ven often decidedly ore progreie intone, Suh historiography eps ‘ally seks include s wider varie of ional acton than hari? the pax thoughe work af sia. often sels, tees, to expore te ‘a the polite, ocal, and inteecualNerarchies that we hae tis ‘ed fom the pst wer shied, i his ey working to dep oee berries, making wa once seemed maura! nd unchangeable tppent ntfeal and mallable.Hisortns day tus enploy methodologies ‘omerkat diferent rom chose of thes predecestars, Aino al ate alsa ‘eore hepa out he Linds of us the historian can disor about ‘he Kad of th bared in sources Mos proach their evidence wk many more questions tbat prosenaace and imitators han doer redecesocs might re had. This does net mean, however, tha star ans today are free of he pr. The Bet of them borrow testy rom thle predecesors tsing the ol to place ad decipher souees, en re ag on solar strategies to manipulate and orderthem, While they do aot vole the sume Kind of bistries as the pedecewrs, they could nt wre history at alae ot 2 hey undestand i they dd not hae ‘Bsc legacy, ¥ Tha Sours: The Basis of Our Knowledge about the Past A What is a Source? cores ric at arb byte ps Thy ex ier GaN pct sono Seca as “eins foresee sing oe erat a chae stout he pasa by seo thc ease The wate inandst ssf aprctitr lene tu reap tee Stee fa pnp sa hier steing ourbet ease The pert inch hyo fa aldo eects rer eights Tibar stut a heal ols eo ate pares By ooetat bees oi toms Bn she pln notaries e Siding ef Get cmmer or melon em (or eseope ‘Siping rent Gyenisat eSaneal wh oe fn oh Tncocu innit cite pratt dev 8 sent ohether sng canon ah the co ofa propre ‘Sanger exept coon ob wa cso teeny the le fsheesen the Nero Sk Exchange) pena rep tna wes exinclc Wc Het aapee cg ae cs Asch’ in Pagie gh woe uc cope ee inal “Tee Sing of 98 ar Hs precede or ronnie eae ea fo Aor oxare dee Neer en secs ld ts tan in} 7 Pammarraser ea mane ands tesa ob leet he rma ‘ial available in the source itself. Looe Bod ek and smn vere tly ced forte mes pe esate genic ey vere nade Wistert eee Sy jc of pocterndyMe nd ouyscrae Se flowed cane to be ented a oral muees The mane one ot Sat einen weet ore, They wee coapocd oe, ‘is commmporss pot fas ter ofa tg role we ‘hen abate et Oxy ery were ey ee fore oe though tha smetines secured Ino toares de coer ‘tinony ists uualy ane inporan aa i for Sale ss ‘chaperone he set hrs pre dee w Nb oat ‘allaar mtu Ie erage nnecnay wpe carters be ‘cas pndpal als st acne be onal pure acta ot the reds or exinone at ae me dom eet ede che, Seth ceded ene ne wat pony sd “Tennis sn wo, Wehr orl one, ay hte Bie senomly ened, peta sre secon er bey agin to Gear some oer ppt. Scher ancine ta eee Setsshonghad nen the ods eng wtenoea fac howe he datncinn tu ear ayaa tn {ou deigedor one pupae ma eome have yet wert ova fo erp nen orcrd one cat ash Jeteniyapured anotiermgh el te unetendonalnconrpoe ‘State fin ofPesceatJan Renney amaaton ales rath andes who meant at erate pr for hs pee eee Tat fn’ re Bt ands Noe nerpeon bas Ler teen prune iporast Ammo wc opie ie gl tie desed prove se rr, ods por conor ‘iy anoevona obvious ae nt nme’ of Seg aad saa theyre produced wih spe pupo nmindTotangeaes ‘etna ource fom annie nots age ater see tansparst more rela tan anther Unnentatoonee ee ee, snl one sense at ey were ot rd ik ‘an queios in mid they eh hone bene eo one. inennal ue conin eats et ener soso ot Shei aus Rae be Seon tne rg! nenins hee tended oui he chao autha edn het ea fina reveal he cranes md nt ate gh «© coca ema, oreo Re ben recede eee Wate See e therefore aacing he nr in wa he aor would never have tend Historans mus ths aay code the condtons under whieh soacee was preduced—e inten ht saotvaod bur ey sae ‘tame dat such Knowledge alte althey aed a Kao about “ebb They must ao conidrthe stl conceatn wich was produced—ine een that preceded ig sod thove tha followed for Che Sgnifance of ay ett recorded depend ach on wha eres aes sic dot on what comes before. Had the Boon Tea Par of 79 2 been folwed by the Amerian Reon i woul hae fad eon shy lessigafcance than ienian have ace gen i an he very oa ‘nempper report of th upg, nthe ery sue archive woul Bae Inn ae diferet tae fom the one actualy acs. These ns ae never in 2 posdon—and shuld neve imagine hemes 2 bengina pstion—to rads oure without tendon bo he hit: ical anf the hitorigrphial contents that gine it meaning, Th, of ‘ears isthe Reutof inal terpetaion. Soutes are thus thote maerile fom which Mitoans construct ‘meanings. Put another way, a sours isan eject om the po oe ‘ony concerning the pat on whith hseran pend ia order to create thai own depiction of that par A ioral werk or iterpeton i thus the el of this depiton. The relanship beers the om can be isated by an example The dary Ie by dey Ded folonial New England consstes a source, On the bast of sth source, Laurel Thacher Ulich cated = ptewning bist su, 4 Mis Tae (2990) A source provide w ondence abou he exe tence of a event's bir intprtaton ian arguncet stout De ‘bough when we we the em “ours” we hav a id bes pe may soures sch sources can temas be diet or inde A dirt {arcemigtbe the letersor cronies Ua come fw romper century baiseamen, lw cde mite in 846 ot» pcm ened ja esterday. Ax inde source might be an eighcenvcetaryinveon ling the leer and books found ia an edt woman's sa ot Yeh schol could deuce someting abou the Bnd of aint ad tected and her iteDectal tres of, 0 pute he examples {gen hee i might be an eleerchceiy regi cab the eo tenis of prince archive that named he it centy ce oto hex compute patout ef ser f port vlutes fom the Bane sed Nobleat Broadway and Send in Mashat The boundaries betwen spare (whether dest or indeed) and &‘toil sud ae ot ahays, however, 2 ls. Alkough an ancent ‘weapons sper or cpl for nsance-or x deed waeaog ome ftip ofa pee of tnd baat a sare in the wa teste ei locurents hae aa anbiguousand siting tans Herodoss sed Dea les, for example ach of whom prod accounts of eve a they fm dap, canbe considered both hiss of thee ager atatos of ional fterprettont—and authors of cree in that ey provide -odemdayhran evidence bth about hee ventana ee ‘eleenal cunt of the ages hich hy woe a may cae, veo ‘he sources tht former hstranr wed camper oso ae oxo the present, othe hore etme they omar sees resent historians aa are of ure only out fst ‘vidnce, The cach isle y Bub of Caren fu #65490 5), for example, mentions counters now ks werk es ‘eres ot oly ahora itrpeaon concerning he it Cian ees bor abo aban nee sures abut isc tis has one ofthe primary reponse ofthe horn dia. pth careful fr ender beers informson that comes eral oot the oure isl in footnotes orb some oer meine) and that ict ' perinaliterprettion of he teal Forte ltr content fac Son—vbat i transribed frm the oa elisa hae no Famentay debt) of tines poly Or they ges suey oa ein lar aruencs (the propery eputer of 4 munate), of fal suctr (tx roll), of aol eae (eaters of birth mariage and deaths, et: of Cenship regan), oo plea sian Son (at ofres cabinet ofr. iepdaton). Wren source of thee Kindy aldough cen een most i ‘ora work and although someties imagined be the exclave sup plies of historia data, ave By no means the on hind of arid {oure. Unite souees, both mate and on, cea exe ee ‘eno thehioan's sen Like wien wes, they ace oie [pes agemres “a Archaeological evidence, beter ares en day fe atic ce ator such jel or aes, elgs, gre rand, hares, oS ‘Beaton contsasone afte montimporant cto of unten se dence. Such acs ean el sana a grat dal abou the ele the ae the vas of if, he ase ambions of te poole wan ined there If te objects unerihed i one pac an be enti ‘een aden anoter, they can ao reveal a ret del about the cote ‘perc and social icteronnecons othe age. ‘Somes the archaeological bets le more than the race for smeretieeor aa letenalndsape, Een ras spent in ‘antag the charred beams oa med hoe, pei hey hae bees le untouched trough tne, can provide te sera ale norm on, Achaolgal site of ner t Matas are ometines bused ‘under pemtdaysreturesandistuacarthed ang exces nde ‘Bo inthe couse of bllng a oder cone sth ssa Ses. For example, 995 Nate Anericaa al gros were di ‘ered No York Cy dasa exons for ke aby easracion (Coin hou, and somesines hoard of paper caren hare Salary provided serine with tbl infocrnen aout the lntons of goverment, abou economic condionysbout tude elton bowie ‘al poly. In sion, hitorans ry hea oo inal representations, whether handmade oF handaished, sch 4 painting ethingy and raving or mchinepredsed, ich a fins at pctogaphs, (ra evidence sao an unporaat source for Nios Vach comes ‘fom he vey stant past othe formofales andthe saga ofancient peo lek or fom te prenotem period of Wester sory nthe fora stk Songsor populrhanls Such eaene sho comes hovee, cn os ewm ay noe, for exampe, oro songaor athens ase yor formases. The intere bane ofthe aor forms foal vene produced in our age Ta their rg formal these nce wee pal) ‘a (ora) and fev vere recorded in permanent ays Hee ey ae lett scholars today But some were preserve non ayo another, oad Iss thnks those preservation ofa cident, atin i sil Inne ces them ta the presen age om and ade, a great many or ‘tpthervie ephemeral sures have husbeen erdere write," hat ‘eome woe batons ae oder oc oe “oa soseen, The degre which ny bison we orl eater evidence de pend stage exten onthe prod being tied or on he pur feet under ives. Hataranw’ knowledge shout prchioe times the age Beare writen recnds—is neces bed frelon the materi or indvety on the or recor. Bening above> oes o00 Ne, ig vat invented in Menopotnia thus nangrating the "ore age in aman history. Thereater, Grek and Noman deve ped writing wana, highly sophistated fom of eammunsaton, ‘hdl for at reazon tht elas hve 0 uch deperané more me ‘ced kncleage ofthese ancien voces than others, Tse ‘plana forthe profound iuence hese clues ave Bad 8 aur ‘om, Dasag the ext Mile Ages, howerer, eat communication Be came relatively more important anita o around the veh ex tury tac ites communica achieved dominance rea a ete ees inmeler Europe With he vention ofthe pristngprewatthe ead of eens ceo, ese European hry came o be based prin teeta eel eee {nu of dormant of ll ads neveeepora, state, eter, fe ons, poss, dovngr—husaearng tes og sul and vide res Inn. The invodution of wat ad peatag ad an noes lta ct on ileal story wel fr they gave schol moe exemve {au more sect cen othe hoo of thee pedeeas Nevethlen, tins do note exdrey on writen sources or eit Inovldge een of howe ge a which the rated teat eed Mare fer the bourdasetetveenwitan and ca ofor tht mater beter ‘eral and mate ae abiuary. Akteug Norns have wadoealy Categorized material and oral our apart oa writes, hereby alla tention she genes dilferencee amongthem an the ange fue ing dem these sled researchers Koo vot to ase he die ence, butt consider them etal. Tody mo acholar are wea ae Taree len el eset tc eet aries ‘What sols know, for example, about te people of te “Ancee [égie” (hee wed in mach of rence and yestern Earope oer (othe pesiod othe ne Mile Ags to aout 3600} ei ac on, day, ey and fntecome them hough a wde vce of sere some oigiallwrtes, sme writen only fier thee ose ver ite, Folr sage, monument tore and ale, micas, Ings and ote inal reeesentatins (ay ones it tat we ave ‘nde por fom the age) ue tc paces donpideneapapert Sd diplomat documento provide the rsteral on Wich iorant ave bated exmaodinay rien coun. “Teche innraon ofthe nntesth and oven cnn hae led ew binds of sources hat candace in blr the bounds be ‘ween mien, onl and water” To cera cen sch inovto invledsimiy a ingeorment agai he photograph an sbove Se agente coe ie ee than the palate o eam mage The years betneen os, when Thoma ‘Wefgwond invented tke photoramsn on ser otras paper, tad 8, sien Koda ineoduced he ol were the dace decades nthe hi {ory of the ail photograph, The period beoveen 185 when Josep Press began experiments with moving fm, sn 1895, when Those ion pete techniques, asthe cial ge fr the development of techolbg for moving plcure Ie was oni aroun 3950, however. at the technology became salable to presen me adequate, aad tis sll nore reendy ta efor ave been made to coy a us preserve fins made Defoe tat peviod. Unt! i000, mos fms were wht we cal “document” report of crret eens or of tata pore, Dramase fas were made ater Wat date although cas aot unl afer “oun recordings Et rom he inte nineteenth cen, a est om ‘Thomas Basa’ ceaon of 187, The gaophone recording flee, sndice te iplanwe are had the compacts The collection ofa ‘nformaton os 2randsale hea, hovers ihe upeveearding re ‘nade utof meta in 19, andaroune 1940 produoe gmthetal, “The ada began in 1596 ad vas pub salle afer agoeceplae tranminion began i the Unied Stes afer 1ge0 Telerion sa the firs experneas in 1927 in 1938 twas made pubic seb in Lone oe ia oq New York, Te year ater tame tom of th Eure pean counties, Tis medium did not, however conse ae source let not in ts ea yeas, for the worsens vs tleson were ‘Bote, and wee ral rearded orsned In conta ae ells In fis recording eens ada much greater chance abelng sed leva ony beovensbout spo aud go at ese saedia were wey ued Thee apes do ot bower, conte a sere ure. Tp, they have notte ans the ave deteriorated, formation hs been last Bren the saved information i Sometimes acces, The French ‘Tt. 0 test ose example, has over soa 000 dace at tapobut sno may to make them easy aceable researchers, Tele ‘ows poten historia sure a, thes, soe dance og, Slur rolems tee the eompter Res on which age qutaty oF recent decade sncal documents tre sar, May aca tsk of rae Grimccesbiiy an even geae problem pow! by he rap changes ie favre aad altar, fora record made tray may be unreadable vith he echnolgy etre a 198, fr eal, scored "aata age pono of the fd records hee bythe United Stes gone ‘ment were nscale, became the Japanese company which ha up led te erga technology for reading hee ssid as longet‘aking it The probl here is nots much thal pnizatona ‘lati needed a polikal and fancil eomilimet taming he cea of thee mateale Al hes ower although diffrent fom one moter, ae a many ans complementary. Oral fears oviouiy xn compen een ten. ralzaon tht wat fr tao lng lost nos deanna kan ‘ns One ofthe ft to econ he reaon of orl inom oe, ‘ext wa Jan Vania, 1 Hemish historian whole now teahing te sited Stes? A cudent of Wex can clare, be eanBlhed ect, ‘orieshanded down rom oe generacntsaheintatecen ee ‘sable and relableacouns fr pat ts were the ton ches ‘5d penonal nares tat hare sured ftom the wets Boonen i hatin fat hey were the same gene Vania argmet wey io eenee, ethodlpc fre wa nots Sagat eal scout cies fsb he So cap ‘hey met sees ea, Vesna’ es concerned bk ies eee fhe text (isthe nar [orwimes] a member of ihe group he cone (he trmnsmision ofthenaain? does thenarate coms thneeeenion cial instwion or va aclved ate) anda aro, ‘ave sll coberet, hati ds the Wines oropinese te atsn'sconbationohitaral methodlogy vat anit hs te Santayana lag aot endesood hatin mysteries Er ‘pe ofthe tenth ad lene cena) scl eason ere sussioed ‘rough or ac and hatte mat impocaat eal tassntochaches Ute meni by mean of or wining ad he ke Or conmncns ‘aon that ely inate array action td socal warty ne fac be he mark ofa cmplexand wellcdered scoped ewes Sl hiorans ean plate trun oral sures onto the cee tat they canbe resid by means external erence afoot ed sok 2 archnelogi linguini or cual. n one ce for one Searchers studying travelers report fom Steen cetay ads oe able tomate ses fate and practices described in hse repney ‘computing then to smi behaviors characte af moder ene nderood ere and by acai te archcaipetiecnd Then {hs ce hitorans ere able we the reer undennd the poe would, howe, bea mise io conclide fen ths ites eh ne 4, YD tn eo a tte 9) hen mt et a as Wa beach 7 ‘omparions wil abay be fit Human cures do not remain un hanged oer tine. Een bef he period of clea rl in Alsen me ‘now, sococulral upheals of enormous ingorancs look pace we "hat consnen tho neither there nor ante de dar we sine ‘he soc codes and elu petro tn any ese “el noo, the adopts impute lok x tea omc uarong ‘ag—ptem, shouldbe cmpemeted bythe Hiserta's arte oo eta lok for ehange. Tes not ony premodem calves that produce ol sources of set ‘he Koran, Aleaares dou andi erin anes orl epee provide ely imporan esideace. In mes oc eperl sag as, eo ad ste, for ample), wine ae not clined writ own tet expeiences—resstrs ate t9 fa ther ocoper eens their ose adhe lay For at aon tere cn sont sib, ‘ute forthe peronal accountant be wen. Al Seas oat tor ofthe Vietnam War provides ne revealing example ofthe ae of such techsiques, Snot intend tive vets of the confit ho reported events that never mde nt the efial document oa. swing the miltay arches The men ited te of the nal optimism and endo and then how the eats of combate Buy ‘gs, carnage on the batleeld, wot, stock and loardesroyed ‘monleand humanly among em Interiewing—or the Hd of teeing that can sre the careful ke torian~s hovever, no simple are. The quatons aed man be cel sesigned, in atcordance with nova plan about he Hed of lforny on seght and abou the tsa relay ta wich il bebe tthe ae tne, howewer, the intrviewer mb Nex, ae he tems ofthe inert pare unexpected senses acd sl Gs fds, gener, hard ntenem can be ditinguied ron "oe the f—the Kad of ea ale hstrans—he nteriever has worked hard reenstucthe hina siuaon in which the infrmant edn ord to et bye the simple narrate about what de didnot hap ea. good interview aoe in whi the soy berms che, mere so ‘ced, more undertandable the tell, oot one la whch pull n ocene i proved, acute is vine, 3 peaon fund out, even sn ten costed a hough were a acehading”expediion something much more; it iin ieef an interpreaion, «ures as ont be aed ith enreme cae {8k ga a ary iy si an ‘fel theca ene Po Pineal ine Megha thThe Impact of Communicason and Information ‘Technology on the Produetion of Sources Although horas make choles among the mati efby he ps, ‘tenting one objector texas source and eject nobel ‘to seontay sin te erry edeace, ey mus chore om nati sate. Oly ein Kine of penal ence wa podeed in any gen age on some of hat vas preserved, an oly potion of that deel to any gen istrian hey a to mle we hes ‘noog ptensl soars hitorana musth conde he ways a en Source was creted hy and how vas peer, andy as es ‘sored an achive, musa rary or any ave react ie, “The swab of ure yin genta ey much deter ty tech ology ati theconddons wader whic agen cle rece ad Colletta iforticn The mechanizns of communion snd eed Stvhch formation cranes ae bath elmer of the chase ‘story ofsouree Tis hitory en be divide nn eee pesos 1m the fin, infoemaon was arited by people who waked o an ‘vith he neat proba meer eroding ole er oo Tae ‘medium of ansmison was tos the mesenger Nene Sometier sages wet ali et wal sgal (0a) or by sure as ands ews taled fs, tin none of the ae cod comes esege be dele with great pecon, andi alo thera geographic orc ‘mabe conitons cold rial iit the ange and spect of en sion Ted, sich methods ze of oune ely ed, but sane cannes tins hae suried—ti estos, for example, Bing age a mas te markadexho the prctee of gag srenato ond on lh, Ih the second phe iaformaon oe masporte sig puck stl ‘Thiphuebepanaboutzo093 ce incotl Ay aboot ooo we athe Mediterranean sea mete during the seer estar song he oe in Per andl wed in ame par of Sth Amen na ‘Alri, Average sen ing thi form ftansptton ne at sa do les ften wile, Bose ia areas where norman vat cari pepe Other chia deeopnene her smproed thine of tat Son. By go00 cE, Magpotamians were ng cy tab sar a feematon; around 1000 82. the Phoeaicuns developed an apa, Wlch made voiing much moze ficient. Per Mngt te Courier tem of tanipor in wich mages wee nde ye cally designated agents 2 eethod laze wed bot a Bein an Rome: By the thvtecnt cary an eabornte gm fr deen te Tina foo al fran Tang ap pil ad ban worked out connet he Rorentne tanking ade ‘lant hows tthe ude fas a Champagne (Franc the Stem as “dopa the pope in he long seta. By the end af he enh etary Brope a net of poral onaecion hat had ben dvloped bythe Manse rm of Tare and Tai og the i ws gael ‘nopaly or he Spanish pose In 38,2 tip between London and Venice ook 951d an ia ‘aga journey from Genoa to Bruges ted 28 to 2 dp. Ths, die ‘ince cued daly veraged go abou go mie, Beoees Le Benth fd the nineteen cen, sateftare arto dole, hans Othe longetane ries tat were coos og th pei. “Thee catego loretion Yre tanoported in his paod each of hich requved sghy dlfernecknolgy of tery. The Bt ‘hed secret comerpondence (eres Chua) of wars kinds (et semis oc bsnes, diplomatic iin which ha be writen in code. ‘The cond as general orepondence (tere patted) which a fe, ws ken over bythe nempaper the tid extego. The frera resin he production ofthis gee were the Veneban who equi Dotned commences (aed sms) accompany the buns core spondence thy sat al oer Europe they were followed by the Cem Te cies ike Navemberg and Witerbeg whieh produced wat thy ‘lel Zao newspaper). Tus, ted newspaper at a ele pesioicy appeaed fit in Sxtbourg (609) and Aner (39) Te ‘oon ster tata eitincton was made between imple nee (whch fad a epi earl oven) an "newspaper of pion.” "The thd phase of communication a of oune, dened by mechan cal eda In 1, be win increswed he peed wich formation ould be waned 9 0 0 gg mles er hour With the invention of ‘he telgaph a 134, frat eansinion became mat nan ‘ous By 16 rege only sen minutes to tanumie + mege ‘fom ons lace on the globe to another, The more ree anon such 5 tlphone fx an, wen, and satelite hee ade ors ‘lo warsissoa tly aaneou and practically ier, Accomp ng thi echaclgialreoonon wee orgniatonal éange a the ‘sy information aa ptkred ad dele. The sites entry Sov (he emergence of hie nr evs chap Routers an UPL, which provi nee sence otausnds of small cent oe nena ely frelon tte ee for frat ror yen iowa forly Su shave no independent sures which hry an very he th ‘ievien tat the sped awbicha piece ofiforenatin an betrayrite slong th biguituns,drc asaindenc. Today's eis (CNW, fr example) make he wort "tal ilage” and Oat In somesenu cheerful hough ort mens ht peopl oda eres Ingy bate sees 9 exaciytbe mme ior tte sme Se abd ten ear ily Bataan eas that ance cha te Cuban Mae Gru of gb eis an mediate reaction, in Moscow an Wsh- Jngton lk, with al the tit ch sped ena Sel thee eel Aaaige to the speed of communion pile rofay. Constr for ‘xample, ht when te bares aed in Szentscetry England be {iw Counties, tok te mons before grat cold be poretaed in ‘he nie area ananother oon bla karined where ede [ato eae ehoge portion the pops ‘The pore of modersday communications ther steady seam of fashion change andecnieaonorations depends, however, noun the sped at wich susie el tao om the gual of te air oof the dicbuion ape [bs dependson the readin of ea {Geoce atept the aaoion Tes or example, no accident ta be fst mechani clocks were deveoped in Il in the fourteenth een si wee Rat ained ae cabot in anders and England, here Tiny had geod commert wions and where the commercial nf etre Sd socioeconomic tm wee sini "The terial gues ofthe menage Sue ae inuence wl “nen, athe naman pa usages were fist riven an then pied, Uhr survibiliy and dnibasen potential tered enaraouy,Du sh he advent af ado and TV, messiges bre in some was Become Imore phere In gene oe ean ay athe qual and accra of ‘nesge ire when eer 3 mane plored ol ann Sion and then, ar riated eaters replcedhandvesten, Maral ‘ela a fimo rgd ne ha he nei he mage,” that he fora whch ifematon comes is ofen moe ica hao the esage te The centaresong domization of the veten word ply peged—and developed capaci for—aberact thinking, TV {nd an contrat, ephase the vial cone ‘Nau corneas an alo cee colletnememorin By hi, we mean tata tora anu an ett oes af een broad ‘a wey ad simsltieoaey, te one bene part of sized expe ‘ence, partof arial menor. The View Wat inthe ate stiesand ‘sy eats proves «pret example: the dy ne epors shout Ascend Ct ci Redan Piney ag ae ‘iti eg ne Cou Carag on ae rested fora gent any Americans, eel young American, ‘gle experince, sh exprcne tat guanine pote eeance 0 ‘hewn. The leon, abel be noted yar not ton he Amer ‘iy Nedin coverage of me Gal War (.ggega) as ms ore re rie, and a calc esr sues fata, wl sree of {he oy fame covered rer hn he cont le The Veet Rear Sion a Prague th fal of the Bern Wal and Tananmen Square alin 19, joined the Wess colecne neon, gay aa et heat medi Ia media andthe echonlog tac makes it posible ave hs ety lunged the chance of om reporting andi relasoshi osha ‘hip. Very ean te hirythe pes ower een in hed o e Sxtentcentry nt tense Sr Calan Dainese, eas, potential ofthe pes was enguzed, and wih hat dept cane Dial coool. Svea ten, goverment sought ine ke press oe {Gaal uve chara requiring thatch nempupes bin of fil deense to publh In the laced cent, weer Esropesn ovement oflen impo! onerous aces oo sempuyers pacer, ‘hich iced ther abi alt, pois ni eat news vas oni under the presure af pbicopnin atau tues wet sboled, {neg in 1846, example England in 83, and France ie 8s “Ty, ost nenpapesin the West depend forte nancial spon on goverment (the ors Soet Linas, fo example), plate !nuze groups (LOnmison Rosa) or pate ems (Stomp ays ‘med by Fi). Thu, mos ae saber plea and Galo pre fe of rior kinds Sometines abe, eivere imply ome ‘Smesiis move dct Dic egies hae gone eves fre, ote: ven preebng what 0 be pobished. An ely highpaat (o ae aint in goerament ool ofthe pes wa reached by Hides ii terforpropagiads, Joseph Goebbels, wh is Minera i Vale ‘rung nd Propaganda The ior comequenes 9 hie ominous roves wel inorn Th cnt ome preseae rave “e," i that they fant n epenenty of plication or abe dec coawa. The London ‘Roos for ea the ache evapaper of hi gee he cont sta Frnte's Le Monde and Germanys Pont Agena Zang rep. Tevet the tion In the United State,» banal of nausea ct Ia ewapapers sch ar he Naw Yok Tne and the Wtngtn Pt provide cial coeage opie aod ae pone able o mone Puli opnion. The pil chao! deveipeens freee! years howe mking CNW oF the Internet posible, fr example—are ate BT‘conidere par of his ain of pees "redo" Althea he rots of thse mati deen by emmaral momen equa sped the tey provide sch users, bot fo he publ a fa eal che they ep preserve he “edo of he ress” ‘The pre, hen clotng he nonpeint pee i opdersly more than puneyor of ue ean play dese rl in pola procenes themes, Cater fer example, be mporance of te Hing ata eoverage of Watergate or more reeny ofthe Nev Tek Tia’s ‘April, 1995 seport dar Serbian Pree Sabon Mle was de reedyaosatd wat the Bosna cooecrason camp un Ser pars ‘sll andthe tai exerinadan of tim poputons in he tery. Te Tuners CNN goes ap ther, proving alors, ou ger day TV coerage aod he we In Turner's han, the no becomes a pure commercal, uniform produt, and simultaneous an important ede by which policans and goremnens srk elurace woven In, fan-Aw canae (MBC) war beg (xt Lon bo), andin 1998, te Europeans Insnched tir compatior (Ei ones) In hese jar, the UnledRugaom' BEC reat lob Nomatar he medium in which ered anc no mater the cae vith which edtosleedom is protected, howe, ee) ae ep intone seme elene and theres “bse Te jours sco poss tor the tum of our snd ers ha put ogee hoosng ong the thodsandsané tots plese of form ull on th ba of what might interes or ples he “publi” he ‘mer, the ne one or another terest rou, or cera delgil oaticn, Oae journalist may decide hat having been tld of ont in Stace ofa cmeopment ler w nthe ft eae anpant—the pu oes ot needa now abou sutequnt operons ofthe sme pe an. ber jouaain in coat ay cee a th ace repein of ‘heopestio athe import point ad she wil tas connie lone the sty."Ta at shes aot “elloving” the ssh erent Te pats it bower, dha one ural right andanoter wrong Tae rom i th jonas ate abyss the new, making one 8 important” aed anode “unlmporant” making "new" ate band ‘Ofcoure na mater what ay he o abe chosing fl he our sali esponsble or ering sures, for mang sure hat be is af ‘efornstin uid ze secure Razane anda in the US. pre Bove demonstrated how eal sch esponsbyan be aie othe rsh te eapptn keep up wih he competion, ours kane mete teen expose for making up fico nthe ate of rice exoneous aN Tine soy abou the US. goverment wae of sere fue ia te (Gulf War, have bean show to ve cone sloppy inetgasany of ie ‘Totus doe dis iscson ofthe pen's uneona eh xfer comments Jc the scolar who wold we he prest-whetber he prem aes forthe moder Ieemet Oi assce Ta enpliy hese wares ae {ty the hori must consider aut he comet of he et, Sut ‘shor and imier, the pablsher and aston lean, he mui fc, and the immed (pallial socal econo) contexte ong ‘nl publabon Its surely sue Wat senator or tendentons repre a hea bigger ec on pic opie than a sober, ceil po anda be thatthe staan al hve oak the Set te eit ha the second or sts the et i a he preterm. I ade om the iia mast remember tat he emission of epartae an ech evens being reported there aa lear separason beeen, ‘ne event and herp he exe Normally We maging, separ of sn ovent i abuthe eens, ot partie Butsometie hs aenip ‘dotted, ashen puriant in roe ten report about scson a thy got the neu (common event ding the de ‘ola the United States and Europe inthe ate 2a ext 97, ‘then ote hve news eat eit in an lectin or when por of pole iasence the eat pollor the wie ae nally, he carefletolar wil be ateaive 10 wht we sigh cal ‘shoreceulag” of ifornion Sows eke dirt tat eee ‘pases fom and n hand Scholars wing sources fo Gat odales, for example—are very sesive to such ik, for tae tld oly caneaaly change the ling, Bat ec thove tor soa wing printed souret or he report rom clectonie media nt Ieee ofthese problem of ineyreutin. A mesge delnered electron sealy can be ize dstored, uta ean sin of prin or aay ‘aed by oath from generation o generation The stage oad an misineypret whats eeported, simpy because he or she dot not Sndentand the Knguitic or eal code in which the menage was rien, er des not grasp the conte: of the mesg Lat ws atate ‘ih aver spe example: what nd 3 osigner th elit ab ‘yim he ngiak anguage make of an exchange benioen wo Aner fas being formally itgodced?—ope fers her band anda, “How 0 you dhe oer replies in ind Oly someone deep the ct ture can esd htt 3D. Storing and Delivering Information ‘The archive often considered the hora’ rnc source af into ‘Baton. The frm fas ovo meaingh. Inthe to genet sense, ag chives the collection of documents held yx nt or egal pon (Gorexample «goverment gency, ad publ lin the cole of doc ‘unenssetythte bodes hem. Thy ate hep of ote, re cal esons—to havea record of previo tons bok tare any lnm sabity and to peste wel vay of ding things and fo Feiee eden for poster legal potedngs Inserts Cal see homer, the tem “hie senate pes ore naaton ‘el that hols and manages the alec, ln pret, dilomae sources and soil documents are kept anes tama sou bears, Bute courte there ar excepons By cance, sven a gis ‘made o special insitions or ie, we sree the eve Soong u an achive is growing and sequring new mitral Seouse ‘he owner othe ination for which t tthe pot tal aces consiered ning archive" When 1 cll, a arta a eit ‘panted fom the lvng ache, perhaps eases considered of vo ‘ale fo ongaiag operations, perhaps besa the fm o the epson no longe esi consdered ‘lorie In chat exe doe, ‘mens ave ste ofl or jai sts Unt the endo he eighteen cetay nthe Wes amos al archi steal wat ld by is egal owner by the ltton that pro duced the document, Churches eaareri ie end ob es ‘kept ther own ppers nd wens objets hemes aly spe, ial om or sorage chet Paces Opal ae tet ces thet de: storey and the hives reed wth thew athe changed eset thee operations The medeal Counc of Faner the hgh eout ot the count of Randers, hep is arhie scien Lille, Aura, (en Yes, thn nin of 438 inGheme ‘The French evalution Brought eer of prc, The ne sate ‘cafe much fhe proper ofthe monsters ae ocdthip along th their acies, and Srataneously demoled mon of te dal uve appara th old reine the ret ashe sd sudden {ux of documents tothe new cera ett In espenns the new rene ‘ment creed a central sate achive, which wor pb mk oer European lane oon flawed i ‘he orga srucur of he new central ichne was oll: each ‘oostied repon of the county (in Fase, exchdiprmny elabar thereon might be the rove a ee he ou) eublaeda de poston wich wee see al nse orting anions a aa onc been te pal jc tothe ae feo, Ts, the elections ote Cuneo Pane Aan ened te ae ec n Ghent cgi cy of Et Fades, Sry te eso ‘Guteaed eel ite, of aoe Bal of te aero ‘tomdwored is te dicen oftteGtesnd paves inated French paenenc urd thee 3) the regional ee fhe pa iret ts tears Type atonal pal ar The Hoge ‘Ben ete) eed a depoiny both forthe eon and ote ston, father capcy bldg dumeas ating fom te ened soreranca. Sone nal aches pralty the of ig cis, raped isco ‘ation anderen tr ov cole a sme pus & Europe rsa gan Fc, eg an Te Neng ny aloo oa anos Rae ey keg aces fasts, monaco, Uabopea, anf primi Ikon Ad cy Shere here we soe goes’ ages vote aie ra Gn juts thre el oy pope ee epee ‘ape ndaene) who ee tarts ih dion inst os ome nv adept ches ha een cree, uly saced to reac nse ecu oa pdt probe, «group af peopl ors pce. The sya Noemi ‘aingn: DG. sone uh stnpe te The Neb eee founded gg for resarch sn iy he eed or War ins Coleone igen Anne atk ay, Geman ha pect chet {rune sisi Clog and Dortsod and pe Une Seats, (rernple fod dce n Devo Ua cent ws general sep ht pulic arches sou bold ey ue dunes, dat iy todd wt ne aque the holes of rt ome nd git ns, co aa hw fof xray, Now tat has chge, Sc 959th Sh AM Record Ole har neko gts rate papers tnd lw a 195 a loved the Rol Aree Bl o eal ps Ppe en, fs, and pail fgces Dot ese els fa mary lsc oo Ine he oles of say pi incite son thy have ben prs atl lia unvesis lard Unseni for xnpleRoues a rine conering tend tar oft Uae Sen pa sce (ie posal ein ‘tert cans ofthe Une aor cans (Oakaone' peste he Bh Meum ay~ Tas Soures of ether Ks, ast of ther uate, are play held in er depostoves, Museums fo example ace he ual repositories Co Archaclogial fide aor an sla bec bres often howe ‘lia ane colton, ln and record aes have been exab- {Shed fer apecilclleons (the Metrum of Modern Art In New Yok forename collect amas Rams made sce gp the federal Archiv in Coble Gera, acies Shins made dang Hier Third Rec). ‘Aches in Europe ad Nets Ameri ody low genraly sandal prod egaiing tec hligh, Fr te hia zee te ast [porn eine of orarizsion place of igi or poweance. No prince nmore important ese sy ulated document, wit ch {Rtormacon js pracacaly wales te Bisaran just a poherd ot {coin lite boreal ae unless we can enti provenance We fave fo now were «lacment as found and whereas stored fe ‘Wet ase ipore-e nectar, place nd ie of ce ‘Son snd we Leevtakea oa example: the adder book blogig 0 Janes MeCor, ene ol he mes contd of rating ino Democratic Teadquates in the Watergate Balding la gf ih its eference © “aed un, Whe Hoe" would Rave hada diferent and probe ‘iy abi signee bad i evn fOo0d anyubere Bu athe Fooms ‘eGord ao in oer Repscan burgled hired n the comple Having been fan there, played cv oe in the ry ofthis ‘emia cans the ae bok gene athe Vie Hosse and ten th redentwereioted ia tea "The hy norton fr ech ice facial mae i tha i prove sane andechres ply lay teeing according thee x ‘ect physic lation a the ine he hive wang" This ir ot ab toe paces, however in the ex enleath cea, {ets aly cle their ealectos accord a date ores or by fopie ths wit read othe provenance. Its on since 1841 ia Franz, an sacha er eluvbere i the Wen that new roacls pale! under whch allcon nese Kee nat a, wii each col [econ the provenance vascarefaly noted. ‘Th bind of documento which historians have waddomly relied are premnineniy he eraser f ses and taza Sattaons (Che ‘hutch chine and eaten exblshmens, et) beese by thir ery sure hess tne podce and mse keep record of thet exe [ence and her operations, Ii ur no wonder that ube At aches of ea aigeicance in posts! Westra sn come tus fom the Ask {gst ite ule or example om the els ceca pope Innocenc {cor he Rene ing Philip gus, So tspertat vere thse ches | ae such pine a ey aed es wn eRe petty ee ta he topped rmghent te cis Hor ag Fane ue, i oe ws becomes apes when We cot ae te ade of cal ugh eee Breck aoa, ose gaol ea ene upg a he et le a ens acne ous om sage tt Sad a se estas arumenc roar at ehncd (84 Se) ce Pe Novara documents (documents written and authenticated by specially eee ictes protons mehr tke moder nen) ce ae open ad og igh cosine te Duo he tnd SPSS tree Pe dover ae eed wel 20t toe enor oe pen aoe, Dc 2 a ged ope then aps eh Os se eee tr rem ot ne ts ered ee ofrouy screed is Roman insane Pi ery ty, prog tote ret of Soop dng te {borer and Seon eases a rps ad pit inettson ha ely ond 08 ean ree Jens of sind bc e+ Soe mayer er more preci on ee ft ex biel ts kid rein fom tps bel 190. eS acumen ender i pene are om the fone of he nda iohed and os Ne i ee ne etn of cola nd ie no ee oy otc tnd pee docmen ag Hat of aa ce oupecr ements, Labor oposite Fe eee ear wen cening wees ad wag the a a, have ein sigs ad eb oop 2 aaa Reo ows orgies The presaowcie Se or Ege ay cen ne re a ome es Sen Son For example ty the Aen atonal Conte i rend nb he Unter oF Hae oth Ser ane of Omnecue ne Unie Sates 1 Ai ae efor cs en se dove et a acs underouns sg ain spe South Ht gh here meaning md roving mabe ofan he ite in creed oer al ber oft doe i outa clypoduced the pu Ove reesip at of events were acl recorded. Events onsiered 00 ‘anal on svioun ere ot recorded by contemporaries and wee noted nin omeraon, The ene ng el occ today of COME, De Sly asthe telephone and Intermtreplace he Teter asthe primary Ineansof pits oman een he Sis enproverent, oe ‘pully ofthe pit of mat fc machinsasres the ephemeray the ‘eager mast ‘Secon, afin erred dha the offi wo produced or ori collec ges document dot ink enor ng ismoders he tonne gest ls ht, fr comple, edie paces peal id mot ep copes of the ete hey sen wo ass aling ther over othe innfatons to coun delivered othe igh of era. Des ened chats hee made choices we would see lameat a soc historian tight for craapl, hae weaecd the nincteentceaty sever thatan activa cade coc the modern serge pant as bull "Third rchies are Beqoenty denoye a ataopbe, fe and var. fa Wola Warf, he ene muni ache of te imporant eden thy of Ypres ws burned dn the brary ef Aland, one ofthe gest Inlet eters ofthe nce word ya lot ae hey deine in the aie angue ped; the municipal archive of Naples wa dead iniois Fourth, ay ions and nia Simply do not see aggre sively enough peeve heir record Pate fs are notion in ‘egurd I ties, therfore acae combination of faorble rcutances fora pemaderm pte tie o hae sured forts: bankrupt hat (fests acount ee and hus moves boaess paper fom pri ands tno te pbc ren ay Bappeed in 2568 ihe cae of the banker ‘Wilem Res of Boge, apie Rem thats anformned int an non, happened inthe cu of he Dai Pra; he operation of Single ete that reas fr any ea athe sae fal an ind ‘hdl fom ere who cles be popes of is elaes, than ee to poten, Fn there ae basic teil renons why an arhive des not a, same the qa of thermal om wich the Yecord is ep. The ink aed ody, che bated on anne, become val uncndate ser oat thy yente—and thei oa ype ballpoint pen becomes une eval stow hour inthe snl Toy, the agin doamens po {feed inthe Nuremberg Wal of 1045 ate tet undecpherable. THe ‘ayo the paper aed hsm gens elect the darby of oc {ents Paper manuarres ele about 1840, being made of exies (Crag and of ue desved fom the bet cai, was long sing | Mos ofthe piper made daring he nex century was ot, forthe pine sn wed of poe deste ellre Stes (Be pape being 2 wood Jrodee) Wile dacigeionprocemes ve nce een developed and Te being grata applied eo the mow: precious svg reed and ‘he much ofthe pager produce dace 14g a6 mlb aera, “hig proponion ofthe dorumenssbtedpitrsis and ahs ody Ih deeauued with extncton amply fecaue the poper is roting. We ‘eightnel ak ounces ew rable ar the photocopies of or pes CavdayIeere—clten the ony erin dat saed—and the fs on Stick wear 50 Gependeat Wallpningrin avessoe of theo i> veumable stare sada ralue—hevome erp ralnerabl ace hey Se dcnered forthe lght na enters he ee, ce tsopene, allows the onthe rgnims that oasue tbe pings ‘Sky and vomewat pascal acives ca al scholars beease ‘her is ov masa cllc, ad archiva Become ore by the Tek of deciding wast sve, what far. Since Wood Wa I his ‘problem har become acte The hage iu of materi ato sal ‘roe wt remote ts has mena ht es anno be xtloged fd pepe for we que enough and become in el, inacrble By the igbe the stanton ough the West had reschedte ers ropes decried by Aba Taller int Fate Shack he oir wes ‘iRmanonsaccumalating tao dinying a pace tat weave ateskofloe ing ou cal weer, Solon ae Beng sougr by tecnica means {compat dk miso) aed by eng procaes (ampli eine Clog) Merb can sere sx dare sbsate for paper tnt vk ‘ere o te etc of huni or ight Microfl has anther 2dan- tape wel forecaster guano nformaton are Ui pect hs allo been aed to erent Rnd of show archive, lps cop document nich mighebe in danger oflos or desc ton aria weothe ston St cree torge centr for ocunents hat have ‘ater ofcal wee but cannot et be prope archives. Such Record (Cenes ve exited since gai Bagland and he Usted Se. In his Suen a document produted by 2 goverment agency isnt tthe ‘Reed Comey one as nti et shoreterm a se In Es medi Record Center te Socament retin the caoging te ‘ied by the ogg tun. Thy can eal be cones tot by the ola of he sdntrason ene ey cae ne by reaches [Avis sag, the acini 0 he Record Cte ork ih speci. From the hori achive ate tore documents fr tans tthe ioe archive ane decide on the al caaloging em. Atte ndTest ota at lowed eof French oespion cnis io dak) sour x Cerone The Ren rin ier ot begun in 1738 wa eed and spb i tt on ech si: Be te Manel he al 2a an vei om te French ps Ester sch publ is elec norte roa imple, are sere in bend cone a Freed dessus Engen Sosy oF Seiden See. en Scie i comantnn' atonal pues al hte ean im ood nat they ora nether a uekin te famows word of Ranke to the oe analy orened (ees egetich geen): TT 1 nel high eral ads ely he eng wail sowed Eo pO St Toy and Germaaie sis a ane ped clecons Bae long seed ad il Jong aa ee itis cle nt wine beable cand sear ae tao hon wren and a een role Fan ey cplre ewe of geting werd oun int Ne ¥ are een nse ena de ofr aa ke fea scent Be ea eo err nolangs be ben pita Pa sce re renner eos 2 ht ny De lhe te ened iy mea of opnitd eae aS + ‘he cn live engi roy of hn = ocr ty ants reser opened nee ens porch aod als w ‘Technical Analysis of Sources order fora oure to be wed as evidence in aio aguseat pede mases bootie fornandcontent mus Be sede re uu be (or mst be made) comprehensible at he mst eicirefatimnguage tuning and voabalay fe guage of ‘pe cumen rca i roobulay highly echnical ts handwiig oF oe ee etna Ow deer tore porate Fe a for owes and bays more problema when the Secor ld orb ogated in another care, but hey x BO saat eT rang eters we aCe esl eit eM st a eter cote waters a st any cede working th esdien porches rE rurce mat be crf located in place and ine wes a ec nha nwa ounay orn what oc etn, rae ada Are es aparet Tac” of composon comes? — aed let ei ota om he om se canowe tol Mam thet is actly we? 1 pei aicted witin he source the acta luce of omposton? Mt he Ee Joc naioel provide uch vdenc--o there 92752" tae nee eden ibe inten eine that em sano dot inca proable date, or 2 tne peiod wii hh the ease ae crested Can we el fom the conten ofthe document i ee kip ote sar documens whereitwas compe” Lorie aurea be checked for ate 1 it pur na ects anyan agreement fo the wase oflindiom asec 8GOTSHAL ,L00S + (1964). Understand 2. primes Wiser We AA. Keep hist tay CHAPTER U1 WHAT ARE “HISTORY” AND “HISTORICAL SOURCES" The Meaning of “History” ‘Tae Became word story i dexved fern the Grek noun lorena, meaning leartng. A used by tne Greek philosopher Aristotle, history meant a systematic 3e- hunt of = set of natal phenomena, whether or not hednologial ordering was 2 facor in the account, tnd that usage, though rr, sll prevails in English fin the phrase natural history Inthe couse of time, howere, the equivalent Latin word sient (English, seience) came to be used more regula to designate otchronologica systematic acount of natural phe omens; and the word hitry was reserved ostally for avcounts of phenomena (espeilly human: sf faim) in chronological onde By its mort common definition, the word tory ow means "the past of mankind.” Compare the Ger rman word for htory — Ceshicts,waich is derived from geschehen, meaning t9 happen. Geschichte i that which het happened. This meaning of the word Fistory i often encountered in soch overworked phrases a “ll history teaches” or “the lestons of Bs oh) cae “Tt reguices only 2 moment's reetion to recogniae that in thi sete Wistory cannot be seconstucted, "The pat of mankind forthe mest pat is beyond re geste gece esAaceulntlt 2 Uvpessraxowe msrony cal. Bren tae who ate Dlaed wth he ba mem ores cannot crate the om pt ince In the ae ofall mentee mast-be- event penem- wos, though, pee, and ances tat made sosnpreion aval at the tine they acid, or hve de bern frgte, A fri, the expences geeaton log dead, mast of whom ltt no reo or whee seid fy et have nore ten ditto by he histori touc, sey he pity of ta ‘stllction. The contin of he ttl pat of mankind angi the golf Rica toe “domes al sy bony fall wall aan “Objectivity” and “Subjectivity” Sometimesbjet like ming, perch sunive ion Be past: Othe ‘aol fon falar ea a ening The cane as rae he dled Thy nif bed © fe peta onc ‘sate f toning that nse Sa Sty havea ob ae ey other own nat or thy ext enly the Genero hari eae (et ths may bcd “atete’) To eo sbi (Hat with the neon of seg Stachel and til louver intonen at of coe pesona cos) thing mu tana (st Bima lve an indent eben ate ‘ie Human mind. Recollecton, oweve, do not haye caitence outside the human mind; nd’ most of his tory is based upon recollections —that i, witten ot spoken testimony, “gustory” avo “msromcat sources” 4 ‘A vulgar prejudice exist apuins “subjective” know ge at inferior to “objective” knowlege gly. ve. ‘ius the word “subjective” has also come to rheee “ilsiory” ot "based upon peronal consdemtions™ and hence ether “untrue” or “based” Knowledge maybe sequie however, by an impartial and jude Cally detached investigation of ment images, po. “eis eee ey payed ti foe Can cal ae Stoo lhcn oy ce aon fed evan ee a ee ie ern af eng pn a te ot wed ae fog dee ee ee zi any ty forthe applica Arrifacts 08 Sources of History ‘Only where relics of human happenin ieee fond poshed 3 anes ea oo oaks poaitastanp, a ple of ecg nt of hai or ober archelagial or ntsc ns alas do we hive objects ater tha noes ae the hitodan can tay. These objets howe ot neve the happenings othe events thems We fet they ae the resus of event if wien te tents they maybe the reise heer cee Whether anita or deaments, thy os cera tl oat of which htery tay be west ‘To be seein histori rate tas be derived ‘mediately fom sch mate The hase ‘on of special Kinds ofsaferuards sgsnst enor i4 soeserusanse wsromy Alcove tht pice of pte was aioagh, hat 2 bung as made of motel bach, aa an ‘sit as wottn ina cme ban, tht? pang ‘tdi ly, tat nity pabig wa no ina ld cy and anyother uch te fom det cobseration of atfacts surviving from the put, Bot? ‘uch ft, portant hough they ae bt ae ie dean eet (ke becoming) ss wl se sat [the bing or he become) and an at Deing inlay (aplining why and how ings Be pened std were interested) at el ay dette (cling hat happened, when and aes and te took ped) Besley ich dep dats can fe desired dtl end inmedstely om surg a fact acl sunal pro the pends to ne ty lilo A tora cnt can Ege to ae oy iy ev bopced hams sAoay- Tat ase ‘ng ed Be ball sh Sey pens ing te onto the Baadwought poten, and seed the fl pebting that wee mesons! steve ight pitas eal be infeed: Bute nee ay oe 3s easly be mistaken, forthe bulUlng might ove been a tbl th pie of potey mig fee bas from 2 notte, the punting ight hve heer hidden awn elie wit wo adtient whateenes ead 2 infinity of other opposer pnb, Walene further evidence the human conten of thee sts can nvr espied ith any dee of tao “castor” ano “msroncaL sources” 6S Hisar Korlage Lined by Incompletaness of the Records coat eae eter ey Sous a We aE eT Petrie sec ieee oe PE 8 ules ee Panett eee ae po a ean Ogee eee oa eee oi Jo ee Snare ie a ee ee ete ed eae ere ee eS wot olsned fn the ptt way ism I sse a eee ei ee sete ad ae (ithe hited aes eager ect arr cucseseeeg eee ast liee eee aye an ae dua been grasped can be expounded or pated by eee ber ciel Sapa nee Ley eat eee Re ateSo we ng tof he od pat ofthe ree far ofthe chee put of at nice Ee het Ihe or of the pat dane dines fos leo amthoglgal enn, ey ee Ake sch ced pra he eslecd ony the hee sil onthe te Tar tthe ion hasan Eta jet ‘uly tnt he eel hata ee ata ae Bene (hstayatouaiy) But We sang ea Of wht hapied(istoyasead) Hines ea ld aly fom hija and Hee (pekeormitenion) i oy be hes ese pt of he undentood part of cee Farol th dice prt of honed ns the put et enh by Lehto sao fore thoagh ct pate ep et ah Soca nat ae a wie temas Be at inporene Bot lal, the mat epee ok odug paneer wed hehe” arn Stones oy nompte er ee ‘ae rere ator ele History as the Subjective Process of Recreation ‘From this probably inadequate remainder the hin {ocan mustdo what be can o restore the total pat of ‘mankind. He has no way of doing it but in tems of Bis own expetiace, That experience, however hee taught him (3) that yesterday was diferent fro tor Gay in some ways as well asthe same as todny in “svone” avo “stoma. souness" 47 othe, and (x) tat is owm experince i bath Mee tnt alle cb mer tn Gen horn mem Ores interpreted inthe ight fs oe experince that he matt to apy to the onesandig of Mossi it the menos of many oer peoples wel Batons own seis abt Fnage oot wales, and ones entation of athe memati, eva when roel by conte oony recor sd ely, ae lel tobe ven more {bait Ths the uot He hain ean gap of Naoryaaciliy, no mater how sell i mey ave seemel wl i wus happening be nothing mee than meatal image ea ses of menial images Tse opn an apleion of hoo expeence, tal selva ep a rtages k it ola pt of pat of put of «nai whol nhs te hes in end to peuibed pata mbjative proces — eee oS, Siectrerall aia aan gl cee tion tothe tril SB pasta contaoe cores ‘ion of Bi mental images willow, tthe same time ‘Saggigg at a ea ar eee ieee erat a tee organ tent Phys, fr xp, ba an essed wise Se fo sty pal ene at on Bp ching Issue opis habe ae Beer a en eee hap eerie oo paar age at coast esl) waneara eae