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 Communication
• Main purpose is to transfer information from a
source to destination (sink) via a channel or a
medium.

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 Communication System

• Noise
• Contact switches
• Lightning
• Engine ignition • Multipath effects
Increases with length • Doppler Shift

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• A source originates a message, such as a human voice, a
television picture.

• The message is converted by an input transducer into an

electrical waveform (baseband signal).

• The transmitter modifies the baseband for efficient

transmission.

• The channel is a medium such as a coaxial cable, an optical

fiber, a radio link.

• The receiver processes the signal received to undo

modifications made at the transmitter and the channel.

• The output transducer convert the signal into the original form10
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 Digital and Analog Sources and
Systems
Basic Definitions:
• Analog Information Source:
An analog information source produces messages which are defined on a
continuum. (E.g. :Microphone)

• Digital Information Source:

A digital information source produces a finite and discrete set of possible
messages. (E.g. :Keyboard)
x(t) x(t)

t t
Analog Digital

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 Digital Transmission
• An analog signal is converted to a digital signal by means
of an analog to digital (A/D) converter.

• The signal m(t) is first sampled in the time domain.

• The amplitude of the signal samples ms(kT) is partitioned
into a finite number of intervals (quantization).
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 Analog to Digital Conversion

Sampling Theorem:
If the highest frequency in the signal spectrum is B, the signal can
be reconstructed from its samples taken at a rate not less than 2B
samples per second.
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 Digital and Analog Sources and
Systems
• A digital communication system transfers information from a
digital source to the intended receiver (also called the sink).

• An analog communication system transfers information from

an analog source to the sink.
• A digital waveform is defined as a function of time that can have a
discrete set of amplitude values.

• An Analog waveform is a function that has a continuous range of

values.
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 Digital Systems …continued 3
• Digital signal are more robust to noise
• Advantages:
– Cheap electronic circuitry
– Immunity to noise
– Advanced signal processing (error correction,
equalization etc…)

09/13/2020 Riaz Hussain ([email protected]) CIIT-IBD-EE EEE351 PCS Lecture- 16

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 Bandwidth
• Bandwidth of a channel is the range of
frequencies it can transmit with reasonable
fidelity. e.g. if a channel can transmit a signal
whose frequencies range from 0 to 4000 Hz then B
= 4KHz

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Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
• It is important in two ways
– First Increasing the Signal Power will reduces the effect
of Noise on it. Larger SNR allows transmission over
longer distance.

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 Tradeo* Between S and B
• Telephone channels have limited Bandwidth but a
lot of Power

• Space vehicles have infinite bandwidth but power

is limited.

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 Channel Capacity
• Shannon Equation helps us in finding the
capacity of the channel

• ‘C’ is also known as rate of information

(bits/sec)
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 Modulation
• Modulation is a technique in which message signal is transmitted to
the receiver with the help of carrier signal.
• For modulation we change carrier’s amplitude, frequency or phase according
to message

Message signal
Message signal

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 Modulation (cont)
• The basic idea here is to superimpose the message signal
in analog form on a carrier which is a sinusoid of the form

Acos(wt + )

• There are three quantities that can be varied in proportion

to the modulating signal: the amplitude, the phase, and
frequency.

• The first scheme is called Amplitude Modulation and the

second two are called Angle Modulation schemes
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 Why Modulate
• Antenna size is a major concern
• For example in case of a wireless channel antenna size is inversely proportional to
the center frequency, this is difficult to realize for baseband signals.
– For speech signal with frequency f = 3 kHz  =c/f=(3x108)/(3x103)
– Monopole antenna size without modulation /4=105 /4 meters = 15 miles -
practically unrealizable
– Same speech signal if amplitude modulated using fc=900MHz will require an
antenna size of about 8cm.
– This is evident that efficient antenna of realistic physical size is needed for radio
communication system

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 Why Modulate (Cont.)
• Simultaneous Transmission of several Signals
– Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM)

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 Once a particular modulated signal has
been isolated, the demodulator converts
Comparative Analysis of Analog and Digital Communication
the carrier variation of amplitude or
angle back into a baseband signal
Analog Communication: Transmitter
voltageand Receiver
Receiver
Transmitter
Wireless
Channel
Modulator DeMod

MUX DEMUX DeMod

Modulator
(FDM) (Tuner)

Modulator DeMod

Recovered Messages
Modulated Signal
Message Signals
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