(C 102) Open Basic Education (Adult) Science Level - C (Equivalent to Class 5) National Institute of Open Schooling A24.25, Institutional Area, Sector-62, Noida-201309 (UP) Website: www.nios.ac.in Tollfree no. 18001809393© National Institute of Open Schooling 201... ( Copies) Published by. Secretary, National Institute of Open Schooling 24-25, Institutional Area, Sector-62, Noida-201309 (U.P)Advisory Board Chairman Director (Academic) Deputy Director (Academic) ‘National Institute of ‘National Institute of ‘National Institute of Open Schooling, NOIDA Open Schooling, NOIDA Open Schooling, NOIDA Curriculum Committee Smt. Nishat Farooq Dr. Ravindra Pal Dr. Champa Pant Ex. Director Ex- Senior Lecturer Ex-Senior Lecturer State Resource Centre, Delhi Cnrvienlum Material formation Planning and management and evaluation DIET, Rajendra Nagar. Delhi DIET, Rajendra Nagar, Delhi Dr. Vijay Sharda Dr. Rakesh Mohan Dr. Nirmal Bagga Associate Professor (Chemistry) Headmaster (Retired) Assistant Professor (Physics) Zakir Hussain College, Delhi AR'S.D. College, Delhi Department of Physics University of Delhi Dr. Rajiv Kumar Assistant Professor (Chemistry) Shivaji College, Delhi Editorial Board Smt. Nishat Farooq Dr. Ravindra Pal Dr. Champa Pant Ex. Director Ex- Senior Lecturer Ex-Senior Lecturer State Resource Centre, Delhi Curriculum Material formation Planning and management ‘and evaluation DIET, Rajendra Nagar, Delhi DIET, Rajendra Nagar, Delhi Smt. Sushma Rani Neelam Gupta Ex-Headmaster Senior Executive Officer Sarvodya Kanya Vidyalaya NIOS, Noida ‘Ramesh Nagar, Delhi Chapter Authors Smt. Nishat Farooq Dr. Ravindra Pal ‘Smt. Anshn Saht Ex, Director Ex- Senior Lecturer PGT Biology) State Resource Centre, Delhi CurriculumMaterial formation Army Public School, Dethi and evaluation DIET, Rajendra Nagat, Delhi Dr. Nirmal Bagga Dr. Champa Pant Dr. Rajiy Kumar Assistant Professor (Physics) _Ex-Senior Lecturer Assistant Professor (Chemistry) Department of Physics Planning and management Shivaji College, Delhi University of Delhi DIET, Rajendra Nagar, Delhi Neelam Gupta Senior Executive Officer ‘NNIOS. Noida Curriculum Coordinator Picture and Animation DIP Work ‘Neelam Gupta ‘Sunder Singh Rawat ‘Multi Graphics Senior Executive Officer NIOS Noida Karol Bagh, New Delhi ‘NIOS, Noida Laser Composer ‘Tesa Media and ComputersDear learner, Government has taken an initiative to educate the marginal sectious of society i their entie life. This program works for the age group of 15-35 years for those who have gained the basic edueation or those who cannot have informal education. Further, this program works for the people who want to have the opportunities to learn in ther if. This has the purpose of personal, social, intellectual and ‘vocational development of the leamers. The first step in this regard has been taken, National literacy mission and national institute of open schooling together have given leamer certificates to around2.35 crore people This planis to provide new leamers education equivalent to middle level. This is done in distance mode here. Selfleaming material (equivalent for classes 3,5 and 8) are developed by National Institute of Open ‘Schooling. The material prepared will create inquistiveness inthe learner, give them information about the latest policies and programs, made educational environment in peaceful area and will provide them new techniques and technology for learning, We hope that you must have read environmental science book ‘A’ equivalent to chapter 3 and ‘B’ equivalent to chapter 5. This book °C” is equivalent to class 8 and has muany science related facts included in it. It has total 21 chapters which are divided into physies, chemistry, and biology and. environmental science. The whole curriculums divided into 7 modules, which includes organisms and their process, types of materials, change, heat, pressure, foree, micro organisms, crop prodnetion, environmental disasters and management, with environmental topies like waste disposal. This book is written in simple language. This has a section ‘do it yourself for better learning, In the end, sample paper and standard marking schemes given with answer key. ‘We want to thank the science experts who have mide this book successful. We hope that this book is useful to you. Ifyou have any problem with this book, don’t be hesitant to tellus, Wishing youa successfilfature ‘Curriculum Development CommitteeContents SL.No. Title of Lesson Page No. 1, Whyshould We Study Science? 1 2. Living and their habitat “4 3. Plants and Animal World 29 4. Biological Processes 1 (Respiration, Circulation and Excretion) 52 5. Biological Processes Il (Reproduction in Animals) 1 6. Different Types of Materials -T 104 7. Different Types of Materials -IL us 8. How do Changes Take Place 133 9. Fibres and Fabrics 1s4 10. Heat 176 11. Nutrition in iving beings and plants 194 Assessment Papert -2 210 12. Miero Organisms 2 13. Crop Production 26 14, Magnet and Electric Current 240 15. Movable Objects, Force, Friction and Motion 254 16. Sound 275 Assessment Paper - 3 286 17. Light 28718. 19. 20. 21 Natural Calamities and Disaster Management Natural Resource-I (Physical) ‘Natural Resources -II (Biological Resources) Disposal of garbage waste and Swach Bharat Abhiyan Assessment Paper -4 ‘Examination Paper Blueprint ‘Sample Question Paper Answer KeyWhy should We Study Science? Look around objects surrounding you carefully. Book that you are reading, pen with which you ‘write, bulb that you switch on for getting light, fan that gives you cold air during the summers, mobile phone that is used to connect to your friends and your relatives at any time and anywhere, television ete, are whose gift ? There are thousands of things around ns which are based on knowledge of technology, that is developed from science. Besides this, there will be thousands of queries in ‘your mind that you tried to explore like, How does the wind blow? How does a new organism grow fiom the older one? How does our Body work? Why does bread swell on tawa? How are clouds formed etc. To know the answers of these questions, to know the fimetioning of different machines and to understand the reasoning of different incidents properly we need to leam science. The ‘knowledge of science makes a man intelligent, efficient, with the positive attitude in the society effectively. In this chapter we will learn- what is science and what will be the benefit of reading it. Simultaneously we will explore contribution of eur scientist in the field of science.Science is a systematic and authentic process through which we are able to understand about different objects and activities. Science is simple, straight and clear. It has honesty, hard work and a truthful approach towards exploring the concepts of nature. Science is a continuous ongoing process. In this process everyday new knowledge is acquired which forms the foundation of new technology. Science is a combined approach in which participation of entire society is very much important. It helps in facing environmental challenges together like flood, earthquake, draught ete. Science is knowledge as well as process like- explaining the process of germination of seeds is knowledge. To understand the germination of seeds they are sown and every day change is observed in the form of table and drawings are made towards better understanding. Then exploring those changes, then giving explanation to the process and changes. So this process of germination can be systematically and scientifically acquired. We came to know that during the process of science many skills are utilized. These skills are helpful in acquiring scientific knowledge. These skills are- 1, Observation: Observation is to explore, observe objects around us minutely. Writing about them making their drawings etc are part of observation skill. 2. Development of hypothesis: Hypothesis 1s formed on the basis of our observation and. experiences, for example- if first rolling ball is stopped after moving a distance, itis assumed that the energy of the ball is finished. Or air in the ball is exhausted that is why it stopped quickly. Or due to friction of earth ball has stopped. You can hypothesize. In order to test the hypothesis we have to roll the ball many times and measure the distance covered simultaneously. Ball has to be rolled from different places, different balls from the same place. After doing all these activities we cau conclude the main reason of stopping of the ball Actually hypothesis is an idea concept. It is requited to reach the conclusion of an event. 3. Collection of data and its systematic writing: We need evidences to accept or reject a hypothesis. To get these evidences we need to adopt certain process, experiment, survey, observation to collect appropriate data. At many times we need measurement for the collection ‘of data and that is why there is need to develop skills for measurement length, weight, volume, time, temperature etc. Another need is to organize the data systematically, for example- a person wants to know, what are the produets in his kitchen which are soluble and others which are not soluble; for this take a fixed cuantity through a spoon and dissolve in half glass ‘of water one after another and note down the observations in a tabular format.” Soluble Insoluble 1 Salt : 2 Sugar - 3 - Gram cereal 4 7 Tea leaves (in cold water) 5 - - Analysis and conclusion of Data: Scientist do hypothesize, and similarly based on observation. and experience they perform variety of experiments in order to test those hypotheses. It is easy to analyse data in the form of a table and it helps in reaching the conclusion. On the basis of these conclusions we can accept or reject any hypothesis, Theory: Those hypotheses that are accepted many times, form the theory. Seientifie theories are based on earefill, logical examination. It is not necessary that one theory which has been proved today will be true till eternity. In the light of new knowledge old theories maybe found ‘wrong and similarly knowledge acquired from science keeps on changing in forward direction. we Define science? What are the skills required to acquire scientific knowledge ? @ (i) Gi) (iv) ren mrt) Scientific process is a systematic process. Persons involved in it live by certain prineiples as a part of their personality1. Working systematically and smoothly. 2. Keep on at tempting again and again not accepting defeat. 3. Thinking why, how ete to find the answers. 4, Collect data through honest observations. 5. Working together and listening to others view carefully, 6. Logical thmkmng and not acceptmg anythmg without proof, 7. Always follow truth and be neutral. 8. Be always ready to learn new things and be curious for exploring the solution of problems. 9. New thinking and new creation. 10. Dare to ask the questions. cas Contribution of Indian Philosophers and Scientist in the development of Science During ancient time Indian Science was quite advanced. During Vedie period which was around 7000 years ago Indian philosophers and scientists had acquired great knowledge in the fields of mathematics, astrology, chemistry, medicine and other major fields. In mathematies knowledge of zet0, calculation of speed, light approximate value of Pi, Pythagoras theorem (which is also known, as film parimay) importance of 108 ete. was contributed significantly by Arya Bhatt, Bralamagupta, Kapila Madhav, Bhaskaracharya. In the field of medicine we have Sushruta (surgery), Charak (Ayurveda), Pantjali (yoga) as well known in the world even nowadays. In the field of science Kanaad (Anu), Baraha Mihir (environment, information about earthquake and astrology), Nagarjuna (chemistry, metallurgy) have contributed tremendously. Scientists who have contributed in the field of science and architecture may be summarised as under- 1. Aryabhatt was a great asuuluger, umathewntician and physicist during ancient time in India. 2. Brahmagupta was a well-known mathematician who discovered zero and explained the rules of its application. 3. Bhaskaracharya was a great scholar of Algebra. His work/composition like Leelavathi and algebra are famous in the world.Aryabhatt Brahmagupia Bhaskaracharya 4, Inthe field of treatment Acharya charak is known as father of Ayurveda (treatment science). 5. Acharya Sushruta was well known for the surgery science. 6. Acharya Kanad is known for the atomic theory. Acharya charak Acharya Sushruta Nagarjun 7. Nagarjun is famous for chemical science 8. Acharya Bhardwaj contributed in the fiekt of vaimaniki (aeronautics) 9. Acharya Kapil contribute significantly in che field of space. 10, Rishi Pantjali is well known for the yoga science. Acharya Bharcvaj Acharya Kapil Rishi Panel,Do you know that Tndia's contribution in the field of science is historically very old. Man knew counting for a very long time. Ancient religious books also refer to the numbers. Numbers are expressed trough different symbols in different languages around the world, Aryabbatt introduced zero based decimal system in his book Aryabhatiya. Explained the principle of usage of 0. After 48 years ofhis death unborn great mathematician Brahmagupta who discovered zero. 12th century nutheumticia Blaskaachu ya-Il Lad proposed last and most important rule about zero. This methodology reached Europe through Arabs from India. This is the reason why Europeans have referred to this as Hindu-Arabie mumerical system. Once upon a time Albert Einstein said that “we should thank Indian, who taught us counting, without this probably... jiscovery was possible in science." Contribution of Indian Scientists in s In modem India Indian scientists have brought a great name to the country through their work and scientific exploration. Major names are CV Raman inthe field of light scattering and atomic structure of chemical compounds. He got Nobel Prize for his discovery in the field of Raman effect. Besides this Birbal Sahani, Palaenfologist. Salim Ali Birds scientist; Ramanujan famous mathematician; Homi Jehangir Bhabha Atomic Energy and India's former President Bharat Ratna Shri APJ Abdul Kalam ‘missile man’; and Vikram Sarabhai are prominent names, Let us discuss briefly about the significant achievements of a few famous Indian scientists of recent years 1. Chandrashekhar Venkat Raman: Chandrashekhar Venkat Raman was bom in 3 Veerapalli Tamil Nadu Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu. He had a ‘unique talent in the field of science. He became the member of Indian Association for cultivation of science at the age of 19 years. As per the wishes of his parents he worked in administrative position in Finance ‘Department at Kolkata. But he did not lose ‘tis interest in Uae svieuve. In the daytime he worked in the office and in the late night in his small laboratory. His discovery is known as Raman effect in the world. It was carried out with instruments costing rupees 200 only. He got the Nobel Prize of the Physies in the year 1930. He was the first man getting Nobel Prize in the field of Physics fiom India He established Raman Institute, His message to the young scientist is "look around and close yourself in your laboratory: Core of science is not instruments but independent, open thinking and hardworking.”Homi Jehangir Bhabha: Homi Jehangir Bhabha is the founder of Indian atomic program. His discovery"1ays coming from outer space consist of very small particles at a very fast speed when these particles enter in the earth atmosphere then they collide with the atoms present in the ait and produce the reign of electrons". This made him world famous scientist. Bhaba carried out research work at Bangalore in Indian Institute of Sciences on space. In order to develop atomic energy, basic particle physics, and modern techniques in the country, he set up Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 1945. He was the first president of Indian Atomic Energy Commission of fiee India. The famous Institute Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in India is named after him. Homi Jehangir Bhabha gave direction to our country, which gave us the reputation of superpower Hargovind Khurana: Har Gobind Khorana was bom on 9th January 1922. He completed his primary education in the tree shade of the village. He completed his BSc and MSc degree fromLahore in Punjab University and PhD from Liverpool University. He become famous in 1959 by producing a chemical coenzyme A. This chemical is essential for certain reactions in our body. Khurana got the Nobel Prize in 1968 in the field ‘of medicine along with Marshall W Nirenberg and Rohert W Holly jointly in the field of Medicine. His field of research was causes of genetic disorders, and approach towards their treatment. He died on 9th November 2011 at the age of 89 years. ‘Mobeombo Sambashivam Swaminathan: MS Swaminathan was bom, on 7th of August 1925 in Kumbakonam City. He completed his primary education in Tamil Nadu. He was awarded his PhD in 1952 from Cambridge School of Agriculture, By the end of 6th decade the crops production was quite low as compared to its demand. In order to eradicate this problem Swaminathan dedicatedly researched on different crops. He developed wheat and rice varieties of higher production along with different varieties of potato and jute, He pioneered in introducing scientific research to the farmers. there by introducing the enhancement of Agricultural production. He received many awards like Raman Megasasay award, SS Bhatnagar Award, Birbal Sahani Medal and Mendal Memorial Award. Bharat Ratna Dr APJ Abdul Kalam: Dr Kalam was born on 15th of October 1931 in Dhanush Koti Rameshwaram Tamil Nadu in a very common family. He served in many sensitive government Technical Institutes in senior positions as President, Technology Forecasting andAssessment Council (TIFAC) and Chief scientific advisor of Indian government. He received Bharat Ratna for his efforts in the field of science and teclnology. He is also known famously as Missile man of India. A great scientist, efficient designer, dedicated production and Engineering administrator, smart technical administrator with a very simple and humble personality. He was so dedicated towards his work at a time he forgot himself and his family. His role in bringing India among big atomic power, space science, manufacturing of missiles and launch is significant. Dr APJ Abdul Kalam was 11th President of our country. His term was during 2002 to 2007. He died on 27th July 2015 while still delivering a lecture. Visvesvaraya: He was born on 15th of September 1860. MG ‘Visvesvaraya was a well-known engineer scholar. He received Bharat Ratna. He suggested to make India an industrial nation. He worked on atomic sluice Gates and block imrigation system that is why every year 15 September is celebrated as Engineers Day. $ Chandrasekhar: He was born in British India Lahore on 19th October 1910. He received Nobel Prize in 1983 for his research on Black Hole ‘mathematical theory in the field of Physics. He was nephew of sir CV. | «gs Raman, He died on 21st August 1995 at the age of 82 years in Chicago. » ‘Meghnath Saha: He was bom on 6th of October 1983 in Dhaka Bangladesh, His most important work was thermal ionization of elements which is known as Saha equation. This is most important and fimmdamental equation of Astrophysics. He prepared the main draft of Damodar Ghati project. Jagdish Chandra Bose: Acharya JC Bose was born on 30th of November 1858 in Vikrampur West Bengal. His main works inciude radio and microwave light and plants study. He was the first to describe that plants do feel pain and comfort.10. Salim Ali: Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali wes born in Mumbai on 12th November 1896. He was a famous bird and nature scientist and is well Known for his work on birds. He systematically surveyed and observed the birds. He died on 20th June 1987 in Mumbai. 11. Vikram Sarabhai: Vikram Sarabhai is known for his space programs in the India. He was born on 12th August 1919 in Ahmedabad Gujarat. He was pioneer in bringing India to the world of space research. Besides this he made special contribution in the field of textile, atomic energy and electronics. He was honoured with Padma Vibhushan by Indian government for his contribution in the field of science and technology. He died on 31st December 1971. 12. Birbal Sahani: Birbal Sahani was born in westemn Punjab on 14th, November 1891. He studied the fossils found in Indian subcontinent. He was interested in Geology as well as Archeology. He was the first Indian who was selected as fellow of Royal Society of London im 1936, He founded Institute of Palaeobotany on 10th September 1946. 13. J.V. Narlikar: The universe contains several stars, planets Galaxies ete. how did it originate? Philosophers aad scientists are discussing these questions for centuries, These questions were answered by scientist Jayant Vishnu Narlikar. He explored these questions to the core and generated curiosity in world. He worked on the authenticity of The Big Bang Theory. His work in the field of Black Holes is commendable. Prof Narlikar discussed and guided the talented students of National Open School. Qe 1. Activity running systematically is known as.2. Who is the father of medicine ? 3. Pantjali is famous in the world for which work. 4. Write names of any four modern Indian scientists. Tata Today we are able to do our daily work, very easily and conveniently be it work of preparation of food, carrying heavy load. our life is very easy dus to science on account of various techniques. We can do every work very easily. Application of scientific rules has simplified human work. “Application of scientific rules and principles for production in the interest of human being is known as Technology" ‘There have been several mventions im drtterent fields in this era, from steam engine to electric engine, from bullock cart to Supersonic aeroplanes, jet planes, rocket ete. It has all been evolved through technology. Earlier during illness only domestic remedies were available which caused untimely death, But today we have modem medical facilities which are capable of controlling illness to a large extent. In the field of agriculture Science and Technology have progressed well. ‘Modem agricultural implements, advanced seeds, fertilizers, proper irrigation tools have contributed in the enhanced agricultural production and are responsible for Green Revolution Different types of modern weapons are the result of development in technology. Now a days in addition to agriculture, vegetable production, fishery, poultry, Silk, piggery, Bee culture ete. are also using modem techniques. In this way we can say Science to Technology and technology to Science have contributed in the development, They have an integrated relationship. Scientific rules and principles are used in technological development in our day to day life; that is why technology is also referred as practical knowledge or applied science. Activity 1.1 Prepare a list of tools available in your house using application of Science and Technology. Try to find out the benefit to every member of yout house from these tools. Scientific development and inventions have brought about huge difference in our functioning. As good and bad thingsare complementary similarly application of science has broght out certain problems as well like- application of scientific knowledge has contributed in the production of petrol, diesel, pesticides and other chemicals towards the enhanced agricultural production, which are essential to meet the demand of growing population but this has resulted into environmental imbalance enormously. In order to produce higher agricultural products over exploitation of groundwater has resulted into dropping of water table and causing shortage of drinking water in future. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides adds to soil and water pollution. High level of sounds produced through music, loud speaker and other instruments is contributing to sound pollution. Harmfial gases introduced in the air through velicle are the cause of major air pollution. Usage of automatic machine has contributed to the large number of un-employment Forests cut and cleared blindly result in the pollution in the environment. Simultaneously they are causing extinction of wildlife. Qn 1. Indaily life... cesses eeare used. 2. What do you understand by technology. 3. What are the harmful effects to wildlife from Technology. [sa What you have learned * Science isa systematic and reliable process from which we come to know about different objects and processes. * Science is a continously running process which gives us different types of knowledge on day to day basis, * In the process of science we use various skills like observation, development of hypothesis, collection of data and their systematic presentation and development of theory. * Scientific process is a systematic activity; development of scientific thinking in a person ‘working in the field of science is also part of personality development.Indian philosophers and scientists have contributed significantly in the development of, Science from ancient times. Indian scientist is continuously contributing in modem era as well. Application of scientific rules and theories in human interest for the production of resources is called Technology. Sa > a 2. Development of science made it possible, (Q) television mobile (3) aeroplane (4) allof above Give name of 2 Indian scientists. Give definition of science. What is hypothesis? What skills are required for acquiring Living beings Niet r tthe ttt ey The surrounding of living organisms where they live is called their house. Like our house is our habitat, there we take shelter and it protects us fiom sunlight and rain ete. Here our requirement of food and other essential things is fullfilled in our house. For other living organisms like a spider, mosquito, fly and pet-animals, plants and tree planted by us also, our house is also their habitat. This way we can say different organisms can live in the same place jointly and it is called as their habitat. Our Habitat is terrestrial so we call it as terrestrial habitat. All the types of forest, grasslands, desert, mountain, coastal area are its example. Crocodile, fish prawn, Octopus ete. are aquatic animals and they stay in water which is called as aquatic habitat. The examples are pond, lake, waterfall, ocean, river, swamps a. Fig.2.7 etc. Living organisms found in any of the habitat forms the biotic component, while non-living objects like air, water, temperature, soil, rocks formn the abiotic component. Nonliving and living components are dependent on each other. Non living components contribute in the survival of living components. That is why both the components are essentially most important for the habitats. ‘When the abiotic components of any place change, Organisms depending upon these abiotic factors also change slowly. Only those organisms will survive which are able to adapt to the changingscenario. Those organisms which are not able to cope up with, the changed environment are destroyed. Extinction of Dinosaurs from Earth is a good example. On account of living in different habitats living organisms exhibit diversity in onganisms as a result of their adaptation. Diversity appears slowly over a period of thousands of years Fig.28 Fill in the blanks : (@) Soil, water, rock are ‘component. (b) Surroundings of living organisms is their (©) Asa result of changes in the abiotic factors living organisms also exhibit. (@) Main parts of the cells are .. rial Habitat TerrestriaVland habitats are of many types, like- 2.4.1 Forest and Grassland Lion, tiger, deer, rabbit all live in forest or grasslands. In case of the forest big trees provides them shelter and place to live, brown grass of the grassland provides them the area for hiding from lion and tigers trying to catch their prey. Whereas deer hides and saves itself, the sharp and pointed claws of lion facilitate it piercing its prey. Long kegs of deer help in running to a longer distances. This way both the organisms have adapted in their habitat/shelter. Can you tell us about any two other animals whose life is adapted for living in the forest ? L 2. In forests and grasslands the plants also adapt themselves in accordance with their habitat in forest. Tree grows big and larger to get maximum solar light, creepers reach the heights by attaching themselves to some trees for getting sunlight. Below trees only those shrubs survive which can utilise less light for the photosynthesis. Grassland area contains the grass which is green in the rainy season and feeds the herbivores whereas in summers it dries and becomes brownish providing a place to hide.Fig. 2.9 (a) Fig. 2.90) 2.4.2 Mountain Area Forest and grass are also found in the mountain area, Mountain regions are very cold, as fast winds blow in these areas. Due to low temperature snowfall takes place in the winter. Due to slope water camnot stop, that is why trees shed their leaves. Leaves of many trees are like needle, so that snow camot settle on these leaves. In addition leaves have waxy cuticle, which prevents evaporation of water. Animals living in mountain our region have thick fur and thick skin, the fat content is also high which insulates body heat inside. Fig, 2.10 (a) Fig. 2.10) Perea BY In contrast to the mountain area daytime temperature is very high and night temperature is very low in desert. In deserts days are warmer and night is cold, rain is negligible here. This is the reason organisms are adapted to survive in low water. Came! living in desert have long legs. Their are thick and flat and they are higher in size. It facilitates their movement on the sand. They do not sweat and urination quantity is very low. Fat present in their bump helps them in staying without water for longer duration. Because of low night temperature in desert, animals living in desert like,snake, desert Scorpions, rats etc. hide in their underground burrow and they come out in night for their activities and search for food, This adaptation helps in their survival in desert. The leaves of desert plants are very small and spinous, Whereas stem is fleshy which ean conserve water. There spimus leaves, prevent water evaporation. These adaptations help their survival. In addition they have very long and deep root system which help in water absorption fiom distant places. Aquatic habitats are of two types : One with salty water like Ocean, Bays and other areas; second ‘with sweet water like river, pond, lakes, waterfall ete. Organisms living in ocean have to balance the salt of the body. Ifthey are not able to do this their body water will move out in the ocean. The gills of marine animals help in salt balance in their body. The structure of marine animals helps them in their survival in water. Their body is streamlined, These streamlined bodies are pointed in anterior and posterior side. It gives them power to move in water easily. Sinmultaneously the body is covered with scales which Fig. 2.12 also help in swimming like fishes Besides this some marine animals live in greater deapth or bottom like Octopus, squid, starfish ete Their body is not streamlined. They have many rms with which they catch their prey. When they swim they can make their body streamlined. Most of the marine animals respire through gills, but some marine animals like whale, dolphin ete. do not have gills. They respire through nostrils present in their head. They can stay in water without respiration for a longer duration. Periodically they come to the surface of water and expire carbor dioxide and take fresh air through the nostrils Water of ponds, rivers, lakes is sweet and they have a variety of organisms and plants. Fish, crocodile, tortoise are some examples.Fig. 2.13 Reef’ are plants similar to the algae. They either float on the surface of ocean like planktons or hold rocks on the sides so that they do not move away with sea tides like Calpis, Stem of plants living in water is hollow, which facilitates them in swimming. Stems of some plants are below water and their leaves and flower floating above on the surface like lors. Some other plants have their leaves inside water or they are thin and flat like ribbon; and so that they do not break in waves of water like Vallisneria, Fig. 2.14 Fig. 2.15 Some of the animals live on the shores of the water like fiog. They can live inside or on the side of the water. They have larger rear legs, their fingers have network, which helps them in jumping for catching preys and swimming. This way in nature frogs are adapted to survive inside water and outside as well You can observe a few more organisms living near water and see them for their adaptations.prin With all examples given above, we can understand that organism lives and stays at a place. Their body structure and their food are adapted accordingly. Different shapes and habits of organisms, \hich help them in survival in their surroundings, are called adaptation. In this chapter we are able to express about only a few organisms and plants. Living organisms are present everywhere on. land, water, ait. Do we know that small organisms like bacteria are found in snow covered Antarctica as well as boiling hot sulphur springs living successfully? Their cellular organization helps their survival in such extreme conditions. Activity 2.2 Prepare a list of five animals and plants around you that have adapted according to their environment. SL Animal Adaptation Plant Adaptation QE 1. Mark correct as right (7) and wrong as cross () from the given set - () Deer lives in desert correct/ wrong Gi) Most of the marine animals respite through gills. correet/ wrong (iii) Leaves of mountain region plants are thin like needle. comrect/ wrong (iv) Lion store fat in its hump. correct/ wrong (¥) Adaptation helps plants and animals to survive in their habitat. correct/ wrong,2, Fill in the blanks (a) Living being lives in the area that is known as his. () Mountain region is normally very . (© Body of fishis .. (@) Whale respire through .......... (©) The............ of plants living in water are long, hollow and light in weight Living and nonliving beings can be differentiated based on many characters. * Respiration, nutrition, excretion, growth, movement, sensation, reproduction and response with reference to environment are the key features of living organisms. * Every living organism is made up of cells, which are the structural and fimetional unit of life * Living organisms may be unicelfular or mutticeltular * In multicellular organisms cells are of different types and the structure of cells is based on their function. * Every cell contains cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. © Aplace where living organisms perform their functions and live is called as their habitat. * Different living organisms and plants live together in different habitats Among habitats main are terrestrial and aquatic. Desert, forest, grassland and mountains are the example of terrestrial habitat. Ovean, water bodies, lake, river waterfall ete. are aquatic habitats. * The specialized structures of living organisms ineInding plants, whieh allow them to, adapt in their environment are called adaptation. gO) 1. List five main characters of living organisms 2. What are the main parts of the cell ?What is adaptation and what is its importance in living organisms ? 4, Give example of Habitat and its definition. 5. What are the different types of aquatic habitat? Give two important features of animals living in this habitat, which facilitate their survival in water 6. What is the difference between habit and habitat? 7. Do plants have movement, explain with example? 8. ‘Mark tick on the correct answer (What is the shape of body of the dish (@) round (b) pointed (© rough @ streamlined (i) How does whale respire ? (a) fiom Gill (b) from skin © fiom nostril @ from mouth (iii) What ae the special features of the trees growing in the mountain region ? (a) Leaves are irregular (b) Leaves are lighter. (©) Leaves are like needle. @ Leaves are round. 9. Fill in the blanks- (a) Plants make their by photosynthesis themselves. (b) Gaseous exchange in plants is carried out by......... present in leaves. (©) Sensation is ... «eof living organisms. (@) Hydra can divide its body into two for reproduction. 24 1. (i) Right (i) Wrong (iii) Wrong (iv) Wrong (v) Wrong (vi) Right (vii) Right (viii) Right 2. Give some examples22 1. Habit, change, three, eells 2.3 1. Wrong, Right, Right, Wrong, Right 2. Habit, cold, streamlined, nostrils, stemsPlants and Animal World ‘Shyam and Sushila were walking in the garden. The birds were on the trees the inseets were hovering ‘over the flowers and butterflies. All was very attractive. Sushila told Ram look it is looking very beantiful, there are so many varieties of plants and trees in the garden. Ram said look at these ‘animals, On one side there is a very beautifil butterfly and on the other side there is a blood sucking ‘mosquito. Both laugh. ‘This is true there is a huge diversity in plants and animals. In plant world there are different varieties of algae, fungus, shrubs, herbs and trees. Similarly in animal world also diversity is seen. Is this diversity external or their body organisation is also different, the habit is also different. So what are ‘the similarities on the basis of which some living organisms are called as plants while others are called as animals. In this chapter we will study plants and animal diversity, their organs of movement ‘and information about their food.* see movement in animals as well as different parts of body of humans associated with the movement. * know human skeletal system as well as the skeletal system of other animals. ‘* find difference between bones and cartilages. * have description about the different types of joints. on of plants and trees ‘We saw different types of plants and trees around us. Some are small others are big. Their leaves, fiuits and flowers ate of different colour. Have you noticed how their branches are arranged on, their stem ? In gpite of huge differences among plants and trees, they appear to be similar. Let us try to understand some of the few characters on the basis of which they are distributed among different groups. KBB O ONO R Che neo e Soe OR ‘You know very well that some of the plants and trees are smaller and others are large. Some of the plants are so small that they appear like a dot on the earth, It means that the length of plants are different, Observe stem of plants and trees very carefillly. Stem of some of the plants is soft and in others it is hard. Branching on a stem is also at different heights. These are such characters on the basis of which plants can be divided into three groups : Herbs, shrubs and trees. (@) Herbs: Plants with green and soft stems are called as herbs. Usually they are small and do not have many branches. Like coriander, mustard, tomato, basil ete, Fig. 31 () Shrubs: In some plants branching takes place near the stem at the base. They do have a strong stem but itis not too thick. Their length is also more than that of herbs. Such plants are called shrubs example- nerium, lemon, hibisens, chandni ete.Fig. 32 (©) Trees: Trees are very long. Their stems very strong and is of dark brown colour. The branching starts at some height on the stem on the upper part such as neem, mango, drumstick, banyan tue, sheesham ete. Fig.33 Besides this there are creeper and climber plants. Creeper and climber plants: Some plants have very weak stem but they are different from the herbs. Some plants cannot stand erect due to weak stem but they can spread on earth. These are called as creeper plants like mint. But some of them can climb with the help of surrounding structures. such plants are called as climbers. Example grapes, money plant cucumber. Creepers and climbers. are different from herbs and shrubs. Fig. 3.4 (a) Fig. 3.4)Activity 3.1 Write down the names of two trees, shrubs, Herbs, creepers and climber plants around your house ‘Type of plants Name of Plants Herb Shrub Tree Creeper Plant Climber Plant oJ ssification of plants on the basis of diff Prete Let us leam about different parts of the plants. This will help us in understanding differences. Activity 3.2 1. Label the different parts of a potted plant like root, stem, leaves, flower and seeds using a diagram; else visit to a garden and label the different parts of the plant. Roots are inside the soil, which help binding of plants in the soil, they absorb mineral and water from the soil, Plants absorb minerals and water through these fiom the soil. Roots are of two types.@) ) Tap root: One is the main root. They are snaller roots coming out of this main root, which, are called as lateral roots like mango, guava, banyan Tree, hibiscus (China rose) etc. Adventitious root: These are associated with the lower part of the stem in the form ofa fiber None of the roots is the main root; all the roots are look alike like- wheat, grass, maize etc. ‘The main function of roots is to absorb water but some plants store their food in the roots. Some roots grow in size and become swollen like carrot, radish, sweet potato ete Activity 3.2 Visit to the orchard and remove weeds and classify taproot and adventitious roots. ‘Tap Root Adventitious Root Take two pots. Plant in one plant with roots and in another pot plant a plant without root. Keep both the pots in the light, give regular water, observe plants after a week, see if they are healthy and try to understand the reason.‘Stem help plants to stand erect. Stems contain branches. Water ran scare and minerals absorbed by the roots reach the different parts of the plants like leaves and flowers through stem and branches. They help transportation of food prepared by leaves through their branches to the cells of the roots. This way auaterial cau wove in buth the directivus in the stem; Water and Minerals absorbed by the roots towards leaves and f00d ya, gaze fiom top to down side. Different parts of the dower are Sayre MM associated with the stems like leaves, buds flowers, fnit ete. Activity 3.3 Take one glass, fill it with red ink, dip branch of a plant inside it, see if water rises; Ifthe veins of the leaves and branches are also colored red ? ff. . Fig. 3.7 Leaves are very important part of the plant. They are of different shapes and types. The part with which leaves are attached to the branch is called as Petiole. Activity 3.4 Look around your leaves of the plants. Do they all have petiole? The flat part of the leaf is called vein or blade. Blade contains different types of veins. In some leaves there is a vein in the middle. This middle vein is thick and there is a network of veins around it. The design formed by the veins on the leaves is called venation. This design aroundthe mid vein is in the form ofa network and it is called network venation. This venation can be very well seen in the leaves of the Peepal (Ficus religiosa) ie (x Fig. 3.8 (a) Fig. 3.8 0) Venation in the leaves of grass, wheat, maize is parallel. This is called as parallel venation. In this all the veins are of the same type. Activity 3.5 Collect the weeds fiom the orchard and segrezate the plants on the basis of parallel venation and network venation and observe their leaves. Is some relationship seen? Tabutate the observation in the given table- Name of Plant ‘Type of Root Leaf Vein configuration Activity 3.6 Take healthy leaves from a potted plant and keep them in a plastic bag. Put it into the sunlight. You will see water droplets inside the plastic bag after sometime. Can you tell where do from these droplets come?Pr ra Root stem and leaves are the symmetric part of the plants but flowers help in the reproduction of the plants. You must have seen a variety of flowers while walking in the garden. Now you can add details in the given table about the flowers observed. Name of flower | Colour of flower | Size of flower | When Flower | Fragrance in flower (SmallBig) | Day/Night) (Yes/No) Rose From this table we can conclude that some of the flowers are big while others are small. Some colored, others are white, some are with scent, whereas others are without scent. Let's now study the China rose (Hibiscus) flower as an example and understand different parts of the flower. Flower of China rose: from outside there are green leaves called fpr pst) as sepals which protect petals in the bud. It is of green colour ‘therefore, it can also carry out photosynthesis. The petals of the flower may be of different colours. They can be attached with each other or maybe separate. Their number may be different in different flowers. They make the flower group. If you open the petals of the flower then you can see their internal structures androecium and gynoecium. Androceium is the male part and the gynoccium is the female part of the flower, The male gametes anthers are present m anther Fig. 3.9 sac of the stamen. On the lower part of the gynoecium, inside the ovary, there are female gametes (you will study about androecium and gynoecium in detail in chapter 5 living process-II in detail), After reproduction ovule present in the ovary produces the seed and ovary contributes towards the formation of fiuit.Fig. 3.10(a) Fig, 3.10) Give answer in Yes or No: (@ Roots help in holding plants in the soil. (i) Material can flow only upwards in the stems. (iii) Creeping branches rise with the help on trees. (iv) All the leaves have venation, (v) Plants can make their own food. 2 Fill correct word in the blank: () Adventitions roots do not have (ii) Reddish is a type of (iii) Venation in the leaves of the grass is. type venation. (iv) Transpiration is carried ont by the present in the leaves (¥) Green color of the leaves is due to. .. Pigment. (vi) Process of making food is called YES/NO YES/NO YES/NO YES/NO YES/NO3. Match the flowers of the column A with that of column B. ‘Column ‘A 1. Sepal vy Petals 3. Androecinm 4. Gynoecium 5. Ovary Tea eer kien) Column 'B" Male part of flower. Contain eggs. Attractive part of flower. Protects the petals. Contains female gametes Similar to plants animal world is also having a huge diversity. We saw different types of animals around us. On the basis of size blue whale is the largest animal, in which only the weight of its tongue is equal to full elephant. Hees SERRE If we talk about small organisms then Amoeba and Paramecium etc. are so small that we cannot see them without microscope ual # £ Bey‘Some organisms live in water some on land, Some organisms ate seen flying in the air. Fig. 3.13 ‘Some have 2 legs others may have 4. Flies have 6 legs a mosquito has eight. Let us just try to count the legs of worn. Body of some animals is covered with hairs of others with scales. Some have tail and some have long horns. Some animal gives eggs, and the other produces babies. Fig. 314 Fig, 315 ERI Alll the animals exhibit movement. In search of food, mate and self defense they have to move fiom one place to another. The method of movement may be different in all different animals. It includes walking, roaming, running, jumping, flying, crawling and swimming as the main. The method of movement in animals depends upon the organs of movement. Animal with wings will fly. With legs they will run, those without legs and wings will erawl. Let's learn something more about them. PPS mer eur Some animals can crawl with the help of the abdomen or legs. In earthworm movement is by shrinking and expanding. The suckers present in his body help holding the soil and in the movementSnake can hold grip using its scales, which helps in the movement. In izards the cup shaped strueture in their legs allows them to stick to the wall and roof with which they can easily move. Fig 3.17 Snch animals walk on two or four legs. Cow, buffalo, tortoise, deer, ostrich and human are the example of sueh type of organisms Fig 3.18 FTet nan Such animals which can run on 2 or 4 legs like horse, deer, tiger, leopard ete. Fig. 3.19 ST eee Animals living in the water have a boat shaped body. Animals with such shape can easily move through the water current. The fins of fish help them in swimming and change of direction, example fish, crocodile, tortoise, snail, dolphin, octopus ete. 1. Fill in the blanks (@) The largest animal in the world is Gi) ..............can only be seen by microscope. ii) Spider has legs. (Wy) oeeeeceeee nis a crawling animal, 0) oeelays egg.2. Name of some animals are given in the below table. Write down their organs and method of movement. ‘Name of the Animal Movement in Part ‘Method of movement Rabbit Horse Parrot Lizard Fish Earthworm Snake oy TEE pita ey Have you ever observed, how many different types of movements are seen in human body ? Just think what are the different parts of your body that show movement when you- * Eat food * Comb your hair * Play football * — Runto catch the bus, What are the different organs and tissues that participate in the movements of the body? Just think if we do not have bones in our body. can we move? Yes the movement of our body is carried out with the help of bones. There are total 206 bones in our body. These bones form the skeletal system, after joining with each other. This skeleton gives a proper shape to our body. This is helpful in the movement of different organs of the body. Skeleton protects the soft organs of the body. Let us learn about the skeletal system, Soyer Skeletal system is a strong structure of bones present in our body. This gives a proper shape to the body. These bones are joined with each other with the help of cartilages, bones and ligaments.Fig, 321 Let us see what are the main parts of human skeleton, 1. Bones of skull: These bones are present in the upper part of our body whose main function is to protect the brain. f . Fig. 322 2. Ribs cage: Heart and lungs are protected by the rib cage of our skeletal system. 3. Vertebral Column: Vertebral column is made up of 33 vertebrae, which inchides 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic at vertebrae, 5 abdominal vertebrae, 5 caudal vertebrae (trikasthi) and 4 tail vertebrae in it. Vertebral column protect the spinal em eres cord inside it. Just imagine ifthere was a single long bone instead of vertebral column. al — Fig, 3.244. Girdle and arms: There are two girdles. In shoulder it is pectoral girdle and in hip region it is pelvie girdle, Pectoral girdle joins with arms whereas pelvic girdle joins leg bone. wear = Fig. 325) Fig. 3.25 0) Rn Just touch your ear, do you observe some feel of hard bone? You can fold your ear? This reveals that there is no bone in the ear, but some stronger structure is felt, which is strong as well as flexible. This is called cartilage. Cartilages are not as strong as bone but they are flexible. Cartilages are present in anterine part of nose and joints in our body. Fill in the Blanks: (Our body has. il) Vertebral Column has... Bones. + Vertebrae. Gil)... bones are joined in Pectoral girdle iv) Skeletal system project the soft........... of our body. () In addition to being strong cartilages are also... 2. Which soft part of our body is protected by the following: (i) Skull bones (ii) Rib cage (iii) Vertebral column:EEE Different bones of our body are joined with each other through joints. With the help of these joints our bones and parts of the body move. Let us see different types of joints and how they help in the movement. Different types of joints in our body are- 1 Ball-Socket Joint: Ball and socket jomt 1s found in shoulder, where humorous of armare joined with fitted into cavity of scapula in pectoral girdle and waite seapula of pectoral gitdle. Ball and socket means paey, {j \ AY ball and a cavity. The ball like head of humerous is r ¢ ey) on, can move. With the help of this joint hand ca move in fully circular manner, Similar type of joint is present between pelvie girdle and fenmr tone of, leg. Hinge joint: Try to fold your elbow (as shown in ‘the diagram), Can you turn it into the reverse direction as well? This joint is like the hinge present in the gate, which can move only in one direction. Hinge joint is found in elbow, ankle, knee, wrist ete. Pivot Joint: This isa joint between head and neck. In Pivot joint cylindrical bone moves in a ring. Due to this head can be moved forward backward or left and right. Immovable Joints: Our skull is made up of many bones. The joints between these bones prevent them fiom moving. Some joints are called as immovable joints. When you open your mouth, then you are moving your lower jaw away from your head. Now try to move your upper jaw. Are you able to move it? There is an immovable joint between skull and upper jaw. Fig. 3.28So far you have leamt about different types of joints. Come let us understand joints with the help of a diagram. —_ ae gen aaa a fest sgn -aiteer ol Fig. 3.29 On the basis of organization of the body different types of Skeleton are found among different animals. Skeleton of some common animals is given below. rr| @ Chapter Questions [3.4 1 2. Fill in the blanks: (i) Different bones of our body are joined by. (@ .............. can be rotated in full circle with the help of ball and socket joint. (iii) In pivot joint cylindrical bones move in one (iv) The joint between upper jaw and skull is. ‘Match the following: Column A Column B: (2) Hinge Joint (Skull bones (2) Ball and Socket Joint. (i) Knee bone (3) Immovable Joint. (iii) Between skull and neck (@) Pivot Joint (iv) Shoulder and Arms Plants are classified into three groups: herb, Shrub and trees, on the basis of their size strength of their stem, position of branches on their stem. ‘The main parts of the plant are root, stem, leaf, flower, fit, seed etc. Root attaches plant to the soil. They absorb water and minerals from the soil. Roots are of two types taproot and adventitious roots. Stem helps plant in standing in the ait. The minerals and water absorbed by the roots are transported to upside and food made by leaves to downside through stems. Leaves are mostly green. They have petiole and blade, Leaves make food for the plant and function in transpiration. Flower is the reproductive part of the plant. The main parts are petals, androecium and gynoecium. Pollen is present in androecium and egg in the gynoecinm. Ovary contains ovule, which is converted into seed after fertilization. The walls of ovary are converted into the fruit.* There are several types of animals around us. On the basis of size blue whale is the largest animal. Amoeba, Paramecium ete. ate so small that they cannot be seen without microscope. Some organisms live in weter some on land and some can fly in the air. * Bodies of some animals are covered by hair and of some by scales. Some are with tail others have horns. Some animal lays egg, whereas some give birth to young ones. . All the animals show movement. They have to move from one place to another in search of food, mate and for defense. * Skeleton protects soft organs of our body as well as give proper shape to body. We have total 206 bones in our body. These help in the movement of different parts of our body. + Skull bones are found on the upper part of our body. Their main function is to protect our brain. Heart and inngs are protected by the rib cage Vertebral column is made up of 33 vertebrae. Inside vertebral column our spinal cord is protected, * There are two girdles in our body- pectoral girdle in shoulder and pelvic girdle in hips. Bone of arms join in pectoral girdle, wiereas legs in pelvic girdle. * Bones are strong but cartilages are strong and flexible. * Different bones in our body are joined with each other through joints. With the help of these joints our bones and (indirectly) arts of our body move. * All such joints which allow bones to jon but not to move are called immovable joints, Se 1. Write down the following statements after correcting: (i) Waters transported to leaves by roots. (ii) Stems absorbs the water. (iii) ‘The sepal and petals of the flower are always same. {iv) If the units of sepals are joined then petals will also be joined. (v) _Stomata is present of the upper surface of the leaf. (vi) Pollens are produced by gynoecium.Label the different parts of the flower in the diagram. If the venation of neem plant is network venation what would be the type of roots ‘What is photosynthesis? In which part of the plant does it take place? Draw a labeled diagram of plant showing different parts. Select appropriate word to fill in the blanks: (a) weight of bie whales’. ..is equal to one fill elephant. @ Leg (i) Torgue ii) Tail (iv) Nose © _joint is found in our upper jaw. @ Hinge (i) Balland socket (iii) Immovable (iv) Spine (©) We have . .. cervical vertebrae in our vertebral column. @ 4 Gi) 7 (iil) 5 (iv) 12 @ can only be seen by microscope. @ Paramecium (ii) Earthworm (iii) Ant (iv) Hydra. ‘Write name: (a) Flying animal. () Crawling animal. (©) Swimming animal. @ Running animal. Exphain: (a) Difference between bones and cattilages. (b) In which parts Ball and socket joint is found ?(©) How does our body protect heart and lungs ? (@) What is immovable joint and where is it found? (©) Imagine the impact/losses without bones in our body. 9. Write down the name of joints in the given diagram. 10. What would happen if- * Vertebral column would be a long single bone. © We did not have joints in our body. * — Cartilage of ear was replaced by bones. 1. (i) Yes (ii) No (iii) No (iv) No (w) Yes 2. @ Main (i) Rovt (iii) Pauallel (iv) ait pores (v) Chlorophyll (vi) Photosynthesis 3. a. (iv) b. (ill) c Md. (we Gi) 32 1. (@ Blue whale (ji) Amoeba (iii) 8 (iv) Earthworm or snake (v) bird EiName of Animal Organ of Movement ‘Mode of Movement Rabbit Alegs Running Horse legs Running Parrot Wings Fly Lizard Cup shaped structure in legs | Crawling Fish Shape of body and wings ‘Swimming Earthworm Suckers Crawling Snake Seales Crawling @ 206 (i) 33 Gi) Arm iv) (¥) flexible (® Brain (ii) Heart and hings (ii) vertebral column (® Joints (ii) Arm (iii) ring (iv) Immovable Ma @d BaBiological Processes 1 (Respiration, Circulation and Excretion) All living organisms need energy to stay alive. Energy is essentially required for the proper functioning of the various activities of the body. But where does this energy come from? In the last chapter you have learnt that the living organisms derive nutrition by various means. The food procured by various sources 1s digested. ‘he digested food 1s absorbed by the body so that it can be ‘used for various fimetions in the body. The leftover, undigested waste material is thrown out of the body. Have you ever thought how energy is created from this digested food? How useful materials are sent to the cells in our body? Who takes away the waste materials out of the cells? How are they expelled out of the body? How all the organs of the body are controlled? You will get the answers to these questions in this chapter.Breathing is essential to produce energy in the bedy. Energy is essential for staying alive. In reality ‘energy is needed by every object for moving, welking ete. diesel or gas is needed for driving car, bus, truck ef, In the same manner all living organisms need food for movement and other functions ygen is an essential gas for producing energy from food ‘The energy accumulated in food is released only when, it bums in the oxygen gas, found in the air ‘that is when it reacts with it. Along with energy, carbon dioxide and water are also formed in this reaction. This process of formation of energy ffom food is called respiration. All living things namely plants and animals acquite energy in this manner. Food + Oxygen ——» Carbon di oxide + Water + Energy If all the living organisms respire day and night, inhale oxygen and exhale carbon di oxide then why is it that all the oxygen of the air is not exhausted and it is not completely filled with carbondioxide? ‘This does not happen because all green plants on the earth undergo an important process called photosynthesis. In this process the green plants take water from the soil and oxygen from the air and convert it into food in the presence of sunlight. Oxygen is also produced in this process which, is released in the air. That is why, itis said, plant more and more trees so that there is no scarcity of ‘oxygen in ait. wee We can divide the respiratory process into two parts:1. The process of breathing 2. The process of conversion of food to energy. ‘You know that we breathe day and night. Try to hold your breath for some time. For how long could ‘you do that? Can we live without breathing? Come let us determine how many times we breathe in 1 minute. Keep two fingers of your hand under your nose, When you release your breath you will feel the warm air coming out, You have to count the number of times your fingers feel this warm ait, that is how many times you took in and released your bresth, in one minute. We call this as rate of respiration. The rate of breathing is not same in al individuals. Generally it lies between 15- 28 but can be more or less than this. The rate of respiration increases with fast running, exercise or when we are affaid, The rate of respiration decreases while sleeping. Our body constantly receives oxygen through breathing. The amount of oxygen is more in the air inhaled through breathing. The amount of carboa - di - oxide is more in the air expelled through. breathing When the holy needs more energy, it demands more oxygen, thereby the rate of respiration increases (at the time of exercise). In the same manner when the body needs less energy the demand of oxygen decreases thereby the rate of respiration slows down (while sleeping). How do we Generally we breathe through our nostrils. The air taken in through the nostrils passes through the respirarory tube in the body and reaches the lungs. Lungs are a soft part of our body. In the last chapter you have read that our lungs are protected by a cage of ribs. This eage comprises of the vertebral column at the back and of the chest bone at the front. And both these bones are connected by ribs on cither side. The base of this cage is made up of a layer of muscles which is called diaphragm, The diaphragm keeps on moving up and down, The size of the lungs increases with the downward movement of the diaphragm and the outward movement of the ribs. This decreases the pressure of air inside theIungs. Due to this low pressure of air inside the lungs and high pressure of air outside, air outside enters in to the lungs. This is called taking in of breath (inspiration). On return of diaphragm to its normal position ay ate mt t rat fore Ssem cen (upwards) and the inward movement of ribs the ae size of lungs decreases and the pressure of air inside the lungs increases. The pressure of air being higher in the lungs than on the outside causes the air from inside the lungs to come out. This is called sw ae™e breathing out (expiration). (©) orc, Fig. 4.2 Activity 4.1 then how much? Take an inch tape.Breathe out all the air that you can and measure your chest, Then breathe in all the air that you can take and again measure the chest. Is there any difference between the two measurements? If yes, hie Activity 4.2 The process of breathing in and out can also be understood by a stall model, Cut the base of 500ml. cold drink bottle. Make a hole in the cap of the bottle and fit an empty pen refill in it. Tie a small balloon on the inner side of the refill and close the cap as shown in the diagram, Cut a large balloon, stretch it and tie it on the base of the bottle. It will work. asthe diaphragm, The moment this balloon will be pulled downwards the air will rush. through the refill and will fll the smaller balloon. The air reaches our ings in the same way.[© Chapter Questions 4.1 | Complete the sentence using the suitable word. @ () © @ © 3) () Breathing by our body is essential for the formation of 1. Food 2. Energy 3. Carbon dioxide 4. Oxygen When the food burns in ........... energy, water and carbon dioxide gas are produced. 1. Oxygen 2. Nitrogen 3. Hydrogen 4. Sulphur ‘The rate of respiration increases while 1. Relaxation 2. Consuming Food 3. Talking 4. Exercise, The air breathed out of the body has a large amount of. 1. Nitrogen 2. Carbon Dioxide 3. Oxygen 4, Helium ‘The lungs are protected in a cage, which contains ......... at its back 1. Breast bone 2. Shoulder Bone 3. Vertebral Column —4.-—_-Elbow bone. ‘The air taken in through the nostrils reaches the lungs through ... 1. Respiratory Tube 2. Alveoli 3. Diaphragm 4. Food pipe. ‘The size of lungs increases with the dewnward movement of ........ and the outward movement of the ribs. 1. Vertebral Column 2. Alveol 3. Respiratory Tube 4. DiaphragmTs Have you ever seen a bunch of grapes? The way in which the grapes are attached to the branches similarly many alveoli are attached to the branches of bronchi in the ngs. These alveoli are round and are surrounded by blood vessels. The exchanze of gases (gaseous exchange) takes place inside these alveoli. i trek mL Orn Fig. 4.3 The air entering the lungs contains more oxygen. When this air reaches the alveoli, the blood absorbs the molecules of oxygen and releases the carbon dioxide molecules, whieh it brings with itself. In this manner the more carbon dioxide is present in the air being breathed out. The blood takes oxygen from the lungs and returns it to the heart. The heart sends this blood to all the organs of the body to supply oxygen and food, cag se won eet ot yey 4 teten yey care tee See fim aon fh gf seo cons eed dare ene ce sft a 9 eh ee a Seas 9 ee ‘om sors noe The food after digestion gets converted to ghicose and this ghicose reacts with oxygen inside the cell. This reaction produces carbon dioxide, water and energy. This Carbon dioxide is returned tothe hungs.by being carried by the blood. This process is called cellular respiration Food + Oxygen ——> Carbon di oxide + Water + Energy The energy produced by respiration keeps onr body warm, With its help our body is able to perform various functions. To leam that Carbon dioxide and water are released during respiration let us perform some experiments/activity. Activity 4.3 For this activity we need some lime water. To make lime water take some quick lime used for white washing and dissolve it in water. A lot of heat (energy) is released during this process. Stir this mixture and leave it for some time. After 1 - 2 hours collect the clear water which has accumulated at the top. This is lime water. It is a property of carbon, dioxide that it turns lime water milky. Now take some ol wy lime water in a glass container. Blow some ait bubbles into it with the help of a syringe or pump. Does the lime \/ Ni water turn milky? Now take some lime water in another glass container. Blow some air into it with the help of a straw. Does (he line water (urn milky? You wil see that the lime water in which air was added with the help of a syringe or pump did not turn milky whereas the lime water in which air was blown with the help of a straw turns milky. By this itis clear that the amount of carbon dioxide is not much in the atmospheric air. Whereas the air coming out of our body contains more carbon dioxide. This means carbon dioxide is formed in our body, Activity 4.4 Blow hard on a mirror. Does the mirror become blurred? Why does this happen? When we breathe out air, it contains water in the form o” vapour, which makes the mirror blur. aTNEWintU a neko ener nt ee Yes there are some animals, which can respire without oxygen, for example yeast. This type of respiration is called anaerobic respiration, In this process the glucose molecules break down into alcohol, carbon dioxide and a small amount of energy. Sometimes anaerobic respiration takes place in cur body also. When we rim very fast, do a lot of exercise or cycle for a long period of time our body suddenly needs a large amount of energy. In stich cases the amount of oxygen falls short and so the body performs anaerobic respiration for a little while. Lactic acid is formed in the muscles of the organ, which has performed work during, anaerobic respiration by the organ. There is a tingling sensation in the muscles due to the formation, of lactic acid which subsides on massaging or hot fomentation. Qummcmmns Put a tick on the right and a cross on the wrong statements. i The alveoli in the Inngs look like custard apple Right/wrong, ii, Exchange of gases between the air and blood takes place in the alveoli. Right/wrong iii, ‘The blood carries oxygen from the lungs back to the heart. Right/wrong, iv. The blood is sent to all the organs to deliver carbon dioxide Right/wrong 2. Complete the sentences. 8) Glucose formed after the digestioa of food reacts with oxygen to form energy in b) Carbon dioxide gas turns lime water ©) The air breathed out contains a large amount of d) The respiration which takes place in the absence of oxygen is called ... ©) eecessnssw fs formed in the muscles during anaerobie respiration.ein emer ant Like man most of the animals possess hmgs for respiration. Animals such as cow, buffalo, dog, cat, goat, lion, all birds, alligator, frog etc. respire throagh their lmngs. But many animals respire through, their skin, special pores found on their bodies or by gill slits. CRB RE UCR eu) Have you ever touched the skin of an earthworm? It is always wet and slimy. Earthworms absorb oxygen fiom the air by their skin and release carbon dioxide in the air throngh it, But to breathe the skin of earthworm should be moist. This is the reason that the earthworms die in the sun and hide inside the moist soil to keep themselves moist. Like earthworms, salamanders also breathe through, their skins. Insects such as cockroach have characteristic tubules for breathing. These are called trachea. A network of these tubules is spread all over their body. These tubules open on the surface of the body through specialized openings called spiracles. The air enters this network of trachea through spiracles. All the cells of the body take oxygen fiom the air present in this network and release carbon dioxide in this air. This air comes out of the body through the spiracles and new oxygen rich air again enters the body.Ree Crier oh ogee nirea ita eat cy Fishes have special organs for breathing which are called gill slits. Fishes take oxygen from water with the help of gill slits. Gillslits contain a lot of blood vessels. Fishes take in a lot of water in their mouth, which passes through gill slits. The blood flowing through gill slits absorbs the oxygen through water. 7 Many animals living in water like whale dolphin etc breathe through lungs. They have to frequently bring Rea? their mouth on the surface of water to breathe. nike en ent) Like all living beings plants also need energy. In their cells also, the food particles in the presence of oxygen, breakdown to form carbon dioxide, water and energy. It means that plants also need oxygen. All parts of he plaut (ake oxygen fom ihe ait, Roots also need oxygen. They take oxygen fiom the air trapped within the soil particles. That is why plants should not be watered too much, as then the water takes the plaee of air in the soil. That is why it is necessary to hoe NOC 8 the soil Qa Match column A with Column B Fig 4.8 Column A Column B (@) Salamander @ Gill slits (b) Cockroach Gi) Langs (© Fish (iii) Trachea (@ Whale (iv) Skin (©) Frog (vy) Lamgs and Skin a2. Answer the following questions (@) Why does a whale have to take its mouth out of the water frequently ? ()) Why is it necessary for the earthworm to keep its skin moist? (©) Where do the organisms living in water get their oxygen from? (@ Why is hoeing of a plant necessary from time to time? stem In respiration you have read that the blood flowing through our body carries digested food and oxygen to the cells, so that respiration can take place and energy is produced. Blood is that liquid in our body that connects all the organs of the body. The liquid part of the blood is called plasma Plasma contains three types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The red blood cells are the most abundant in blood. It contains a red pigment called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin attaches the oxygen to itself and carries it to various cells of the body. If the hemoglobin content of the body becomes less, then the cells receive less oxygen and less amount of energy is produced. If there is less energy then a man feels weak and becomes tired quickly. For the production of hemoglobin iron is necessary in the body. Due to the deficiency of iron the hemoglobin production decreases and a man experiences weakness and fatigue. This condition is called anemia. ‘White blood cells are the soldiers (protectors) of our body. These destroy the disease causing micro organisms entering our body. Whenever we are hurt and the blood flows fiom our body the platelets. form a clot and stop this blood flow. Ran The blood in our body flows through blood vessels (tube like structures). These are of three types 1. Arteries: These carry the blood fiom heart to different parts of the body. Their walls are thick @and elastic because the blood flowing in these is under high pressure. The amount of oxygen in the blood of arteries is high. (Except for the pulmonary artery which carries blood to the lungs.) 2. Veins: These vessels collect blood from vatious parts of the body and bring it towards the heart. Their walls are thin and contain valves to prevent the backflow of the blood. The amount of oxygen in the blood flowing through the veins is low, 3. Capillaries: These are formed of a single layer of cells through which exchange of materials to other cells takes place. Small arteries branch into many capillaries in the tissues of the body (group of cells) and then these capilleries rejoin to form veins, yaa ‘Heart is that pump in our body that works nonstop since birth till death due to which the blood continnonsly circulates through the body. The heart of a man is situated in the chest between the two Ings. This organ lies safe within a box like structure made of ribs and the vertebral cohumn. The shape of the heart is somewhat like that of a fist. The heart is made up of four chambers. The two upper chambers are called auricles and the two lower chambers are called ventricles. The curicles and the ventricles are connected to each, other through valves so that the blood can flow ‘om auricles to the ventricles but the blood from, the ventricles cannot flow back to the auricles. The work of bringing the blood to the heart is done by the two vena cava and the pulmonary veins and that of taking away of the blood from the heart is done by the aorta and the pulmonary arteries. ‘The veins coming from the upper and the lower parts of the body join and form the vena cava. The vena cava open in the right auricle of the heart." Pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood from the Tings into the left anricle ‘The vena cava and the pulmonary veins bring the blood to the heart at the same time. The auricles and the ventricles contract and relax alternately. One cycle of contraction and relaxation of both the auricles and ventricles is called a beat. The heart of a human beats 72 times Fig. 49 in one minute. We can feel this beat by our hands Doctors use a stethoscope to hear this beat. Le BeeneThe blood sent by the heart to the arteries is accompanied with a jerk, and exerts a pressure on the arterial walls. This is called as blood pressure. We can feel this pressure in our arteries. It can be felt quite well in the wrist. This is called pulse rate. It can be felt 72 times in one minute Place the fingers of your right hand on the thumb of your left hand and let them come slowly towards the wrist. Stop on reaching the wrist and feel the pulse with your fingers. Find ont how many times you feel the pulse in one minute. Activity 4.5 8 Fill in the blanks. () The heart is protected within a cage like structure made of and the vertebral column. (ii) ‘The heart is made up of four........ the upper two chambers are called ...... and the lower two chambers are called (iii) Auricles and Ventricles are connected to each other by... iv) The pulse beat can be felt times in one minute. 2. Answer in one word. (What is the liquid portion of blood known as? (i) What is the red coloured pigment present in blood called?(iii) Which vessels take the blood to different parts of the body? (iv) Where do the pulmonary veins bring the oxygenated blood from? (v) Which blood cells destroy the disease causing microorganisms entering the body? ‘Many chemical reactions take place in our body all the time. Many substances are formed due to these reactions, which are waste and it is essential to remove them from the body. Otherwise they cause poisonous effect on our body. The process of removal of waste substances from our body is called Excretion. The blood collects the waste substances from all cells of the body. Out of these carbon dioxide is taken to the hungs and is exereted through breath. For the removal of other soluble substances from the body a specialized system, an excretory system is there, the main parts of which are as follows. 1. A pair of kidneys: These organs are shaped like ome) bean seed. hey sieve the blood and remove the ‘waste substances in the form of urine. mee Se 2. Ureter: A ureter comes out fiom each kidney. They collect the urine from kidneys and teke it to the urinary bladder. 3. Urinary bladder: The urine brought through the ‘weter is collected in this bag like structure called urinary bladder. When it gets filled up to a certain TAR — level then there is an urge to urinate. The urine pt passes through the urethra and is released out of the body, and the body is cleansed. ey ‘Sometimes the kidneys ofa person stop working, When this happens the excess of waste materials in the blood becomes very harmful. If the blood is not filtered in time then it leads to death. In such cases the blood is filtered through a machine. This process is called dialysis. Some ofthe waste materials of our body are also removed through sweat. By sweating/ perspiration, the waste materials are removed from our body, and due to the evaporation of sweat the skin becomes: cool as well.Most of the gaseous exchange in plants takes place through stomata present on their leaves. Other than this the cells of the roots, stems ete. directly take oxygen fiom the ait for respiration and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Plants have vascular tissues for the transport of substances in liquid form. The vascular tissues are of two types. 1. Xylem tissue: In plants the fibers of the xylem tissue form a pipe like structure fiom the roots, up to the tips of the stem. The transport of water to the upper parts of the plant takes place through these. 2. Phloem tissue: The cells of this tissue are also pipe like. They take food from the leaves and. ‘transport it to all parts of the plant. Water keeps on evaporating in the form of vapour from the leaves of the plant. This process is called transpiration. This continnous loss of water in the form of vapour creates a continuous low pressure and to fill this gap, water is pulled from the lower parts of the plants to its upper parts. @ .... Sieve the blood and remove the waste substances in the form of urine. (ii) Incase of kidney damage the blood is filtered through a machine. This process is called (ii) A group of cells performing similar functions is called .. (iv) Phloem tissue takes.....from the leaves and transports it to all parts of the plant (¥) The evaporation of water, in the form of vapour, from the leaves of plants is called. 2. What is xylem tissue? What are its main functions? 3. When does a person need dialysis?4. What is the advantage of perspiration? ee RE The working together of all the organs of the body in a proper manner is called coordination. In human body this fimetion is performed by two organ systems 1. Nervous system 2. Endocrine system. Nervous system of the human body Alll the organs and finetions of the human body are controlled by the nervous system. There are three main parts of the nervous system. Brain, spinal cord and nerves, which are formed by these organs by special types of cells and these cells are called nerve cells. 1. Brain: It is a very soft and important part of the hody It is protected by a box, made up of skull bones. The thick skin and hair covering the box Memon re also protect the brain. The structure of the brain is crebrum) like a walnut seed. The finetion of brain is to Speech + Srl think understand, memorise, intercept the messages Movement (Anterior (mterion Sensation (Posterior) Vision from the sense organs, understand them and make Tas Hebring Boas the body perform the proper funetion, keep the body in balance, to ditect all the body organs to Fig tll work in coordination, 2. Spinal cord: This is a soft and cylindrical pipe like structure, which starts from the hind brain and extends downwards into the vertebral column. It is protected by the vertebral column, itself. It is the link between the brain and the nerves Some functions of the body are performed by the spinal cord itself, without the order of the brain. For example, taking hand offa hot griddle after accidently touching it, swapping off of any insect as soon as it comes before the eyes etc. Such fimetions (Which are controlled by the spinal cord without the intervention of the brain) are called Reflex Actions3. Nerves: these are of two types- (1) Cranial Nerves, which receive the external stimulus through the sense organs and carry it to the brain and we become aware of the external objects. (2) Spinal Nerves, which arise from the spinal cord and branch out into the whole body. These control all the involuntary functions of the body. pooner ner Apart from the nervons system our body has some glands which secrete some special types of chemical substances (hormones) and add them to the blood. These hormones control the important fimetions of our body. The main endocrine glands of the human body are: 1. Pitutary Gland: This endocrine gland is associated ae with the brain, It controls all the other glands so it = #*: eet iP is also called the master gland. The hormones _ at ong 1 secreted by this gland control the growth ofhuman ry * beings. er 2. Thyroid gland: This gland situated in the throat i 2 produces the thyroid hormone which controls the metabolic activities (digestion, respiration ete.Jof 8% the body. Iodine is necessary for the production of } this hormone. Due to the deficieney of this Todine a the thyroid gland increases in size. This disease is guy oa) called Goitre. So 3. Panereas: This gland also produces the digestive Fig. 4.13{nices (you have read about them in the digestive system) as well as hormones.The insulin hormone secreted by this gland keeps the level of glucose in the blood in control. The amount of glucose increases in the blood due to the deficieney of this hormone. This disease is called diabetes. 4. Adrenal gland: These are situated above the Kidneys. The hormones secreted by this gland regulate the amount of salt in the blood. It also controls the conditions of exeitement (anger stress etc.) 5. Testis and Ovary: The ovary in female and the testis in males produce sex hormones. The estrogen is produced in the ovaries and testosterone is produced in the testis. 1. Answer the following questions a. What is coordination ? b. What are the three main parts of the nervous system ? cc. Where is the spinal cord situated ? d. Give two functions of the brain. Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland ? £ What is the function of the insulin hormone ? 2. Match column A with column B column A column B 1. Iodine i reflex action eo)2. Spinal cord balance of amount of salt in the blood 3. Adrenal gland iii, thyroid gland 4. Ovary iv. testosterone 5. Testis v. diabetes 6. Tnsulin vi. estrogen It is necessary to breathe for the procuction of energy by the bodyThis process of production of energy in the body is called respiration. When the body needs more energy, it demands more oxygen and the rate of respiration in the body increases, for example, during exercise. ‘The air taken in by the nostrils reaches the lungs through the respiratory tube. The lungs are the main part of the respiratory system. For the protection of the lungs there is a box made up of bones in our chest. The base of this box is made up of a muscular sheet called diaphragm, We can breathe because of the constant up and down motion of the diaphragm. Inside the Lungs the exchange of gases between air and blood takes place by the spherical alveoli present on the branches of bronchi ‘There are some animals, which can respire in the absence of oxygen, for example, yeast This kind of respiration is called anaerobic respiration, Most of the animals have lungs for breathing. Some animals like earthworm, salamander ete, breathe through their skin, Insects like cockroach have special tubules called trachea for respiration. Fishes have gill slits for breathing, Plants also produce energy from food. All (he parts of te plaut (heuselves take vaygen from air. Therefore itis essential to hoe the soil so that the air reaches the roots. Blood is that fluid flowing through ou body that connects all the organs of the body with each other. The liquid part of the blood is called plasma ‘There are three types of blood cells in the plasma - red blood cells, white blood cells and. the platelets.The hemoglobin present in the red bloed cells adds oxygen to itself and takes it to the various cells. White blood cells destroy the various disease causing microorganisms entering the body, the platelets present in the blood form a clot on the wound and stop the blood flowing from it. Our body has three types of vesicles- Arteries, veins and capillaries. Heart is one organ of our body that works without stopping throughout our life The work of bringing the blood in the heart is done by the two vena cava and the pulmonary veins and the Aorta and the pulmonary arteries do the work of taking away of the blood. The heart of a human being beats 72 times in one minute. It is made up of two auricles and two ventricles. The blood is pushed into the arteries with a force, which creates a pressure on the walls of the arteries. This is called blood pressure. ‘Many waste products are formed due tc the chemical reactions taking place in the body and it is essential to remove them. The process of removing the waste materials from the body is called Excretion The main parts of the excretory system are a pair of kidneys, ureters and a urinary bladder. If the kidneys stop working due to any reason then these harmful waste substances are removed through a machine, This process is called dialysis. Some of the waste products of our body are also removed through sweat ‘Most of the gaseous exchange occurring in the plants takes place through the stomata present on the leaves of the plants. Plants have vascular tissues for the transport of substances in liquid form. These are known as xylem and phloem. ‘Vapours come out from the leaves of the plants every time. This is called as transpiration. All the organs of the body work in synchronization with each other. It is called as coordination. Nervous system and endocrine system together control all the processes of the body. Brain functions are of thinking, remembering, balancing and understanding IT sector. Spinal cord can perform emergency fimvctions at its own. It is called as reflex action. Nervous system is made up of three pa:ts- brain, spinal cord and nerves. Endocrine glands produce hormone. Hormone controls different fimctions of our body.Ament 1. Select the correct word: (a) Plants roots also require ... () Carbon di oxide (i) Hydrogen (ii) Oxygen (iv) Nitrogen (b) Dolphin respires through their @ Skin Gi) Lungs Spiracles (iv) Gills oO. disease is caused by the deficiency of Iodine. @ Diabetes (i) Goitre (iii) Anemia (iv) Night blindness (@)_..........acid is formed in the muscles that effects sensation. @) Nitric (ii) Sulphurie (ii) Hydrochloric (iv) Lactic (©) Transportation in our body is done by........... @ Blood (ii) Sweat Gi) Cells Gv) Air (O)-.-.-+.--ilters blood and waste is converted into urine. Lungs (i) Kidney Heart (iv) Pancreas @® .. coming out of brain and spinal cord are spread in whole body. @ Artery Gi) Nerves (ii) Cells (iv) Veins 2. Give answers: (a) Which gas plant takes in the respiration 2® © @ © oO ® From which organs frog take oxyzen from the air ? In which process Plant releases osygen ? How blood is filtered after defect in the Kidneys ? ‘What is formed from glucose in tae in anaerobic respiration? In females which gland produces estrogen ? ‘Where does brain remain safe ? Give reasons: @ () © @ © Why the rate of respiration in a sleeping person is low ? ‘What happens inside alveolus of the lung ? Why whale has to bring his mouth regularly outside water for respiration ? Why do legs tee! sensation atter running very fast’ Why does earth worm die in sunlight ?(© How many types of blood vessels are present in our body? (® What is the meaning of hemoglotin in the blood ? (b) How pulmonary artery is differen: from others ? (How urine is formed 2 (What is the function of xylem in the plants ? (©) What will happen if spinal cord doesn't perform reflex action 2 (Why is control on the organs of the body required ? Label the diagram given below:OES en 41 1 (a) energy (b) oxygen (© exercise (@ carbon dioxide () vertebral colum = (f) trachea (@ diaphragm 42 1. @)_ wrong (b) right (©) right (@ wrong (a) _ for taking air because it respirs through lungs. (b) moist skin can absorb oxygen from the air. (©) dissolved oxygen in water. (@ roots of the plant take oxygen present in the soil particles. This oxygen is essential for their respiration. In order to maintain the oxygen in the air regular tilling is required. 44 1 @ ribs ii) chambers, auricle, ventricle (iii). gates (iv) 22 2. @ plasma (ii) hemoglobin (iii) artery (iv) from lungs (v) white blood cells 45 1 @_ kidney (i) dialysis (iii) tissue (iv) please (v) transpiration 2. Xylem tissue is found in plants. This is a tube like structure from roots tll the upper tip of the plant, Water absorbed by the roots is transported to the upper parts of the plant. When both the Kidneys of the person stop finetioning,46 Sweat removes waste material of our body towards outside, its evaporation gives cooling effeet to the body. @ b) © @ © oO @) 8) ) keeping synchronization between diffzrent parts of the body is called coordination. brain, spinal cord, nerves, inside the vertebral column thinking, understanding and the balance of the body. it controls all other endocrine glands. regulate the level of glucose as per requirement. @ i ii ® vi iv OvBiological Processes II (Reproduction in Animals) Each organism wheather animal or plant produces young ones to maintain their species. But how much do we know about this miracle of nature? Do all organisms give bitth to young ones? How does reproduction take place in birds, frog, fish and insects? How does a child look in the womb of ‘the mother? What determines whether it will be amale or female? There is a difference between the adults and the young ones of almost all organisms. These differences may be small in some organisms and large in some others.In human beings also, a lot of changes take place, ftom infancy till adulthood. ‘Why do these changes occur? What are the modes of reproduction in plants? Do all the plants form fiom seeds? Which plant is grown by which method? We will get information about some of such. subjects in this chapter.Modes of reproduction in animals Reproduction in animals takes place by two methods: 1. Sexual reproduction 2. Asexual reproduction Come let us Jeam about these in detail. eee nore Males and females are different in many animals, There is a large difference in their reproductive organs. Male and female seeds are produced in the reproductive organs. These are called gametes. A zygote is formed by the fasion of the male and female zygote. The zygote develops to form a new organism. This type of reproduction where the fusion of male and female gametes takes place is called sexual reproduction. afte ort wy De (sige) —» 0 site el ——> rel Bray As an example of sexual reproduction, we will first try to understand the reproductive organs and the reproductive process in man Oe CORO RLELy te Ca First we will lean about the reproductive organs of man. 1. Male reproductive organs The male reproductive organs consist of a pair of testis, two vas deferens and one penis. These organs are simiin present on the outer part of the body cavity. Male gametes, which are also called sperms, are produced in the testis. Sperms are very stall, Each sperm consists of a head, middle piece and a tail. Lacs nesa2 of sperms are continously formed in the testis. These ar sperms enter the vas deferens from the testis.But the \t exit the testis by themselves. They can sperms cannot exit the testis by themselves. They eer exit only by the relaxation and contraction of the muscles of the testis. We The sperms cannot move forward by themselves in the seminal vesicles also. Their journey is completed by the relaxation and contraction of the vas deferens. During this journey the sperms become completely ‘mature. Fig. 5.2 The mature sperms from the vas deferens enter the penis, Before entering the penis secretions from two different glands mix with the sperms ‘The mixing of these fluids and sperms forms semen. The body absorbs the semen, which is not discharged out of the body at the time of ejaculation. In this mamner everyday Ines of sperms are formed and destroyed in the body of the male. Female reproductive organs Female reproductive organs are present in the lower eiert feet oa abdominal patt (pelvis) of the female. The female reproductive organs consist of a pair ef ovaries, fallopian tubes or oviduets and a uterus (womb), The ovaries are about the size of almonds. These are ¥*#"" rr situated a little below the waist. Female gametes (Ovum) are produced in the ovaries. These female gametes are very small. There is a regular cycle of the ar maturation of the female gametes. This cycle is ofabout 28 days. During this eycle only one ovum natures and comes out of the ovary. Like the sperms the ovum is also unicellular. One tube each arises from each side above the womb, These ate called oviducts. The second end of the oviduet Fig. $3 is near the ovary. There it looks like a claw. Every month one mature ovum is released by any one of the ‘BEH ovaries. The moment this ovum is released out of the ovary, the claw like oviduct sucks it inside itself. In this manner ovum released fiom the ovaries reaches the uterus. The lower part of the uterus is open. It is called the neck of the uterus. It is situated somewhat above the vagina. The menstrual blood flows out of it every month. Fig. 34During copulation the male releases its semen at the mouth of the vagina. This semen consists of not one or two but thousands of sperms. These sperms reach the uterus and the oviducts above it by swimming with the help of their tails. If any mature ovum is present there at that time then, the sperm fuses with it. But only one of the lacs of sperms can enter the ovum, ‘The ovum and sperm filse and become one cell. This is called a zygote. The rest of the sperms are destroyed. This process of fision of a sperm and ova is called fertilization, The zygote formed as a result of fertilization enters the uterus and sticks to its wall and implantation, takes place. Fig. 5.5 amd hes am 3 Rea eer & Fig. 5.7 1. What are the various types by which reproduction takes place in organisms? 2 What do you mean by sexual reproduction? 3 Mark (right) or (wrong) i. Male reproductive organs consist of two pairs of testis. _(right/ wrong)ii, Semen is formed as a result of fertilization. (right/ wrong) iii, ‘The sperms enter the penis via the vas deferens. (right/ wrong) iv. Ovary is situated below the waist (right/ wrong) v. There is no certain cycle of maturation of ova in women. _(tight/ wrong) A. Give one word answer for: i Where are the male gametes formed? ii, What is formed by the mixing of the liquid materials and sperms? iii, Where are the female gametes formed? iv. How many ova are mature and are released by the ovary in one month? ¥v. What is the process of the fusion of male and female gametes called? Sentinel In animals fertilization is of two types. (i) interual fertilization and (ii) external fertilization Internal fertilization takes place in animals like man, cow, goat,dog.hen, pegion, lizard ete. In internal fertilization the fusion of the male's sperm and female's ova takes place inside the body of the female animal. pee Coe IB Conran Tony In many animals the fertilization takes place out of the body of the female animal. External fertilization takes place in frog, fish and other animals living in water. Come let us learn where andhow the fertilization in frog takes place ‘The male and the female fiog come together in water. There the female lays thousands of eggs. These eggs are very soft. A jelly like layer covers these eggs. This jelly ike layer keps the eggs together and protects ‘hem fiom other animals. As soon as the female lays eggs the male fiog releases its sperms. There sperms swim in water with the help of their long tail. The sperms that reach the egg, enter the egg and fertilize it. Rest of the sperms and ova are either destroyed or they FAM ‘become the food for other animals. In this manner, the Fig. 5.8 fertilization in frog takes place outside in water and not inside the body of the female frog; therefore it is called extemal fertilization. Just think why fish and fiog release thousands of eggs at once a As a result of fertilization a zygote (fertilized egg) is formed. This zygote develops into a zygote. Com let us lea Low this happeus. A sual spherical mass of cells is formed as a result 1 2 3 4 5 6 of continuous divisions of the zygote. After some time the cells get divided into many 3 3 9 xoups. These various groups of cals hier @ on form the different organs and tissues. The structure thus developed is calledembryo.In 7 8 9 16 20-36 38 man and other animals, which give birth to young ones, this embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus and gradually completes its 3 3 3 3 development. The state of the embryo in which all the body parts can be identified is Fig. 5.9 called foetus. The mother gives birth to the child after the complete development of the child. Internal fertilization takes place in hen also but ‘they lay eggs instead of giving birth to young ones. The development of their young ones takes place outside their body in eggs. Come let us lear how this happens. In hens, the zygote continuously divides immedietely after fertilization keeps on moving down the oviduct, As the zygote moves down the oviduct a hard layer starts accumulating on it. When this hard layer is completely formed the hen lays the egg. It takes about 3 weeks for the ehick to forminside the egg. Heat is essential for the development of the chick inside the egg. Therefore the hen sits on the eggs and provides the heat to the egg. When the chick is fully developed then it breaks open the hard shell of the egg and comes out Tn animals showing external fertilization the development of the embryo takes place out of the body of the female. The embryo develops inside the protective covering of the egg After their complete development the young ones hatch out of the egg eer ee CRO aed Here we have learnt that some animals give bitth to young ones whereas some lay eggs. Those animals, which directly give birth to the young ones, are called viviparous. Those animals, which, lay eggs, are known as oviparous animals. Frog, lizard, hen, butterfly, pigeon, parrot and other birds and insects are oviparous animals. We can get their eggs easily. We do not get the eggs of Cow, goat, man, cat, and such other animals because they do not lay eggs. Their eggs remain in the body of the female and they give birth to young ones only after their complete development. Therefore all these animals are called viviparous. Qs 1. What is the difference between Internal and External fertilization? 2. What is the type of fertilization in the listed animals? si. | Animal Fertilization Type 1. | Hen Frog Lizard 4. | Fish 5. | Pigeon3. Fill in the blanks (Animals laying egg are called as... animal Gil) Viviparons animal directly give birth to (iii) Egg develops into Gv) Hinman embryo develops after attaching to the wall of ... (¥) The stage of embryo where body organs can be detected is called as 4. Give answer in one word: () What is the term used for animals giving birth directly to the young ones? (ii) What is formed after fertilization? (iii) Where the hard shell on the hen’s egg is covered? (iv) How much time is taken in the formation of chick inside the egg? eon The young ones of animals keep on developing until they become adults. But in some animals the young ones are quite similar to the adults, But in some animals the young ones are entirely different from the adults. Frog is one such animal. Its young ones look completely different from the adult Here three distinct stages of development of young one to adult are seen. The young one of fiog, which emerges from the egg, is called tadpole. It is looks cntircly different from the frog. It is difficult to even imagine that this tadpole will one day tum into a frogIn the same way silk worms also lay eggs. The larva emerges out of the egg and this larva forms pupa, After sometime the pupa changes into adult silkworm. It is interesting to note that the colour, structure, behavior of every stage is very different It means that the young ones of silkworm and frog wo & a uv — ee: aa Fig. 5.12 a- a ‘area d wr aie undergo many changes, and only after that they look like the adult animals. This type of conversion from young ones to aduitsis called metamorphosis. Human beings also undergo many changes from childhood to youth (adulthood) but they do not undergo metamorphosis. The height and weight of the children keep on increasing, The intelligence and knowledge also increases. Some changes occur at the age of 11- 12 years, which causes an upheaval. This happens because many changes suddenly take place in a very small period of time. Different types of changes take place in the bodies of boys and girls. The following table depicts the changes taking place in the bodies of girls and boys. Physical changes taking place in girls (transformations) Physical changes taking place in boys (transformations) Sudden increase in height Sudden increase in height Growth of hair under the arms and on pubic area Development of productive urges Onset of menstrual cycle Change in the structure of the body, Cracking of voice development of breasts Broadening of hips Growth of facial hair Growth of hair on the chest, under the arms and pubic area Development of penis and reproductive organs Onset of discharge of semen Eruption of pimples and acne on face Eruption of pimples and acne on ficePRN CEM eee teil) When the body undergoes so many changes then there is turmoil in the thoughts as well. The boys and girls are not accustomed to this altered physical condition. Their body feels new to them. They have a feeling of embarrassment due to their body. They start thinking themselves to be somewhat like adults. That is why they do not like the advice of adults aud their words pinch them. They have feelings of shyness, fear, embarrassment, dismay, hesitation, angst, confusion and peevishness Pe iN On es Eee oe There are some glands in the body. These glands secrete some special chemicals. These chemicals are called hormones. Hormones are of many types. They work in a different manner. Some hormones regulate the amount of sugar, salt, water and calcium in the body. Some hormones cause changes in the reproductive organs. Hormones also affect the mental state. In everyone hormones are produced according to the need of his/her body. When and how much, of the hormone is to be produced, is determined by a special gland. This gland is called the pituitary gland, This gland is present in the middle ofthe brain, At the age of 11-12 this gland orders the reproductive organs to produce special hormones. Testosterone is produced in the body of boys. This hormone is produced in testis. This hormone is responsible for the production of sperms and other changes in the body. Two hormones. are produced im the boby of gurls which cause changes m thei body. ‘hese are estrogen and progesterone, They are produced in the ovaries. OTE Chromosomes determine whether a boy or a git] will be born. 46 chromosomes are present in all cells of the human body. These chromosomes are present in pairs. Of the twenty-three pairs of chromosomes present in man twenty-two are such that they look same in male and female. But the twenty-third pair is different in male and female. 23 224d 23 XX XY XxX ‘Male chromosomes Female chromosomes Fig. 5.13 ‘The twenty-third pair in male consists of two different chromosomes (XY), in females the twenty- third pair consists of the same chromosomes (XX). Their structure is also different. One is X