(C 102) Open Basic Education (Adult) Science Level - C (Equivalent to Class 5) National Institute of Open Schooling A24.25, Institutional Area, Sector-62, Noida-201309 (UP) Website: www.nios.ac.in Tollfieeno, 18001809393© National Institute of Open Schooling 201... ( Copies) Published by. Secretary, National Institute of Open Schooling 24-25, Institutional Area, Sector-62, Noida-201309 (U.P)Advisory Board Chairman Director (Academic) Deputy Director (Academic) ‘National Institute of ‘National Institute of ‘National Institute of Open Schooling, NOIDA ‘Open Schooling, NOIDA Open Schooling, NOIDA Curriculum Committee ‘Smt. Nishat Farooq Dr. Ravindra Pal De. Champa Pant Ex. Director Ex- Senior Lecturer Ex-Senior Lecturer State Resource Centre, Delhi Cnrvienhum Material formation Planning and management and evaluation DIET, Rajendra Nagar. Delhi DIET, Rajendra Nagar, Delhi Dr. Vijay Sharda Dr. Rakesh Mohan Dr. Nirmal Bagga Associate Professor (Chemistry) Headmaster (Retired) Assistant Professor (Physics) Zakir Hussain College, Delhi AR'S.D. College, Delhi Department of Physics University of Delhi Dr. Rajiv Kumar Assistant Professor (Chemistry) Shivaji College, Delhi Editorial Board Smt. Nishat Farooq Dr. Ravindra Pal Dr. Champa Pant Ex. Director Ex- Senior Lecturer Ex-Senior Lecturer State Resource Centre, Delhi Curriculum Material formation Planning and management ‘and evaluation DIET, Rajendra Nagar, Delhi DIET, Rajendra Nagar, Delhi Smt. Sushma Rani Neelam Gupta Ex-Headmaster ‘Senior Executive Officer Sarvodya Kanya Vidyalaya NIOS, Noida ‘Ramesh Nagar, Delhi Chapter Authors Smt. Nishat Farooq Dr. Ravindra Pal ‘Smt. Ansha Saht Ex, Director Ex- Senior Lecturer PGT Biology) State Resource Centre, Delhi CurrictlumMaterial formation Army Public School, Dethi and evaluation DIET, Rajendra Nagat, Delhi Dr. Nirmal Bagga Dr. Champa Pant Dr. Rajiy Kumar Assistant Professor (Physics) Ex-Senior Lecturer Assistant Professor (Chemistry) Department of Physics Planning and management Shivaii College, Delhi University of Delhi DIET, Rajendra Nagar, Delhi Neelam Gupta Senior Executive Officer ‘NNIOS. Noida Curriculum Coordinator Picture and Animation DIP Work ‘Neelam Gupta ‘Sunder Singh Rawat ‘Multi Graphics Senior Executive Officer NIOS Noida Karol Bagh, New Delhi ‘NIOS, Noida Laser Composer ‘Tesa Media and ComputersDear learner, Government has taken an initiative to educate the marginal sectious of society i their entie lif. This program works for the age group of 15-35 years for those who have gained the basic education or those who cannot have informal education. Further, this program works for the people who want to have the opportunities to learn in their lif. This has the purpose of personal, social, intellectual and ‘vocational development of the leamers. The first step in this regard has been taken, National literacy mission and national institute of open schooling together have given learner certificates to around2.35 crore people This planis to provide new leamers education equivalent to middle level. This is done in distance mode here. Selfleaming material (equivalent for classes 3,5 and 8) are developed by National Institute of Open ‘Schooling. The material prepared will create inquistivenessin the learner, give them information about the latest policies and programs, made educational environment in peaceful area and will provide them new techniques and technology for learning, We hope that you must have read environmental science book ‘A’ equivalent to chapter 3 and ‘B’ equivalent to chapter 5. This book ‘C” is equivalent to class 8 and has nuany science related facts included in it, It has total 21 chapters which are divided into physies, chemistry, and biology and. environmental science. The whole curriculums divided into 7 modules, which includes organisms and their process, types of materials, change, heat, pressure, foree, micro organisms, crop prodnetion, environmental disasters and management, with environmental topies like waste disposal. This book is written in simple language. This has a section ‘do it yourself for better learning, In the end, sample paper and standard marking schemes given with answer key. ‘We want to thank the science experts who have made this book successful. We hope that this book is usefll to you. Ifyou have any problem with this book, don’t be hesitant to tellus, Wishing you successflfature ‘Curriculum Development CommitteeContents SL.No. Title of Lesson Page No. 1, Whyshould We Study Science? 1 2. Living and their habitat “4 3. Plants and Animal World 29 4. Biological Processes 1 (Respiration, Circulation and Excretion) 52 5. Biological Processes Il (Reproduction in Animals) 1 6. Different Types of Materials -T 104 7. Dilferent Types of Materials -IL us 8. How do Changes Take Place 133 9. Fibres and Fabrics 154 10. Heat 176 11. Nutrition in ving beings and plants 194 Assessment Papert -2 210 12. Miero Organisms 2 13. Crop Production 26 14, Magnet and Electric Current 240 15. Movable Objects, Force, Friction and Motion 254 16. Sound 275 Assessment Paper - 3 286 17. Light 28718, 19. 20. 21 Natural Calamities and Disaster Management Natural Resource-I (Physical) ‘Natural Resources -II (Biological Resources) Disposal of garbage waste and Swach Bharat Abhiyan Assessment Paper -4 ‘Examination Paper Blueprint ‘Sample Question Paper Answer KeyWhy should We Study Science? Look around objects surrounding you carefully. Book that you are reading, pen with which you ‘write, bulb that you switch on for getting light, fan that gives you cold air during the summers, mobile phone that is used to connect to your friends and your relatives at any time and anywhere, television ete, are whose gift ? There are thousands of things around us which are based on knowledge of technology, that is developed from science. Besides this, there will be thousands of queries in ‘your mind that you tried to explore like, How does the wind blow? How does a new organism grow fiom the older one? How does our Body work? Why does bread swell on tawa? How are clouds formed etc. To know the answers of these questions, to know the fimetioning of different machines and to understand the reasoning of different incidents properly we need to leam science. The ‘knowledge of science makes a man intelligent, efficient, with the positive attitude in the society effectively. In this chapter we will learn- what is science and what will be the benefit of reading it. Simultaneously we will explore contribution of eur scientist in the field of science.Science is a systematic and authentic process throvgh which we are able to understand about different objects and activities. Science is simple, straight and clear. It has honesty, hard work and a truthful approach towards exploring the concepts of nature. Science is a continuous ongoing process. In this process everyday new knowledge is acquired which forms the foundation of new technology. Science is a combined approach in which participation of entire society is very much important. Tt helps in facing environmental challenges together like flood, earthquake, draught ete. Science is knowledge as well as process like- explaining the process of germination of seeds is knowledge. To understand the germination of seeds they are sown and every day change is observed in the form of table and drawings are made towards better understanding. Then exploring those changes, then giving explanation to the process and changes. So this process of germination can be systematically and scientifically acquired. We came to know that during the process of science many skills are utilized. These skills are helpful in acquiring scientific knowledge. These skills are- 1. Observation: Observation is to explore, observe objects around us minutely. Writing about them making their drawings etc are part of observation skill. 2. Development of hypothesis: Hypothesis 1s formed on the basis of our observation and. experiences, for example- if first rolling ball is stopped after moving a distance, itis assumed that the energy of the ball is finished. Or air in the ball is exhausted that is why it stopped quickly. Or due to friction of earth ball has stopped. You can hypothesize. In order to test the hypothesis we have to roll the ball many times and measure the distance covered simultaneously. Ball has to be rolled from different places, different balls from the same place. After doing all these activities we cau conclude the main reason of stopping of the ball Actually hypothesis is an idea concept. It is requited to reach the conclusion of an event. 3. Collection of data and its systematic writing: We need evidences to accept or reject a hypothesis. To get these evidences we need to adopt certain process, experiment, survey, ‘observation to collect appropriate data. At many times we need measurement for the collection ‘of data and that is why there is need to develop skills for measurement length, weight, volume, time, temperature etc. Another need is to organize the data systematically, for example- a person wants to know, what are the products in his kitchen which are soluble and others which are not soluble; for this take a fixed cuantity through a spoon and dissolve in half glass ‘of water one after another and note down the observations in a tabular format” Soluble Insoluble 1 Salt : 2 Sugar - 3 - Gram cereal 4 7 Tea leaves (in cold water) 5 - - Analysis and conclusion of Data: Scientist do hypothesize, and similarly based on observation. and experience they perform variety of experiments in order to test those hypotheses. It is easy to analyse data in the form of a table and it helps in reaching the conclusion. On the basis of these conclusions we can accept or reject any hypothesis, Theory: Those hypotheses that are accepted many times, form the theory. Seientifie theories are based on carefull, logical examination, It is not necessary that one theory which has been proved today will be true till eternity. In the light of new knowledge old theories maybe found ‘wrong and similarly knowledge acquired from science keeps on changing in forward direction. rs) Define science? What are the skills required to acquire scientific knowledge ? @ (i) Gi) (iv) erence mrt) Scientific process is a systematic process. Persons involved in it live by certain prineiples as a part of their personality1. Working systematically and smoothly. 2. Keep on at tempting again and again not accepting defeat. 3. Thinking why, how ete to find the answers. 4, Collect data through honest observations. 5. Working together and listening to others view carefully, 6. Logical thmkmng and not acceptmg anythmg without proof. 7. Always follow truth and be neutral. 8. Be always ready to learn new things and be curious for exploring the solution of problems. 9. New thinking and new creation. 10. Dare to ask the questions. cay Contribution of Indian Philosophers and Scientist in the development of Science During ancient time Indian Science was quite advanced. During Vedie period which was around 7000 years ago Indian philosophers and scientists had acquired great knowledge in the fields of mathematics, astrology, chemistry, medicine and other major fields. In mathematies knowledge of zero, calculation of speed, light approximate value of Pi, Pythagoras theorem (which is also known, as film parimay) importance of 108 etc. was contributed significantly by Arya Bhatt, Bralamagupta, Kapila Madhav, Bhaskaracharya. In the field of medicine we have Sushruta (surgery), Charak (Ayurveda), Pantjali (yoga) as well known in the world even nowadays. In the field of science Kanaad (Anu), Baraha Mihir (environment, information about earthquake and astrology), Nagarjuna (chemistry, metallurgy) have contributed tremendously. Scientists who have contributed in the field of science and architecture may be summarised as under- 1. Aryabhatt was a great asuuluger, umathewntician and physicist during ancient time in India. 2. Brahmagupta was a well-known mathematician who discovered zero and explained the rules of its application. 3. Bhaskaracharya was a great scholar of Algebra. His work/composition like Leelavathi and algebra are famous in the world.Aryabhatt Brahmagupra Bhaskaracharya 4, Inthe field of treatment Acharya charak is known as father of Ayurveda (treatment science). 5. Acharya Sushruta was well known for the surgery science. 6. Acharya Kanad is known for the atomic theory. Acharya charak Acharya Sushruta Nagarjun 7. Nagarjun is famous for chemical science 8. Acharya Bhardwaj contributed in the fiekt of vaimaniki (aeronautics) 9. Acharya Kapil contribute significantly in che field of space. 10, Rishi Pantjali is well known for the yoga science. Acharya Bharceayj Acharya Kapil Rishi Patil,Do you know that Tndia's contribution in the field of science is historically very old. Man knew counting for a very long time. Ancient religious books also refer to the numbers. Numbers are expressed trough different symbols in different languages around the world, Aryabbatt introduced zero based decimal system in his book Aryabhatiya. Explained the principle of usage of 0. After 48 years ofhis death unborn great mathematician Brahmagupta who discovered zero. 12th century atheumticia Blaskunachu ya-II Lad proposed last and most important rule about zero. This methodology reached Europe through Arabs from India. This is the reason why Europeans have referred to this as Hindu-Arabie mumerical system. Once upon a time Albert Einstein said that “we should thank Indian, who taught us counting, without this probably... jiscovery was possible in science." Oe In modern India Indian scientists have brought a great name to the country through their work and scientific exploration. Major names are CV Raman inthe field of ight scattering and atomic structure of chemical compounds. He got Nobel Prize for his discovery in the field of Raman effect. Besides this Birbal Sahani, Palaenfologist. Salim Ali Birds scientist; Ramanujan famous mathematician; Homi Jehangir Bhabha Atomic Energy and India's former President Bharat Ratna Shri APJ Abdul Kalam ‘missile man’; and Vikram Sarabhai are prominent names, Let us discuss briefly about the significant achievements of a few famous Indian scientists of recent years 1. Chandrashekhar Venkat Raman: Chandrashekhar Venkat Raman was bom in 3 Veerapalli Tamil Nadu Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu. He had a ‘unique talent in the field of science. He became the member of Indian Association for cultivation of science at the age of 19 years. As per the wishes of his parents he worked in administrative position in Finance ‘Department at Kolkata. But he did not lose iis interest in Whe svieuee. In the daytime he worked in the office and in the late night in his small laboratory. His discovery is known as Raman effect in the world. It was carried out with instruments costing rupees 200 only. He got the Nobel Prize of the Physies in the year 1930. He was the first man getting Nobel Prize in the field of Physics fiom India He established Raman Institute, His message to the young scientist is "look around and close yourself in your laboratory. Core of science is not instruments but independent, open thinking and hardworking."Homi Jehangir Bhabha: Homi Jehangir Bhabha is the founder of Indian atomic program. His discovery"1ays coming from outer space consist of very smal particles at a very fast speed when these particles enter in the earth atmosphere then they collide with the atoms present in the ait and produce the reign of electrons". This made him world famous scientist. Bhaba carried out research work at Bangalore in Indian Institute of Sciences on space. In order to develop atomic energy, basic particle physics, and modern techniques in the country, he set up Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 1945. He was the first president of Indian Atomic Energy Commission of fiee India. The famous Institute Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in India is named after him. Homi Jehangir Bhabha gave direction to our country, which gave us the reputation of superpower Hargovind Khurana: Har Gobind Khorana was bor on 9th January 1922. He completed his primary education in the tree shade of the village. He completed his BSc and MSc degree fromLahore in Punjab University and PhD from Liverpool University. He become famous in 1959 by producing a chemical coenzyme A. This chemical is essential for certain reactions in our body. Khurana got the Nobel Prize in 1968 in the field ‘of medicine along with Marshall W Nirenberg and Rohert W Holly jointly in the field of Medicine. His field of research was causes of genetic disorders, and approach towards their treatment. He died on 9th November 2011 at the age of 89 years. ‘Mobeombo Sambashivam Swaminathan: MS Swaminathan was bom. on 7th of August 1925 in Kumbakonam City. He completed his primary education in Tamil Nadu, He was awarded his PhD in 1952 from Cambridge School of Agriculture, By the end of 6th decade the crops production was quite low as compared to its demand. In order to eradicate this problem Swaminathan dedicatedly researched on different crops. He developed wheat and rice varieties of higher production along with different varieties of potato and jute, He pioneered in introducing scientific research to the farmers. there by introducing the enhancement of Agricultural production. He received many awards like Raman Megasasay award, SS Bhatnagar Award, Birbal Sahani Medal and Mendal Memorial Award. Bharat Ratna Dr APJ Abdul Kalam: Dr Kalam was born on 15th of October 1931 in Dhanush Koti Rameshwaram Tamil Nadu in a very common family. He served in many sensitive government Technical Institutes in senior positions as President, Technology Forecasting andAssessment Council (TIFAC) and Chief scientific advisor of Indian government. He received Bharat Ratna for his efforts in the field of science and teclnology. He is also known famously as Missile man of India. A great scientist, efficient designer, dedicated production and Engineering administrator, smart technical administrator with a very simple and humble personality. He was so dedicated towards his work at a time he forgot himself and his family. His role in bringing India among big atomic power, space science, manufacturing of missiles and launch is significant Dr APJ Abdul Kalam was 11th President of our country. His term was during 2002 to 2007. He died on 27th July 2015 while still delivering a lecture. Visvesvaraya: He was born on 15th of September 1860. MG ‘Visvesvaraya was a well-known engineer scholar. He received Bharat Ratna. He suggested to make India an industrial nation. He worked on atomic sluice Gates and block imrigation system that is why every year 15 September is celebrated as Engineers Day. $ Chandrasekhar: He was born in British India Lahore on 19th October 1910. He received Nobel Prize in 1983 for his research on Black Hole ‘mathematical theory in the field of Physics He was nephew of sir CV | «gm Raman, He died on 21st August 1995 at the age of 82 years in Chicago. » ‘Meghnath Saha: He was bom on 6th of October 1983 in Dhaka ‘Bangladesh. His most important work was thermal ionization of elements which is known as Saha equation. This is most important and fimdamental equation of Astrophysics. He prepared the main draft of Damodar Ghati project. Jagdish Chandra Bose: Acharya JC Bose was born on 30th of November 1858 in Vikrampur West Bengal. His main works include radio and microwave light and plants study. He was the first to describe that plants do feel pain and comfort.10. Salim Ali: Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali wes born in Mumbai on 12th November 1896. He was a famous bird and nature scientist and is well Known for his work on birds. He systematically surveyed and observed the birds. He died on 20th June 1987 in Mumbai. 11. Vikram Sarabhai: Vikram Sarabhai is known for his space programs in the India. He was born on 12th August 1919 in Ahmedabad Gujarat. He was pioneer in bringing India to the world of space research. Besides this he made special contribution in the field of textile, atomic energy and electronics. He was honoured with Padma Vibhushan by Indian government for his contribution in the field of science and technology. He died on 31st December 1971. 12. Birbal Sahani: Birbal Sahani was born in western Punjab on 14th November 1891. He studied the fossils foand in Indian subcontinent. He was interested in Geology as well as Archeology. He was the first Indian who was selected as fellow of Royal Society of London im 1936, He founded Institute of Palaeobotany on 10th September 1946. 13. J.V. Narlikar: The universe contains several stars, planets Galaxies ete. how did it originate? Philosophers aad scientists are discussing these questions for centuries, These questious were answered by scientist Jayant Vishnu Narlikar. He explored these questions to the core and generated curiosity in world. He worked ox the authenticity of The Big Bang Theory. His work in the field of Black Holes is commendable. Prof Narlikar discussed and guided the talented students of National Open School. Qa 1. Activity running systematically is known as.2. Who is the father of medicine ? 3. Pantjali is famous in the world for which work. 4. Write names of any four modem Indian scientists. Tata Today we are able to do our daily work, very easily and conveniently be it work of preparation of food, carrying heavy load. our life is very easy due to science on account of various techniques. We can do every work very easily. Application of scientific rules has simplified human work. “Application of scientific rules and principles for production in the interest of human being is known as Technology" ‘There have been several mventions m drtterent fields in this era, from steam engine to electric engine, from bullock cart to Supersonic aeroplanes, jet planes, rocket etc. It has all been evolved through technology. Earlier during illness only domestic remedies were available which caused untimely death, But today we have modem medical facilities which are capable of controlling illness to a large extent. In the field of agriculture Science and Technology have progressed well. ‘Modem agricultural implements, advanced seeds, fertilizers, proper irrigation tools have contributed in the enhanced agricultural production and are responsible for Green Revolution Different types of modern weapons are the result of development in technology. Now a days in addition to agriculture, vegetable production, fishery, poultry, Silk, piggery, Bee culture ete. are also using modem techniques. In this way we can say Science to Technology and technology to Science have contributed in the development, They have an integrated relationship. Scientific rules and principles are used in technological development in our day to day life; that is why technology is also referred as practical knowledge or applied science. Activity 1.1 Prepare a list of tools available in your house using application of Science and Technology. Try to find out the benefit to every member of your house from these tools. Scientific development and inventions have brought about huge difference in our functioning. As good and bad thingsare complementary similarly application of science has broght out certain problems as well like- application of scientific knowledge has contributed in the production of petrol, diesel, pesticides and other chemicals towards the enhanced agricultural production, which are essential to meet the demand of growing population but this has resulted into environmental imbalance enormously. In order to produce higher agricultural products over exploitation of groundwater has resulted into dropping of water table and causing shortage of drinking water in future. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides adds to soil and water pollution. High level of sounds produced through music, loud speaker and other instruments is contributing to sound pollution. Harmfial gases introduced in the air through vehicle are the cause of major air pollution. Usage of automatic machine has contributed to the large number of un-employment Forests cut and cleared blindly result in the pollution in the environment. Simultaneously they are causing extinction of wildlife. Qa 1. Indaily life... cocceeeseeare used. 2. What do you understand by technology. 3. What are the harmful effects to wildlife from Technology. [a What you have learned * Science isa systematic and reliable process from which we come to know about different objects and processes. * Science is a continously running process which gives us different types of knowledge on day to day basis * Im the process of science we use various skills like observation, development of hypothesis, collection of data and their systematic presentation and development of theory. * Scientific process is a systematic activity; development of scientific thinking in a person ‘working in the field of science is also part of personality development.Indian philosophers and scientists have contributed significantly in the development of, Science from ancient times. Indian scientist is continuously contributing in modem era as well. Application of scientific rules and theories in human interest for the production of resources is called Technology. Sa > a 2. Development of science made it possible, ()_ television mobile (3) aeroplane (4) allof above Give name of 2 Indian scientists Give definition of science. What is hypothesis? What skills are required for acquiring Living beings Nika rT Rant tite The surrounding of living organisms where they live is called their house. Like our house is our habitat, there we take shelter and it protects us fiom sunlight and rain ete. Here our requirement of food and other essential things is fulfilled in our house. For other living organisms like a spider, mosquito, fly and pet-animals, plants and tree planted by us also, our house is also their habitat. This way we can say different organisms can live in the same place jointly and it is called as their habitat. Our Habitat is terrestrial so we call it as terrestrial habitat. All the types of forest, grasslands, desert, mountain, coastal area are its example. Crocodile, fish prawn, Octopus ete. are aquatic animals and they stay in water which is called as aquatic habitat. The examples are pond, lake, waterfall, ocean, river, swamps a. Fig.2.7 etc. Living organisms found in any of the habitat forms the biotic component, while non-living objects like air, water, temperature, soil, rocks formn the abiotic component. Nonliving and living components are dependent on each other. Non living components contribute in the survival of living components. That is why both the components are essentially most important for the habitats. ‘When the abiotic components of any place change, Organisms depending upon these abiotic factors also change slowly. Only those organisms will survive which are able to adapt to the changingscenario. Those organisms which are not able to cope up with, the changed environment are destroyed. Extinction of Dinosaurs from Earth is a good example. On account of living in different habitats living organisms exhibit diversity in organisms as a result of their adaptation. Diversity appears slowly over a period of thousands of years Fig.28 Fill in the blanks : (@) Soil, water, rock are ‘component. (b) Surroundings of living organisms is their (©) Asa result of changes in the abiotic factors living organisms also exhibit. (@) Main parts of the cells are .. rial Habitat TerrestriaVland habitats are of many types, like- PPR Ore esc T ty Lion, tiger, deer, rabbit all live in forest or grasslands. In case of the forest big trees provides them shelter and place to live, brown grass of the grassland provides them the area for hiding from lion and tigers trying to catch their prey. Whereas deer hides and saves itself, the sharp and pointed claws of lion facilitate it piercing its prey. Long kegs of deer help in running to a longer distances. This way both the organisms have adapted in their habitat/shelter. Can you tell us about any two other animals whose life is adapted for living in the forest ? L 2. In forests and grasslands the plants also adapt themselves in accordance with their habitat in forest. Tree grows big and larger to get maxinmm solar light, creepers reach the heights by attaching themselves to some trees for getting sunlight. Below trees only those shrubs survive which can utilise less light for the photosynthesis. Grassland area contains the grass which is green in the rainy season and feeds the herbivores whereas in summers it dries and becomes brownish providing a place to hide.Fig. 2.9 (a) Fig. 2.96) 2.4.2 Mountain Area Forest and grass are also found in the mountain area, Mountain regions are very cold, as fast winds blow in these areas. Due to low temperature snowfall takes place in the winter. Due to slope water camnot stop, that is why trees shed their leaves. Leaves of many trees are like needle, so that snow camot settle on these leaves. In addition leaves have waxy cuticle, which prevents evaporation of water. Animals living in mountain our region have thick fur and thick skin, the fat content is also high which insulates body heat inside. Fig, 2.10 (a) Fig. 2.10) Perea BY In contrast to the mountain area daytime temperature is very high and night temperature is very low in desert. In deserts days are warmer and night is cold, rain is negligible here. This is the reason organisms are adapted to survive in low water. Came! living in desert have long legs. Their are thick and flat and they are higher in size. It facilitates their movement on the sand. They do not sweat and urination quantity is very low. Fat present in their bump helps them in staying without water for longer duration. Because of low night temperature in desert, animals living in desert like,snake, desert Scorpions, rats etc. hide in their underground burrow and they come out in night for their activities and search for food, This adaptation helps in their survival in desert. The leaves of desert plants are very small and spinous, Whereas stem is fleshy which ean conserve water. There spimus leaves, prevent water evaporation. These adaptations help their survival. In addition they have very long and deep root system which help in water absorption fiom distant places. Aquatic habitats are of two types : One with salty water like Ocean, Bays and other areas; second. ‘with sweet water like river, pond, lakes, waterfall etc. Organisms living in ocean have to balance the salt of the body. Ifthey are not able to do this their body water will move out in the ocean. The gills of marine animals help in salt balance in their body. The structure of marine animals helps them in their survival in water. Their body is streamlined, These streamlined bodies are pointed in anterior and posterior side. It gives them power to move in water easily. Simultaneously the body is covered with scales which Fig. 212 also help in swimming like fishes Besides this some marine animals live in greater deapth or bottom like Octopus, squid, starfish ete Their body is not streamlined. They have many arms with which they catch their prey. When they swim they can make their body streamlined. Most of the marine animals respire through gills, but some marine animals like whale, dolphin ete. do not have gills. They respire through nostrils present in their head, They can stay in water without respiration for a longer duration. Periodically they come to the surface of water and expire carbor dioxide and take fresh air through the nostrils Water of ponds, rivers, lakes is sweet and they have a variety of organisms and plants. Fish, crocodile, tortoise are some examples.Fig. 2.13 Reef’ are plants similar to the algae. They either float on the surface of ocean like planktons or hold rocks on the sides so that they do not move away with sea tides like Calpis, Stem of plants living in water is hollow, which facilitates them in swimming. Stems of some plants are below water and their leaves and flower floating above on the surface like lomus. Some other plants have their leaves inside water or they are thin and flat like ribbon; and so that they do not break in waves of water like Vallisneria, Fig. 2.14 Fig. 2.15 Some of the animals live on the shores of the water like fiog. They can live inside or on the side of the water. They have larger rear legs, their fingers have network, which helps them in jumping for catching preys and swimming. This way in nature frogs are adapted to survive inside water and outside as well. You can observe a few more organisms living near water and see them for their adaptations.rin With all examples given above, we can understand that organism lives and stays at a place. Their body structure and their food are adapted accordingly. Different shapes and habits of organisms, \hich help them in survival in their surroundings, are called adaptation. In this chapter we are able to express about only a few organisms and plants. Living organisms are present everywhere on. land, water, ait. Do we know that small organisms like bacteria are found in snow covered Antarctica as well as boiling hot sulphur springs living successfully? Their cellular organization helps their survival in such extreme conditions. Activity 2.2 Prepare a list of five animals and plants around you that have adapted according to their environment. SL Animal Adaptation Plant Adaptation Fe chapter Questions [23 | 1. Mark correct as right (7) and wrong as cross (*) from the given set - () Deer lives in desert comrect/ wrong Gi) Most of the marine animals respite through gills. correet/ wrong (iii) ‘Leaves of mountain region plants are thin like needle. comtect/ wrong (iv) Lion store fat in its hump. comrect/ wrong (¥) Adaptation helps plants and animals to survive in their habitat. correct/ wrong,2, Fill in the blanks (a) Living being lives in the area that is known as his. () Mountain region is normally very . (© Body of fishis .. (@) Whale respire through .......... (©) The............ of plants living in water are long, hollow and light in weight Living and nonliving beings can be differentiated based on many characters. * Respiration, nutrition, excretion, growth, movement, sensation, reproduction and response with reference to environment are the key features of living organisms. * Every living organism is made up of cells, which are the structural and fimetional unit of life * Living organisms may be unicellular or multiceltular * — Inmutticellular organisms cells are of different types and the structure of cells is based on their function. * Every cell contains cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. * Aplace where living organisms perform their functions and live is called as their habitat. * Different living organisms and plants live together in different habitats Among habitats main are terrestrial and aquatic. Desert, forest, grassland and mountains are the example of terrestrial habitat. Ozean, water bodies, lake, river waterfall ete. are aquatic habitats. * The specialized structures of living organisms incInding plants, whieh allow them to, adapt in their environment are called adaptation. End 1. List five main characters of living organisms 2. What are the main parts of the cell ?What is adaptation and what is its importance in living organisms ? 4, — Give example of Habitat and its definition. 5. What are the different types of aquatic habitat? Give two important features of animals living in this habitat, which facilitate their survival in water 6. What is the difference between habit and habitat? 7. Do plants have movement, explain with example? 8. ‘Mark tick on the correct answer (What is the shape of body of the dish (a) round (b) pointed (© rough @ streamlined (i) How does whale respire ? (a) from Gill (b) from skin (© from nostril @ from mouth (iii) What ae the special features of the trees growing in the mountain region ? (a) Leaves are irregular (b) Leaves are lighter. (©) Leaves are like needle. @ Leaves are round. 9. Fill in the blanks- (a) Plants make their by phorosynthesis themselves. (b) Gaseous exchange in plants is carried out by......... present in leaves. (©) Sensation is .. «eof living organisms. (d) Hydra can divide its body into two for reproduction. 24 1. (i) Right (i) Wrong (iii) Wrong (iv) Wrong (v) Wrong (vi) Right (vii) Right (viii) Right 2. Give some examples22 1. Habit, change, three, cells 2.3 1. Wrong, Right, Right, Wrong, Right 2. Habit, cold, streamlined, nostrils, stemsPlants and Animal World ‘Shyam and Sushila were walking in the garden. The birds were on the trees the inseets were hovering ‘over the flowers and butterflies. All was very attractive. Sushila told Ram look it is looking very beantiful, there are so many varieties of plants and trees in the garden. Ram said look at these ‘animals, On one side there is a very beantifil butterfly and on the other side there is a blood sucking ‘mosquito. Both langh. ‘This is true there is a huge diversity in plants and animals. In plant world there are different varieties of algae, fungus, shrubs, herbs and trees. Similarly in animal world also diversity is seen. Is this diversity external or their body organisation is also different, the habit is also different. So what are ‘the similarities on the basis of which some living organisms are called as plants while others are called as animals. In this chapter we will study plants and animal diversity, their organs of movement ‘and information about their food.* see movement in animals as well as different parts of body of humans associated with the movement. * know human skeletal system as well as the skeletal system of other animals. * find difference between bones and cartilages. * have description about the different types of joints. on of plants and trees ‘We saw different types of plants and trees around us. Some are small others are big. Their leaves, fiuits and flowers ate of different colour. Have you noticed how their branches are arranged on, their stem ? In ite of huge differences among plants and trees, they appear to be similar. Let us try to understand some of the few characters on the basis of which they are distributed among different groups. KSB O OSCR R oe ong e SCOR ‘You know very well that some of the plants and trees are smaller and others are large. Some of the plants are so small that they appear like a dot on the earth, It means that the length of plants are different, Observe stem of plants and trees very carefillly. Stem of some of the plants is soft and in others it is hard. Branching on a stem is also at different heights. These are such characters on the basis of which plants can be divided into three groups : Herbs, shrubs and trees. (@) Herbs: Plants with green and soft stems are called as herbs. Usually they are small and do not have many brauches. Like coriander, mustard, tomato, basil ete, Fig. 31 () Shrubs: In some plants branching takes place near the stem at the base. They do have a strong stem but itis not too thick. Their length is also more than that of herbs. Such plants are called shrubs example- nerium, lemon, hibisens, chandni ete.Fig. 32 (©) Trees: Trees are very long. Their stem is very strong and is of dark brown colour. The branching starts at some height on the stem on the upper part such as neem, mango, drumstick, banyan tte, sheesham ete. Fig.33 Besides this there are creeper and climber plants. Creeper and climber plants: Some plants have very weak stem but they are different from the herbs. Some plants cannot stand erect due to weak stem but they can spread on earth. These are called as creeper plants like mint. But some of themn can climb with the help of surrounding structures such plants are called as climbers. Example grapes, money plant cucumber, Creepers and climbers. are different from herbs and shrubs. Fig. 3.4 (a) Fig. 3.4 (0)Activity 3.1 Write down the names of two trees, shrubs, Herbs, creepers and climber plants around your house ‘Type of plants Name of Plants Herb Shrub Tree Creeper Plant Climber Plant oJ ssification of plants on the basis of diff Perit Let us leam about different parts of the plants. This will help us in understanding differences. Activity 3.2 1. Label the different parts of a potted plant like root, stem, leaves, flower and seeds using a diagram, else visit to a garden and label the different parts of the plant. Roots are inside the soil, which help binding of plants in the soil, they absorb mineral and water from the soil, Plants absorb minerals and water through these fiom the soil. Roots are of two types.@) ) Tap root: One is the main root. They are snaller roots coming out of this main root, which, are called as lateral roots like mango, guava, banyan Tree, hibiscus (China rose) ete. Adventitious root: These are associated with the lower part of the stem in the form ofa fiber ‘None of the roots is the main root; all the roots are look alike like- wheat, grass, maize etc. The main function of roots is to absorb water but some plants store their food in the roots. Some roots grow in size and become swollen like carrot, radish, sweet potato ete Activity 3.2 Visit to the orchard and remove weeds and classify taproot and adventitious roots. ‘Tap Root Adventitious Root Take two pots. Plant in one plant with roots and in another pot plant a plant without root. Keep both the pots in the light, give regular water, observe plants after a week, see if they are healthy and try to understand the reason.‘Stem help plants to stand erect. Stems contain branches. Water yn scart and minerals absorbed by the roots reach the different parts of the plants like leaves and flowers through stem and branches. They help transportation of food prepared by leaves through their branches to the cells of the roots. This way auaterial Cau wove in buth the directivus in the stem; Water and Minerals absorbed by the roots towards leaves and f00d ya, gir fom top to down side. Different parts of the dower are Sar m associated with the stems like leaves, buds flowers, fit ete. Activity 3.3 Take one glass, fill it with red ink, dip branch of a plant inside it, see if water rises; Ifthe veins of the leaves and branches are also colored red ? _. 2 Fig. 3.7 Leaves are very important part of the plant. They are of different shapes and types. The part with which leaves are attached to the branch is called as Petiole. Activity 3.4 Look around your leaves of the plants. Do they all have petiole? The flat part of the leaf is called vein or blade. Blade contains different types of veins. In some leaves there is a vein in the middle. This middle vein is thick and there is a network of veins around it. The design formed by the veins on the leaves is called venation, This design aroundthe mid vein is in the form ofa network and it is called network venation. This venation can be very well seen in the leaves of the Peepal (Ficus religiosa) ie (x Fig. 3.8 (a) Fig. 3.8 0) Venation in the leaves of grass, wheat, maize is parallel. This is called as parallel venation. In this all the veins are of the same type. Activity 3.5 Collect the weeds from the orchard and segrezate the plants on the basis of parallel venation and network venation and observe their leaves. Is some relationship seen? Tabulate the observation in the given table- Name of Plant Type of Root Leaf Vein configuration Activity 3.6 Take healthy leaves from a potted plant and keep them in a plastic bag. Put it into the sunlight. You will see water droplets inside the plastic tag after sometime. Can you tell where do from these droplets come?Pr ra Root stem and leaves are the symmetric part of the plants but flowers help in the reproduction of the plants. You must have seen a variety of flowers while walking in the garden. Now you can add details in the given table about the flowers observed. Name of flower | Colour of flower | Size of flower | When Flower | Fragrance in flower (SmallBig) | @ay/Night) (Yes/No) Rose From this table we can conclnde that some of the flowers are big while others are smnall. Some colored, others are white, some are with scent, whereas others are without scent. Let's now study the China rose (Hibiseus) flower as an example and understand different parts of the flower. Flower of China rose: from outside there are green leaves called fqn r= pret) as sepals which protect petals in the bud. It is of green colour ‘therefore, it can also carry out photosynthesis. The petals of the flower may be of different colours. They can be attached with each other or maybe separate. Their number may be different in different flowers. They make the flower group. If you open the petals of the flower then you can see their internal structures androecium and gynoecium, Androceium is the male part and the gynoccium is the female part of the flower, The male gametes anthers are present m anther Fig. 3.9 sac of the stamen. On the lower part of the gynoecium, inside the ovary, there are female gametes (you will study about androecium and gynoecium in detail in chapter 5 living process-II in detail), After reproduction ovule present in the ovary produces the seed and ovary contributes towards the formation of fiuit.Fig. 3.10) Fig, 3.10) Give answer in Yes or No: (@ Roots help in holding plants in the soil. (i) Material can flow only upwards in the stems. (iii) Creeping branches rise with the help on trees. (iv) All the leaves have venation, (v) Plants can make their own food. 2 Fill correct word in the blank: (i) Adventitions roots do not have (ii) Reddish is a type of (iii) Venation in the leaves of the grass is . type venation. (iv) Transpiration is carried ont by the present in the leaves, (¥) Green color of the leaves is due to. pigment. (vi) Process of making food is called YES/NO YES/NO YES/NO YES/NO YES/NO3. Match the flowers of the column A with that of column B. ‘Column ‘A’ 1. Sepal vy Petals 3. Androecinm 4. Gynoecium 5. Ovary ence ern mri] Column 'B" Male part of flower. Contain eggs. Attractive part of flower. Protects the petals. Contains female gametes Similar to plants animal world is also having a huge diversity. We saw different types of animals around us. On the basis of size bine whale is the largest animal, in which only the weight of its tongue is equal to full elephant. aaa SERRE If we talk about small organisms then Amoeba and Paramecium etc. are so small that we cannot see them without microscope ce # £ MeySome organisms live in water some on land, Some organisms are seen flying in the air. Fig. 3.13 ‘Some have 2 legs others may have 4. Flies have 6 legs a mosquito has eight. Let us just try to count the legs of worn. Body of some animals is covered with hairs of others with scales. Some have tail and some have long horns. Some animal gives eggs, and the other produces babies. Fig 314 Fig, 315 | 3.4 | Movement in Animals Alll the animals exhibit movement. In search of food, mate and self defense they have to move from one place to another. The method of movement may be different in all different animals. It includes walking, roaming, running, jumping, flying, crawling and swimming as the main. The method of movement in animals depends upon the organs of movement. Animal with wings will fly. With legs they will run, those without legs and wings will erawl. Let's learn something more about them. RPS mere ur Some animals can crawl with the help of the abdomen or legs. In earthworm movement is by shrinking and expanding. The suckers present in his body help holding the soil and in the movementSnake can hold grip using its scales, which helps in the movement. In izards the cup shaped strueture in their legs allows them to stick to the wall and roof with which they can easily move. Fig 3.17 Snch animals walk on two or four legs. Cow, buffalo, tortoise, deer, ostrich and human are the example of sueh type of organisms, Fig 318 FTent rane Such animals which can run on 2 or 4 legs like horse, deer, tiger, leopard ete. Fig. 3.19 ST meee Animals living in the water have a boat shaped body. Animals with such shape can easily move through the water current. The fins of fish help them in swimming and change of direction, example fish, crocodile, tortoise, snail, dolphin, octopus ete. 1. Fillin the blanks (@) The largest animal in the world is (i) ..............can only be seen by microscope. (iii) Spider has legs. (Wy) oeeeeceeee nis a crawling animal, 0) oeeelays egg.2. Name of some animals are given in the below table. Write down their organs and method of movement. ‘Name of the Animal Movement in Part ‘Method of movement Rabbit Horse Parrot Lizard Fish Earthworm Snake oy TEED rg ments Have you ever observed, how many different types of movements are seen in human body ? Just think what are the different parts of your body that show movement when you- * Eat food * Comb your hair * Play football * — Runto catch the bus, What are the different organs and tissues that participate in the movements of the body? Just think if we do not have bones in our body. can we move? Yes the movement of our body is carried out with the help of bones. There are total 206 bones in our body. These bones form the skeletal system, after joining with each other. This skeleton gives a proper shape to our body. This is helpfal in the movement of different organs of the body. Skeleton protects the soft organs of the body. Let us learn about the skeletal system, Soyer Skeletal system is a strong structure of bones present in our body. This gives a proper shape to the body. These bones are joined with each other with the help of cartilages, bones and ligaments.Fig, 321 Let us see what are the main parts of human skeleton, 1. Bones of skull: These bones are present in the upper part of our body whose main function is to protect the brain. f . Fig. 322 2. Ribs cage: Heart and lungs are protected by the rib cage of our skeletal system. 3. Vertebral Column: Vertebral column is made up of 33 vertebrae, which includes 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic pt vertebrae, 5 abdominal vertebrae, 5 caudal vertebrae (trikasthi) and 4 tail vertebrae in it. Vertebral column protect the spinal ie cord inside it. Just imagine ifthere was a single long bone instead of vertebral column. 5 0 mee — Fig, 3.244. Girdle and arms: There are two girdles. In shoulder it is pectoral girdle and in hip region it is pelvie girdle, Pectoral girdle joins with arms whereas pelvic girdle joins leg bone. wear = Fig. 3.25) Fig. 3.25 0) ERI Just touch your ear, do you observe some feel of hard bone? You can fold your ear? This reveals that there is no bone in the ear, but some stronger structure is felt, which is strong as well as flexible. This is called cartilage. Cartilages are not as strong as bone but they are flexible. Cartilages are present in anterine part of nose and joints in our body. Fill in the Blanks: (@ Our body has. il) Vertebral Column has... Bones. + Vertebrae. Gil). bones are joined in Pectoral girdle (iv) Skeletal system project the soft........... of our body. (%) In addition to being strong cartilages are also... 2. Which soft part of our body is protected by the following: (Skull bones (ii) Rib cage (iii) Vertebral column| 3.7 | Joints and their types Different boues of our body are joined with each other through joints. With the help of these joints our bones and parts of the body move. Let us see different types of joints and how they help in the movement. Different types of joints in our body are- 1 Ball-Socket Joint: Ball and socket jomt 1s found in shoulder, where humorous of armare joined with fitted into cavity of scapula in pectoral girdle and waite seapula of pectoral gitdle. Ball and socket means paey, {j \ AY ball and a cavity. The ball like head of humerous is Vr ¢ ey) OF can move. With the help ofthis joint hand caa move in fully circular manner, Similar type of joint is present between pelvie girdle and femmr tone of, leg. Hinge joint: Try to fold your elbow (as shown in ‘the diagram). Can you turn it into the reverse direction as well? This joint is like the hinge present in the gate, which can move only in one direction. Hinge joint is found in elbow, ankle, knee, wrist ete. Pivot Joint: This isa joint between head and neck. In Pivot joint cylindrical bone moves in a ring. Due to this head can be moved forward backward or left and right. Immovable Joints: Our skull is made up of many bones. The joints between these bones prevent them fiom moving. Some joints are called as immovable joints. When you open your month, then you are ‘moving your lower jaw away from your head. Now try to move your upper jaw. Are you able to move it? There is an immovable joint between skull and upper jaw. Fig. 3.28So far you have learnt about different types of joints. Come let us understand joints with the help of a diagram. anak ae gen aaa a fest sgn -aiteer ol Fig. 3.29 On the basis of organization of the body different types of Skeleton are found among different animals. Skeleton of some common animals is given below. rr[© Chapter Questions [3.4 | 1 a Fill in the blanks: (i) Different bones of our body are joined by. (@).............. cam be rotated in full circle with the help of ball and socket joint. (iii) In pivot joint cylindrical bones move in one (iv) The joint between upper jaw and skull is. ‘Match the following: Column A Column B: (1) Hinge Joint (Skull bones (2) Balll and Socket Joint. (i) Knee bone (3) Immovable Joint. (iii) Between skull and neck (@) Pivot Joint (iv) Shoulder and Arms Plants are classified into three groups: herb, Shrub and trees, on the basis of their size strength of their stem, position of branches on their stem. ‘The main parts of the plant are root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, seed etc. Root attaches plant to the soil. They absorb water and minerals from the soil. Roots are of two types taproot and adventitious roots. Stem helps plant in standing in the aix. The minerals and water absorbed by the roots are transported to upside and food made by leaves to downside through stems. Leaves are mostly green. They have petiole and blade. Leaves make food for the plant and function in transpiration. Flower is the reproductive part of the plant. The main parts are petals, androecium and gynoecium. Pollen is present in androecium and egg in the gynoecinm. Ovary contains ovule, which is converted into seed after fertilization. The walls of ovary are converted into the fiuit.* There are several types of animals around us. On the basis of size blue whale is the largest animal. Amoeba, Paramecium ete. ate so small that they cannot be seen without microscope. Some organisms live in weter some on land and some can fly in the air. * Bodies of some animals are covered by hair and of some by scales. Some are with tail others have horns. Some animal lays egg, whereas some give birth to young ones. . All the animals show movement. They have to move from one place to another in search of food, mate and for defense. * Skeleton protects soft organs of our body as well as give proper shape to body. We have total 206 bones in our body. These help in the movement of different parts of our body. * Skull bones are found on the upper part of our body. Their main function is to protect our brain, Heart and inngs are protected by the rib cage Vertebral column is made up of 33 vertebrae. Inside vertebral column our spinal cord is protected, * There are two girdles in our body- pectoral girdle in shoulder and pelvic girdle in hips. Bone of arms join in pectoral girdle, wieteas legs in pelvic girdle. * Bones are strong bnt cartilages are strong and flexible. * Different bones in our body are joined with each other through joints. With the help of these joints our bones and (indirectly) arts of our body move. * All such joints which allow bones to jon but not to move are called immovable joints ER n of Chapter Questions | 1. Write down the following statements after correcting: (i) Waters transported to leaves by roots. ii) Stems absorbs the water. (iii) The sepal and petals of the flower are always same. (iv) If the units of sepals are joined then petals will also be joined. (v) Stomata is present of the upper surface of the leaf (vi) Pollens are produced by gynoecium.Label the different parts of the flower in the diagram. If the venation of neem plant is network venation what would be the type of roots ‘What is photosynthesis? In which part of the plant does it take place? Draw a labeled diagram of plant showiag different parts. Select appropriate word to fill in the blanks: (a) weight of biue whales’. .. is equal to one fill elephant. @ Leg (i) Torgue Gi) Tail (iv) Nose o) _joint is found in our upper jaw. @ Hinge (i) Ball and socket (iii) Immovable (iv) Spine (©) We have . .. cervical vertebrae in our vertebral column. @ 4 Gi) 7 (iil) 5 (vy) 12 @ can only be seen by microscope. @ Paramecium (ii) Earthworm (iii) Ant (iv) Hydra. ‘Write name: (a) Flying animal. () Crawling animal. (©) Swimming animal. @ Running animal. Exphain: (a) Difference between bones and cattilages. (b) In which parts Ball and socket joint is found ?(©) How does our body protect heart and lungs ? (@) What is immovable joint and where is it found? (©) Imagine the impact/losses without bones in our body. 9. Write down the name of joints in the given diagram. 10. What would happen if- * Vertebral column would be a long single bone. © We did not have joints in our body. * Cartilage of ear was replaced by bones. 1. (i) Yes (ii) No (iii) No (iv) No (w) Yes 2. @ Main (ii) Rovt (iii) Pauallel (iv) ait pores (v) Chlorophyll (vi) Photosynthesis 3. a. (iv) b. Gil) « Md (we Gi) 32 1. (@ Blue whale (ji) Amoeba (iii) 8 (iv) Earthworm or snake (v) bird 50Name of Animal Organ of Movement Mode of Movement Rabbit Alegs Running Horse legs Running Parrot Wings Fly Lizard Cup shaped structure in legs | Crawling Fish Shape of body and wings ‘Swimming Earthworm Suckers Crawling Snake Seales Crawling @ 206 (i) 33 Gi) Arm (iv) (¥) flexible (@ Brain (ii) Heart and hings (ii) vertebral column (i) Joints (ii) Arm (iii) ring (iv) Immovable Ma @Qd GaBiological Processes 1 (Respiration, Circulation and Excretion) All living organisms need energy to stay alive, Energy is essentially required for the proper functioning of the various activities of the body. But where does this energy come from? In the last chapter you have learnt that the living organisms derive nutrition by various means. The food procured by various sources 1s digested. ‘he digested food 1s absorbed by the body so that it can be ‘used for various fimetions in the body. The leftover, undigested waste material is thrown out of the body. Have you ever thought how energy is created from this digested food? How usefull materials are sent to the cells in our body? Who takes away the waste materials out of the cells? How are they expelled out of the body? How all the organs of the body are controlled? You will get the answers to these questions in this chapter.Breathing is essential to produce energy in the bedy. Energy is essential for staying alive. In reality ‘energy is needed by every object for moving, welking ete. diesel or gas is needed for driving car, ‘bus, truck et, In the same manner all living organisms need food for movement and other functions ygen is an essential gas for producing energy from food ‘The energy accumulated in food is released only when, it bums in the oxygen gas, found in the air ‘that is when it reacts with it. Along with energy, carbon dioxide and water are also formed in this reaction. This process of formation of energy ftom food is called respiration. All living things namely plants and animals acquite energy in this manner. Food + Oxygen ——» Carbon di oxide + Water + Energy If all the living organisms respire day and night, inhale oxygen and exhale carbon di oxide then why is it that all the oxygen of the air is not exhausted and it is not completely filled with carbondioxide? ‘This does not happen because all green plants on the earth undergo an important process called photosynthesis. In this process the green plants take water fiom the soil and oxygen from the air and convert it into food in the presence of sunlight. Oxygen is also produced in this process which is released in the air. That is why, itis said, plant more and more trees so that there is no scarcity of ‘oxygen in air. wee We can divide the respiratory process into two parts: