STATAPP: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION
CHAPTER 2: Statistical Methods/Sampling Techniques
MX. LEOPOLDO A. LIANGCO JR – DHVSU COLLEGE OF BUSINESS STUDIES
BS ACCOUNTANCY | 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023
STATISTICAL METHODS/SAMPLING TECHNIQUES • A given population is divided into homogeneous
partitions or strata (singular: stratum)
Sampling defined: • Ex. A sample of 100 students is to be selected
• Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis from CBS population of 500 of which 150 are in
in which a predetermined number of observations BSAIS, and 250 are in BSA, and 100 are in BSBA.
are taken from a larger population.
• The methodology used to sample from a larger
population depends on the type of analysis being
performed, but it may include simple
random sampling or systematic sampling.
Advantages of Sampling
• It saves time, money, and effort
• It is more effective
• It is faster and cheaper Cluster Sampling
• It is more accurate • Population is divided into (geographical) clusters.
• It gives more comprehensive information However, unlike stratified, the clusters are
heterogeneous groups of the population. This
Sampling frame means that they are grouped differently according
• A list of subjects from which a sample of subjects to the controlling variables of the study.
is selected
Examples:
✓ Map
✓ Census database
✓ Employee database
✓ Telephone directory
• Need to select subjects at random
• Without a sampling frame, random selection is
difficult/impossible
PROBABILITY SAMPLING Cluster Sampling Stratified Sampling
• This is a process of selecting a sample in such a 1. Cost reduction 1. Enhanced precision
way that all individuals in the defined population 2. Randomly selected 2. Randomly selected
have an equal and independent chance of being clusters members from strata
selected for the sample, the process of being 3. Divisions naturally 3. Depends on the
called as randomization formed researcher
4. More errors 4. Reduced errors
Random Sampling Methods 5. Homogeneity 5. Homogeneity
❑ Simple Random Sampling (SRS) externally internally
• Every member of the population is equally
likely to be selected NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Process is done by choosing the members of • Items selected by judgment where elements do
the sample one by one, using either lottery not have an equal chance of being taken. It has no
method or the table of random numbers. randomization.
• The probability of selection of each sampling unit
Systematic Sampling is not known.
• Technique which considers every nth element of • Types:
the population in the sample with the selected ✓ Self-selecting samples
random starting point from the first q members. ✓ Convenience samples
• Suppose 3 was selected, then every 3rd element ✓ Judgmental samples
of the population will be included in the sample, ✓ Quota sampling: The interviewer has been
that is, the patients numbered 3,6,9,12,15 and so given quotas to fill from specified subgroups
on…. of the population, e.g., 20 women 20-30
years old
Stratified Sampling • Can all be very biased
• Population divided into different groups from • Not representative of population
which we sample randomly.
Mind over matter.
STATAPP: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION
CHAPTER 2: Statistical Methods/Sampling Techniques
MX. LEOPOLDO A. LIANGCO JR – DHVSU COLLEGE OF BUSINESS STUDIES
BS ACCOUNTANCY | 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023
Convenience Sampling • Each respondent is asked to give
• A.K.A haphazard sampling recommendations or referrals to other possible
• Carried out on the matter of convenience or ease respondents.
of implementation on the part of the researcher,
that is, the samples taken are readily available to
participate in the study
• Ex. One typical example is the “ambush
interview” usually shown on TV to gather
opinions about specific political issue. Another is
“opinion poll” done electronically through texting
or messenger.
Purposive Sampling
• Is done with a purpose in mind
• A.K.A Judgmental or selective sampling
• Focuses on samples which are taken based on the
judgment of the researcher
Quota Sampling
• The equivalent of stratified random sampling in
terms of nonprobability sampling.
• Researcher starts by identifying quotas, which
are predefined control categories such as age,
gender, education etc. The population is then
divided into several categories according to the
control category. Lastly, the researcher collects
the sample, which has the sample proportion as
the given population.
Snowball Sampling
• A.K.A chain referral sampling. Researcher
chooses a possible respondent for the study at
hand.
Mind over matter.
