MIT-WPU

SY ECE
Communication Systems (ECE2002B)
Course Objectives
⚫1. Knowledge:
(i) The need of modulation.
⚫ (ii) Concept of analog communication systems and digital communication system with
pulse modulation.
⚫ (iii) Noise, noise parameters and random processes.
⚫2. Skills:
⚫ (i) Hands on to explore the generation and reception of different analog and
digital pulse modulation techniques.
⚫3. Attitude:
⚫ (i) To explain and demonstrate the methods of generation and reception of different
analog and digital communication systems.
Syllabus
1. Amplitude Modulation: Elements of communication system, need of
modulation, baseband and carrier communication, Amplitude Modulation
(AM), modulation index, spectrum of AM wave, power, transmission
efficiency and bandwidth, generation of AM and its variants such as DSB-
SC, SSB, ISB, VSB, RF wave propagation.

2. Angle Modulation and Radio Receivers: Concept of angle

modulation, mathematical analysis of FM and PM, frequency spectrum,
NBFM and WBFM, FM generation methods, TRF receiver,
superheterodyne receiver for AM and FM, performance characteristics of
receiver, AM and FM detectors, FM stereo receiver.
Syllabus
3. Noise and Random Processes:
Sources of noise, types of noise, noise figure, noise factor, noise resistance,
noise temperature, bandwidth, SNR, Friis’s formula, noise calculations.
Introduction to random process, Stationary processes, Mean, Correlation &
Covariance functions, Ergodic processes, Transmission of a random process
through a LTI filter, Power spectral density, Gaussian process.

4. Digitization of Analog Signal: Sampling Theorem, sampling

techniques, analog pulse modulation methods: PAM, PWM and PPM,
Digital Communication system block diagram, Digital pulse modulation
methods: PCM, Non-uniform Quantization and Companding, Differential
Pulse Code Modulation, Delta Modulation, Adaptive Delta Modulation.
Laboratory work
1. Generation, detection and spectral analysis of AM.
2. Generation, detection and spectral analysis of DSB-SC.
3. Generation, detection and spectral analysis of SSB.
4. Generation, detection and spectral analysis of FM.
5. Measurement of performance characteristics of Receiver: Sensitivity,
Selectivity, Fidelity.
6. Verification of Sampling Theorem and sampling techniques.
7. Study of linear PCM and Companded PCM system.
8. Study of Delta Modulation Technique.
9. Study of Adaptive Delta Modulation Technique.
10. PBL - Software/Hardware
Internal Assessment
CCA : 30 Marks
1.Assignment – Module 1 : 15 Marks
2.Mid Term Exam – Module 2 & 4 : 15 Marks
3.Quiz – Module 3 : 15 Marks
LCA: 30 Marks
1.Lab Manual Submission : 10 Marks
2.Mid term Practical Exam : 10 Marks
3.Seminar (Group Activity) : 10 Marks
 Books
Text Books:
1. B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems. Oxford University
Press, 3rd Edition.
2. Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 4th Edition
Reference Books:
1. Taub, Herbert, and Donald L. Schilling. Principles of communication systems.
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 3rd Edition.
2. Kennedy George, Brendan Davis, Electronic communication systems. Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., 4th Edition.
 Module I

Amplitude Modulation
History
Evolution of
Electronic
Communication
System
 Evolution of electronic communication system

https://youtu.be/oxTUC5I22LU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBskroqaKkI

11
Importance of communication systems

Significance of Human Communication:

⚫ Communication is the process of exchanging information.

⚫ Main barriers are language and distance.

⚫ Contemporary society’s emphasis is now the accumulation, packaging, and

exchange of information.
Significance of Human Communication:

Methods of communication:
1. Face to face
2. Signals
3. Written word (letters)
4. Electrical innovations:
⚫Telegraph
⚫Telephone
⚫Radio
⚫Television
⚫Internet (computer)
Block diagram of communications System

Figure 1-1: A general model of all communication systems.

Communication Systems

⚫Basic components:
⚫Transmitter
⚫Channel or medium
⚫Receiver

⚫Noise degrades or interferes with transmitted

information.
Communication Systems

Figure 1-2: A general model of all communication systems.

 Input transducer
• Transducer: Converts one form of energy into another form
(physical to electrical)
• Message/Baseband/Modulating/Information signal: LF (fm)
• Audio, Video, Data (triple-play services)

17
 Transmitter
The transmitter is a collection of electronic components and circuits that
converts the electrical signal into a signal suitable for transmission over a
given medium.
Transmitters are made up of
• Oscillators
• Amplifiers
• Tuned circuits and filters
• Modulators
• Frequency mixers
• frequency synthesizers
18
Communication media or channel

19
Communication Systems
Communication Channel
⚫The communication channel is the medium by which the electronic signal is
sent from one place to another. Electrical
Conductors
Simplest form
Types of Media Coaxial cable,
twisted pair cable Free Space or
Optical Radio or Wireless
Media Makes use of
Light pipe that Electromagnetic
carries message Spectrum
on a light wave Intelligence signals are
Used in Long converted into EM
distance calls and waves(Electro Magnetic
all Internet Other types of Waves).Used in Cellular
Communications. Media Communication,WiFi,
SONAR(SOundNavi WiMaxetc.
gationAndRanging),
Water is used as the
medium.
 Noise

Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the

communication system via the communicating medium and interferes
with the transmitted message.

• The measure of noise is usually expressed in terms of the signal to

noise (S/N or SNR)
• SNR is Signal power divided by the noise power.
• High SNR is preferred for better performance

21
Communication Systems
Receivers
⚫A receiver is a collection of electronic components and circuits that accepts the
transmitted message from the channel and converts it back into a form
understandable by humans.
⚫Receivers contain
⚫Amplifiers
⚫Oscillators
⚫Mixers
⚫Tuned circuits and filters
⚫A demodulator or detector that recovers the original intelligence signal from the
modulated carrier.
⚫The output is original signal.
⚫i.e. Voice signal sent to speaker, Video signal is fed to an LCD screen for display, or
binary data received by a computer later printed or displayed on monitor.
 Transceivers
A transceiver is an electronic unit that incorporates circuits that
both send and receive signals.
Examples
• Telephones
• Fax machines
• Handheld radios
• Cell phones
• Computer modems

23
 Output Transducer
It converts electrical signal into physical waveform.

24
Classification of electronic communication
system
Electronic Communication System

Unidirectional/ Nature of Channel/Medium

Technique of
Bidirectional information transmission
Communication Signal

Wired Wireless

Simplex Analog Digital Baseband Communication

Half Transmissio using
System Full
Duplex n Modulation
Duplex
Simplex Communication
⚫The simplest method of electronic communication is referred to as simplex.
⚫This type of communication is one-way. Examples are:
⚫Radio
⚫TV broadcasting
⚫Beeper (personal receiver)
⚫Remote Control
Two Way Communication- Half Duplex
⚫The form of two-way communication in which only one party transmits at a
time is known as half duplex. Examples are:
⚫Police, military, etc. radio transmissions
⚫Citizen band (CB)
⚫Family radio
⚫Amateur radio
Two Way Communication- Full Duplex
⚫Most electronic communication is two-way and is referred to as duplex.
⚫When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it is called full duplex.
The telephone is an example of this type of communication.
Based on Nature of Information Signal
Analog Communication
Analog Signals
⚫An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously varying voltage or current.
Examples are:
⚫Sine wave
⚫Voice
⚫Video (TV)

Figure 1.3: Analog signals (a) Sine wave “tone.” (b) Voice. (c) Video (TV) signal.
Digital Communication
Digital Signals
⚫Digital signals change in steps or in discrete increments.
⚫Most digital signals use binary or two-state codes. Examples are:
⚫Telegraph (Morse code)
⚫Continuous wave (CW) code
⚫Serial binary code (used in computers)

Figure 1.4: Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuous-wave (CW) code. (c) Serial binary code.
Based on the technique of transmission
⚫Based on the technique used for the signal transmission, we can categories the
electronic communication system as under:
1. Baseband transmission system
The Baseband signal (original information signals) are directly transmitted.
Example: Telephone network, Computer data transmission over the coaxial cable in
computer network.
Limitations:
⚫Can not be used for Radio transmission
⚫Can not travel long distance
Therefore, for the radio communication of baseband signals, a technique
called modulation is used
2. Communication system using modulation (Broadband Transmission)
What is Modulation?

✔ Baseband to Broadband Transmission.

✔ Modulation is the process of having a baseband voice, video, or digital signal

modify another, higher-frequency signal, the carrier.

✔ In the modulation process, a parameter of the carrier wave (such as amplitude,

frequency or phase) is varied in accordance with the modulating signal.

Modulation

Figure 1.5: Modulation at the transmitter.

Baseband And Carrier Communication
⚫The term baseband is used to designate the band of
frequencies of the signal delivered by the source or transducer.
⚫e. g. In telephony baseband is the audio band of 0 to 3.5 KHz.
In TV the baseband is video band occupying 0 to 3.5 MHz .
⚫In baseband communication message signals are directly
transmitted without any modification.
⚫Baseband signals are suitable for transmission over a pair of
wires, Coaxial cable, optical fiber but can not be transmitted
over radio link.
DC 2019-20
⚫Baseband signals have overlapping bands, the would interfere
severely if sharing common channel.
⚫Thus baseband communication leave much of the channel
spectrum unused.
⚫So non-overlapping band
⚫Also long haul communication require modulation.
⚫Local telephone communication, short haul PCM and long
distance PCM over optical fiber are examples of baseband
communication
DC 2019-20
⚫The communication that uses modulation to shift the frequency
spectrum of a signal is known as carrier communication.
⚫In this mode one of the basic parameter (Amplitude, Frequency or
Phase) of a sinusoidal carrier of high frequency is varied in
proportion to the baseband signal. This result in AM, FM or PM.
⚫Modulation is used to transmit analog as well as digital baseband
signal.

DC 2019-20
Need of Modulation
NEED of MODULATION
1.Reduction In Heights of Antenna:
Practicality of Antenna height is:
h=λ/4,for efficient transmission.
For f=30Hz h=2500km

f=3KHz h=25km

f=3MHz h=25m

λ—is the wavelength, λ = c/f ,where f is the frequency of the signal to be transmitted
and c is the velocity of light ( 3×108 m/s)
https://www.everythingrf.com/rf-calculators/frequency-to-wavelength
2. Avoid mixing of signals

Avoid mixing of signals

40
2. Avoid mixing of signals

1. If the baseband sound signals are transmitted without using the modulation by
more than one transmitter ,then all the signals will be in the same frequency range
i.e.0 to 20 kHZ.

2. Therefore all the signals get mixed together and a receiver cannot separate them
from each other.

3. So if each baseband sound signal is used to modulate a different carrier then they
will occupy different slots in the frequency domain

4. Thus modulation is necessary to avoid mixing of signals.

3.Increases the range of communication

1. The frequency of baseband signal is low, and the low frequency signals cannot travel
a long distance when they are transmitted. They get heavily attenuated.

2. The attenuation reduces with increase in frequency of the transmitted signals and
they travel longer distance.

3. The modulation process increases the frequency of the signal to be transmitted .

Hence modulation increases the range of communication
4.Improves quality of reception
1. Quality of a signal is based on presence of noise.
2. Noise reduction techniques will improve the quality of a received signal.
3. With Frequency Modulation(FM),and the digital communication techniques like PCM,
the effect of noise is reduced to a great extent.
This improves quality of reception.

Signal-to-
Noise Ratio
(SNR)
Bit error rate
(BER)
5.Makes multiplexing possible

1. Multiplexing is the process in which two or more signals can be transmitted over the
same communication channel simultaneously .

2. This is possible only with modulation. The multiplexing allows the same channel to be
used by many signals.

3. Therefore many TV channels can use the same frequency range ,without getting mixed
with each other .OR different frequency signals can be transmitted at the same time.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION

✔ “Amplitude modulation (AM) is the process of changing the amplitude of a high frequency
carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal”.

✔ In AM the instantaneous amplitude of the sinusoidal high frequency carrier is changed in

proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. This is the principle of
AM.

✔ AM is used in the applications such as radio transmission ,TV transmission etc.

DSBFC- Double Sideband Full Carrier

⚫Most commonly used is AM

double-sideband full carrier
(DSBFC), or sometimes called
conventional AM or AM.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Modulating signal (sine wave) and modulated carrier

Modulation Index and Percentage of Modulation
⚫
Modulation Index and Percentage of Modulation

52
Amplitude modulation depth
AM Modulator circuit
⚫Modulator circuit consists of three parts,
⚫1. Generator part: two generators generate modulating signal and carrier
signal respectively,
⚫2. Linear Adder circuit: An OPAMP acts as a linear adder circuit, and
⚫3. A class C tuned amplifier.
⚫The two signals modulating signal and carrier signal are connected to the
linear adder circuit.
⚫Here the two signals get linearly added (instantaneous values of both the
signals are added).
⚫Then this linearly added signal is applied as an input to the class C tuned
amplifier. Here CE class C amplifier is used at the collector of the class C
amplifier a LC tank circuit is connected and the flywheel effect of the tuned
circuit is used to generate the desired AM signal.
⚫
Frequency Spectrum of AM wave
⚫
⚫
The spectrum of these signals is shown. This is described as the signal in the
frequency domain, as opposed to the signal in the time domain

59
Power Relations in AM (Sine)wave
⚫As we have seen carrier component of the modulated wave has the same
amplitude as the unmodulated carrier.
⚫The modulated wave contains extra energy in the two sideband components.
⚫ So modulated wave contains more power than the carrier had, before
modulation took place.

⚫So total power Pt =Pc + PLSB + PUSB

i.e. Pt = V²car /R + V²LSB /R + V²USB /R -----(7)
Where R is antenna resistance and voltage is rms voltage
⚫
VPK = VRMS x 1.414
⚫
Current Relation in the AM Wave
⚫
Modulation by Several Sine Waves
⚫
Modulation by Several Sine Waves
⚫
Amplitude Modulation
Advantages and disadvantages of AM

Advantages:
⚫AM transmitter are less complex .
⚫AM receivers are simple, detection is easy.
⚫AM receivers are cost efficient. Hence even a common person can afford to buy it.
⚫AM waves can travel a longer distance.
⚫Low bandwidth.
Disadvantages:
The AM signal is also called as “Double Sideband Full Carrier (DSBFC)”signal. The three
main disadvantages are :
1. Power wastage takes place.
2. AM needs larger bandwidth.
3. AM wave gets affected due to noise.

Applications:
1.Radio broadcasting.
2. Picture transmission in a TV system.
Example
4. For a conventional AM modulator with a carrier freq of fc = 100 kHz
and the maximum modulating signal frequency of fm(max) = 5 kHz,
determine:
a) Freq limits for the upper and lower sidebands.
b) Bandwidth.
c) Upper and lower side frequencies produced when the modulating
signal is a single-freq 3-kHz tone.
d) Draw the output freq spectrum.
Examples
5. A 400 watt carrier is modulated to a depth of 75 percent. Calculate the
total power in the modulated wave.
Ans: 512.5 W
6. A broadcast radio transmitter radiates 10 kW when the modulation
percent is 60. How much of this is carrier power?
Ans: 8.47 kW

72
Examples
7. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8 A when only the carrier is sent,
but it increases to 8.93 A when the carrier is modulated by a single sine wave.
Find the percentage modulation. Determine the antenna current when the
percent of modulation changes to 0.8.
Ans: m= 70.1% It = 9.19 A
8. A certain transmitter radiates 9 kW with the carrier unmodulated, and 10.125
kW when the carrier is sinusoidally modulated. Calculate the modulation index,
percent of modulation. If another sine wave, corresponds to 40% modulation, is
transmitted simultaneously, determine the total radiated power.
Ans: m=0.50, Pt = 10.84kW

73
9. A carrier signal of 1100 kHz is simultaneously modulated with 350 Hz,
850Hz, and 1 kHz audio sine waves. What are frequencies present in the
output.

10. A 320 watts carrier of 1280kHz frequency is simultaneously modulated

by two voice signals with modulation percentage of 60 and 65 respectively.
What will be the total sideband power radiated?
Ans: PSB = 125.17 watts

74
11. A carrier signal with 14 V amplitude and frequency of 10 MHz is applied to AM
modulator with 60% modulation. The modulating signal frequency is 1000Hz.
Write down the equation of the above wave and sketch the waveform in
frequency domain.
Ans: equation v = Vc (1+ m sin wm t) sin wc t
fLSB = fc - fm
fUSB = fc + fm
VC = given
VUSB = VLSB = mVc/2
Draw a spectrum

75
12. Determine the η and percentage of total power carried by the sidebands
of the AM wave for tone modulation when
1) μ =0.3 2) μ =0.5 3) μ =0.7

Ans: η = μ²/ (μ²+2)

for μ =0.3 η = 0.043
hence only almost 4.3% of power in sidebands
Similarly for μ =0.5 η = 0.1111
and for μ =0.7 η = 0.1967

76
AM signal is expressed by e=(Ec+em)cos2π fct
Where Ec=peak amplitude of 10 volt of carrier signal with frequency fc =1
MHz and em=modulating signal.
If modulating signal contains 500Hz at 7 volts amplitude and 3kHz at 5
volts amplitude. Determine the total power transmitted and effective
modulation index.
13. AM signal is expressed by e=(Ec+em)cos2π fct
Where Ec=peak amplitude of 10 volt of carrier signal with frequency fc =1
MHz and em=modulating signal.
If modulating signal contains 500Hz at 7 volts amplitude and 3kHz at 5
volts amplitude. Determine the total power transmitted and effective
modulation index. (DEC 2010) 8 marks
Ans: effective modulation index=0.8602
Pt=68.5/R watt.

78
14. The tuned circuit of the oscillator in a simple AM Tx employs a 50µH
coil and 1nF capacitor. If the oscillator output is modulated by audio
frequencies up to 10kHz, what is the range occupied by the sidebands?
Ans: 701.7kHz to 721.7kHz
15. A standard AM transmission, sinusoidally modulated to depth of 40%,
produces a sideband frequencies of 6.824 and 6.854 MHz. The amplitude
of each sideband frequency is 50 V. Determine the amplitude and
frequency of the carrier.
Ans: fc=6.839MHz, Vc=250V

79
16. A 45 V(rms) carrier is amplitude modulated by a 30 V(rms) sine wave.
Determine
i) The max and min values of the peak to peak voltage of modulated
wave.
ii) The amplitude of the side frequency and
iii) Modulation index. (Dec 2010)
Ans: Vc=63.64 V, Vm=42.43V
i) Max value of modulated wave=2(Vc+Vm) =212.14V
Min value of modulated wave=2(Vc-Vm) =42.42V
ii) Amp of side frequency = mVc/2 =21.215V
iii) m=Vm/Vc =0.6667
80
Double Sideband Suppresses Carrier (DSBSC) Technique
⚫
Double Sideband Suppresses Carrier (DSBSC) Technique
⚫
 Double Sideband Suppresses Carrier (DSBSC) Technique
⚫
Time Domain Representation of the DSBSC Wave

84
Frequency spectrum of the DSBSC Wave
⚫

85
Power Relations in the DSBSC Wave
⚫

86
Limitations of DSBSC
⚫Suppressing the carrier in the basic AM yields DSBSC
⚫Power saving is achieved in DSBSC
⚫But the bandwith requirement of DSBSC is same as that of basic AM
version i.e. 2fm
⚫To improve the bandwidth required to transmit AM signal next variant
of AM is introduced as SSB.
Amplitude Modulation (DSB) cont…

88
 Amplitude Modulation (DSB) cont…

Spectrum

Spectrum of the DSB-SC signal m(t)cos10,000t

89
 Amplitude Modulation (DSB) cont…

Spectrum

Spectrum of the DSB-SC signal m(t)cos10,000t

90
 Amplitude Modulation (DSB) cont…

Spectrum

Spectrum of the DSB-SC signal m(t)cos10,000t

91
Amplitude Modulation (DSB) cont…
⚫A modulating signal m(t) is given by
i) m(t) = cos 100t
ii) m(t) = cos 100t + 2 cos 300t.
a) In each case, sketch the spectrum of m(t) and AM if carrier is 2 cos 1000t.
b) Sketch DSBSC signal spectrum for carrier of 2 cos 1000t.
c) Sketch the USB spectrum if LSB is suppressed along with carrier.

92
Single Sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC/SSB)

⚫LSB & USB carry same information

⚫Hence saving of BW can be achieved by suppressing one of the
sideband
⚫This led to the variant of AM called as Single sideband suppressed
carrier (SSBSC) or simply called as SSB
Single Sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC/SSB)
⚫
Frequency spectrum of SSB
Time Domain Representation of the SSB Wave
Power Relations in the SSB Wave
⚫
Advantages of Bandwidth saving
⚫AM broadcasting : 540 to 1650 KHz
⚫RF bandwidth= (1640-540)KHz =1110 KHz
⚫Number of AM stations = RF Bandwidth/BW per station
⚫Bandwidth per station (fm = 5 KHz)
✔ AM:- 2fm = 10 KHz
✔ SSB :- fm = 5 KHz
⚫Number of stations
✔AM (or DSBFC) or DSBSC = (1110/10) =111
✔SSB = (1110/5) = 222

98
Numericals on SSB
1. A SSB transmitter radiates 0.5KW when the modulation percentage is 60%.
How much of carrier power (in KW) is required if we want to transmit the
same message by an AM transmitter?
2. Calculate the percentage power saving when the carrier and one of the
sidebands are suppressed in an AM wave modulated to a depth of (a) 100%
and (b) 50%.
Limitations of SSB
⚫Practical difficulty in suppressing the unwanted sideband
⚫Even some portion of the wanted sideband gets eliminated during the process.
⚫This happens because the first wanted and unwanted component lie very close to
each at the carrier frequency fc .
⚫This difficulty can be avoided by allowing a vestige/trace/fraction of unwanted
sideband along with the wanted sideband.
Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Modulation
⚫Limitation of SSB: Practical difficulty in suppressing the unwanted sideband
frequency components.
⚫Observed in practice: It also eliminate some portion of the wanted sideband.
⚫Reason: Video signal (0-5 MHz)
⚫Solution: To allow a vestige or fraction of unwanted sideband along with the wanted
sideband.
⚫Modulation: VSBSC
⚫Used: TV signal transmission

101
⚫

102
Generation of Amplitude Modulated Signals
⚫The AM signal can be generated using following methods
⚫Using Analog Multiplier
⚫Using a Nonlinear Resistance Device
Generation of Amplitude Modulated Signals
Using Analog Multiplier
⚫
Generation of Amplitude Modulated Signals
Using Nonlinear Resistance Device
⚫
Generation of Amplitude Modulated Signals
Using Nonlinear Resistance Device
⚫The devices like Diodes, Transistors, FETs can be biased with suitable
voltage to constrain them to exhibit the negative resistance property.
⚫
⚫
⚫
Generation of DSBSC Signals
⚫The DSBSC signal can be generated using following methods
⚫Using Analog multiplier
⚫Using balanced modulator
Generation of DSBSC Signals using Analog Multiplier
⚫
 Generation of DSBSC Signals using Balanced Modulator
⚫Balanced modulator can be constructed using the non-linear devices like diode and transistors.
⚫A balanced modulator may be defined as a circuit in which two non-linear devices are connected
in a balanced mode to produce a DSB-SC signal .
⚫The balanced modulator using the diodes is shown in figure below
⚫The diode use the non-linear resistance property for generating modulated signal.
⚫
⚫
Generation of SSB Signals

⚫The SSB signal can be generated using following

methods
⚫Using Analog Multiplier
⚫Using the Filter Method
⚫Using the Phase shift Method
⚫Using the Third Method
Generation of SSB Signals using Analog Multiplier

Ref: Electronic Communication System, George

Kennedy, 5e, Pg. No. 56
Generation of SSB Signals using Filter Method

Ref: Electronic Communication System, George

Kennedy, 5e, Pg. No. 57
SSBSC Generation

http://hamradioindia.com/HRI-THEOR/General/SSB1.htm
Filter Method:-
Advantages:
• Unwanted sideband is removed or heavily attenuated by a filter.

• The filter BPF with sharp cut-off edges, bandwidth is sufficiently flat and
wide.

• Simplicity
Disadvantages:
• Due to inability of the system to generate SSB at high radio frequencies, the
frequency upconversion is necessary.

• Two expensive filters are to be used one for each sidebands.

• Low audio frequencies can not be used as the filter becomes bulky
 Generation of SSB Signals using Phase Shift Method
⚫The phase shift method avoids filters and some of there inherent
disadvantages.
⚫Instead it makes use of two balanced modulators and two phase shift
networks
• M1 receives 90⁰ phase shifted
carrier and in phase message
signal
• M2 is fed with 90⁰ phase shifted
message and in phase carrier
signal.
• Both modulator produce two
sidebands
• In phase upper sideband and out
of phase lower sideband

Ref: Electronic Communication System,

George Kennedy, 5e, Pg. No. 58
Advantages of Phase Shift Method
⚫It can generate SSB at any frequency so the frequency up converter stage is not
required.
⚫It can use the low audio frequencies as modulating signal which is not possible in
Filter method.
⚫It is easy to switch from one sideband to other.

Disadvantages
⚫90 degree phase shift network for m(t) is critical.
⚫This network has to provide a correct phase shift of 90 degree at all modulating
frequencies which is practically difficult to achieve.
Generation of SSB Signals using Third Method

Ref: Electronic Communication System, George

Kennedy, 5e, Pg. No. 59
Generation of SSB Signals using Third Method
Third Method
Advantages:-
⚫As audio carrier is constant frequency, the design of phase shift network for constant
frequency is very simple.

⚫Up conversion process is not required as high frequency carrier can be used.

⚫Low frequencies can be transmitted.

Disadvantages:-
• Most complex method because of use of 4 Balanced modulators.

• Cost of entire system is more

126
 Independent Sideband Transmission
❑ It is an AM single sideband mode which is used with
some AM radio transmissions. This is used in some
kinds of AM stereo (sometimes known as the Kahn
system).
❑ ISB is a compromise between DSB and SSB, the
other is VSB.
❑ ISB transmission uses 2 sideband which are
independent to each other.
❑ It essentially consists of 2 SSB channels added to
form 2 sidebands around the reduced carrier.
❑ Each sideband is quite independent of the other.
❑ It can simultaneously convey totally different
transmission.

127
128
RF wave propagation
 RF wave propagation
+ EM waves are used for long distance communication.
+ Propagation of EM waves depends on:
• Properties or Characteristics (frequency)
• Environment
• Waves travel in straight line, except where the earth and its atmosphere alter
their path.
+ Types:
• Ground (Surface) waves
• Sky waves
• Space waves

130
 RF wave propagation
+ Ground (Surface) waves
• It is a method of radio frequency
propagation that uses the area
between the surface of the earth
& an ionosphere for
transmission.
• Propagate in the LF & MF range
of EM Spectrum
• Used to provide local radio
communication coverage.

131
 RF wave propagation
❖ Sky waves:
• Radio wave propagation via ionosphere.
• Used for the propagation of EM waves
with a frequency range of 3 – 30MHz
• Make use of the ionosphere due to the
presence of charged ions in the region
of about 60 to 300 km from the earth
surface
• These ions provide a reflecting medium
to the radio or communication waves
within a particular frequency range

132
Space Waves
❑ They travel in ( more or less) straight lines.
❑ However, since they depend on line-of-sight conditions, space waves are limited in
their propagation by the curvature of the earth, except in very unusual circumstances.
❑ Thus they propagate very much like EM waves in free space.

133
AM Transmitter
❑ Two methods:
1. AM transmitters: High powers (complex and high
efficiency)
2. Laboratory AM generator : Low power (simple and
low efficiency).
❑Low Level Modulation (LLM):
❑High Level Modulation (HLM):

134
Comparison between HLM and LLM

135
AM Transmitter
⚫Figure shows a typical block diagram of an AM transmitter.

136
Commercial AM broadcast standards
❑ Bands:
✔ Longwave (LW)
✔ Mediumwave (MW)
✔ Shortwave (SW)
❑ Tuning range: 540 – 1600 KHz (MW)
❑ Baseband: 20 Hz to 5 KHz
❑ Bandwidth of station: 10 KHz
❑ Transmit power : Region wise

137
138
139
Comparison of AM Techniques
Parameter DSBFC DSBSC SSB ISB VSB

BW 2fm 2fm fm fm1+fm2 fm<BW<2fm

Power High Medium Less moderate SSB<P< DSBFC

η Minimum Moderate Maximum Moderate moderate

Carrier No Yes Yes Partially No

suppression
Sideband No No One SB One per One SB
suppression completely channel partially
Rx Complexity Simple Complex Complex Complex simple

Application Radio Commn Pt. to Pt. Mobile Telephony TV

commn
140
References
1. Dr. Sanjay Sharma, Communication Systems (Analog and Digital), S. K.
Kataria and sons
2. George Kennedy, Electronic Communication Systems. McGraw-Hill, 5th
Edition
3. https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/communication-
systems/propagation-of-electromagnetic-waves/