CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Water is fundamental source to the community and environment and it is use for

drinking, washing, cleaning, cooking, and growing food. Without water, the plants would

die and people and animals would go thirsty. However, water supply to houses or

commercial establishments through pipes and taps become insufficient. Water is essential

to many industrial processes and power operations. Furthermore, clean drinking water is

crucial to all well-being. It is a highly technical process and one that involves many

regulations such as locating a lake or stream for an oil and gas operation, finding a prime

well location for a public utility, or identifying an intake for manufacturing operation,

resourcing.

According to the study of United Nations Development Program (2012), it was

found out that numerous countries or regions experience water scarcity, as most countries

or regions have enough water to meet household, industrial, agricultural and

environmental needs but lack the means to provide it in an accessible manner.

In addition, water is at the core of sustainable development and it is critical for

socio-economic development, energy and food production, healthy ecosystems and for

human survival itself. Water is also at the heart of adaptation to climate change, serving

as the crucial link between the society and the environment.

Water scarcity has a huge impact on food production. Without water, people do

not have means of watering their crops and providing food for the fast growing

1
population. There is free irrigation to supply water for farmer’s need, however, it is not

sufficient to supply the increasing demand due to climate change, such as altered weather

patterns including droughts or floods, increased population, and increased human demand

and overuse of water (International Water Management Institute, 2015).

Farmers are consuming seventy percent (70%) of global water withdrawals

according to International Water Management Institute (2015) resulting into the decrease

in water supply. Many have tried to solve this problem to have more effective ways of

water management and one of these is the establishment of irrigation systems.

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to land for the purpose of

agricultural production. Effective irrigation will influence the entire growth process from

seedbed preparation, germination, root growth, nutrient utilization, plant growth and

regrowth, yield and quality.

Philippines has been known to be an agricultural country. Several parts of its land

are used to grow agricultural crops including vegetables and rice. Talisay in the province

of Camarines Norte is known for its wide array of agricultural fields that highly depends

on water from irrigation systems.

Therefore, the researchers decided to focus their study in resolving the scarcity of

water supply in irrigation for farmers Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte.

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study is to determine the ways in resolving the scarcity

of water in irrigation for farmers of Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte

Specifically, this answered the following questions:

2
 1. What are the causes of water scarcity in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay,

Camarines Norte?

2. How does water scarcity affect the rice fields?

3. What are the ways to prevent the scarcity of water supply in irrigation in

Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte?

4. What specific methods could be used in improving the irrigation systems to

address the scarcity of water supply?

Scope and Limitation

This study focused on determining the ways in resolving the scarcity of water

supply in irrigation for farmers of Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte.

This study was conducted on February 27, 2019. The respondents of this study were the

farmers inhabiting in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte. The researchers

conducted interview using semi structured guide questions.

Significance of the Study

This study is beneficial to the following:

Farmers. This study will give them knowledge regarding the best possible

methods that might be used to address the shortage of water in cultivating agricultural

crops.

Barangay officials. This will serve as their basis in regulating and formulating

resolutions regarding the irrigation systems within the vicinity of barangay. This will also

help to enhance the water supply regarding the agricultural aspects of the area.

3
 Community. This study will serve as an eye opener to the community to sustain

and conserve water.

National Irrigation Authority (NIA). This will also be beneficial to this

government unit since this will give them ideas to develop and improve irrigation

systems.

Future Researchers. This study will provide future researchers foundation in

their studies similar to this research. This might give them data and information that may

support their claims in their future researches.

4
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Water is important for agricultural uses. The related literature and related studies

show the causes of water shortage in the farmer’s irrigation which are indicated below.

Related Literature

Freshwater scarcity is increasingly perceived as a global systematic risk. Previous

global water scarcity assessments have been conducted to measure water supply annually.

It showed that water scarcity has been prominent and exhibited seasonal fluctuations in

water consumptions and availability (Mesfin M., Mekonnen & Arjen Y. H., 2016). Food

and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation also mentioned that agriculture is

both a major cause and casualty of the water shortage. Farming accounts for almost

seventy percent (70%) of all water withdrawals, and up to ninety five percent (95%) in

some developing countries. Water, however, is highly needed to sustain agricultural life

for human consumption.

In the recently released Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (United Nation,

2015), one target set forth by the United Nations for 2030 is to ensure sustainable

withdrawal and supple of freshwater in the coming decades. Water usage for irrigation

plays an important part of this development agenda. Irrigation has been supporting

agricultural crops and has contributed to almost forty percent (40%) of the world’s food

production (Pimentel, D., Berger, B., Filiberto, D., Newton, M., Wolfe, B., Karabinakis,

E., Clark, S., Poon, E., Abbett, E. & Nandagopal, S., 2004). Humans obtain the great

5
majority of their nutrients from crops and live stocks which primarily require water, land

and energy. Water shortages has already shown great impact on food supply of the world

known to have declined by 17% over the past two decades (Pimentel et al., 2004).

Therefore, the connection in literature of Tolentino, F. N. (2018, November 19).

Philippines is one of the agricultural countries that greatly relies on growing of numerous

crops and rice varieties. Large demand of water on rice paddies and croplands are very

prominent especially in provincial parts of the country. With the continuous demand for

water, shortage is now being felt by consumers. There are several factors that have been

identified on some studies that possibly contributed to this problem some of these are

overpopulation, industrialization and climate change due to pollution.

In addition, Schyns, J.F. and Booij, M.J. (2015) also presented that water has

mainly focused on blue water, but green water is also scarce, because its availability is

limited and there are completing demands for green water. Crop production, grazing

lands, forestry and terrestrial ecosystems are all sustained by green water. Recent drought

reduced dry land farming production and the volume of water allocated to irrigated

agriculture, with a resulting decline in aggregate agricultural production and exports

(Quereshi, M. E., Hanjra, M. A., & Ward, J., 2013). However, Carrasco, F. M., Garrote,

L., Iglesias, A. & Mediero, L., (2012) revealed that water scarcity is an unacceptable risk

of facing water shortages to serve water demands in the near future. Water Scarcity may

be temporary and related to drought conditions or other accidental situation, or may be

permanent due to deeper causes such as excessive demand growth, lack of infrastructure

for water storage or transport, or constraints in water management.

6
 In the Philippines, agricultural water management dwells on improving flood

control, dam operations, planning database, steward’s capability, and irrigation system

performance also precedes the rice self-sufficiency thrust (Bonifacio S., & Labiano, n.d.).

Furthermore, water is a key element in the pursuit of food security of the world in the

next century. Researches show a warning trend that sources of water for human

consumption have increasingly become less accessible to poorer segments of the world

population in recent years. Although there are no certain findings yet indicating severe

water scarcity hitting the Philippines after weathering the El Nino phenomenon since the

early 80s, The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is currently making

policies that would protect local food security (Enriquez, B. G., 2002).

Related Studies

Layyah (n.d.) in their study entitled “Water scarcity and its impact on agriculture”

stated the importance of water for agriculture use is very high and the major source of

income for rural household is agriculture because the district does not have any minerals

or other natural resources. Water Scarcity and Future Challenges for Food Production

(Mancosu, N., 2015), revealed that in the present century, water demand has reached

critical levels in many areas of the world, especially in countries with limited water

availability and the misuse of water resources, the lack of infrastructures to supply water

and also climate change are some of the reasons for water scarcity.

In addition, Mancosu, N. (2015), define the water scarcity and elaborated the

increasing demand on water around the globe. The study also suggested different

important uses of water which will also be applicable in constructing concepts supporting

7
water shortage. Furthermore, Pereira, L.S., Oweis, T. & Zairi, A. (2002) in the study

entitled “Water and agriculture: Facing water scarcity and environmental challenges”,

gave emphasis on variety of conditions that farmers, managers, engineers and researchers

are facing. A sustainable water supply for agricultural purposes is now widely needed.

However, these conditions create a challenge to agricultural engineers to address the

problem through water management and engineering such as soil and land resource

conservation, appropriate equipment engineering, improving working and conditions,

higher water and land productivity, as well as an improved adoption of models and

information organizations.

In addition, Susanne M. S. and Treguer, D. O., (2016) in their study entitled

“Enhancing Water Productivity in Irrigated Agriculture in the Face of Water Scarcity”

give stress on choosing suitable policy interventions for developing agricultural water

productivity and efficiency. The understanding of these terms and the related estimation

methods are highly recommended to some concern individuals or authorities. Sustainable

water resources increase the productivity of agricultural resources through better

management of irrigation (Upali A., Mutuwatta, A. L., & Sakthivadivel, R., n.d.).

Water scarcity and water irrigation from the study of Longo, F. D. and Spears, T.

D. (n.d.) reveals the potential of agriculture in solving the severing problem of water

scarcity. Water from irrigation is the central aspect of both natural resources and

environmental economics. This study provides assessments for the impacts and

effectiveness of different types of water irrigation systems under water scarcity

conditions (Osman, R., Ferrari, E., & Mc Donald, S., n.d.).

8
 Ngima, W. P., (2011) in the study entitled “Impacts of Water Shortage in Githurai

Ward, Kiambu County, Kenya”, pertains mostly on applicability of water resources on

various sectors such as; agricultural, industrial, household and recreational activities.

More or less all of these human uses demand fresh water. Ninety seven percent (97.5%)

of water on Earth is salty leaving only 2.5% as fresh water (UNDP, 2003). However, IAU

water in Iraq Factsheet (2011) in this study entitled IOMIRAQ Special Report water

scarcity. The use of drainage water in agricultural irrigation, in combination with

traditional flood irrigation techniques, leads to water logging, rising groundwater storage.

Synthesis of the Art

The related literature and studies are all pertaining to water scarcity. These

literature and studies explain some factors that might cause water scarcity and how are

these affect the food supply of the community and at the same time how are these

influencing the economic status of farmers in a certain area. These varieties of facts

gathered by the researchers only showed that shortage of water is now a common

dilemma on different parts of the world and a lot of people are trying to find solution to

address this problem. This generally has a lot of similarities with the proposed problem of

the researchers and this will all be useful as basis in justifying gathered facts and ideas

from the community that the researcher have chosen. However,

The related studies such as that of Mancosu, N., (2015), Pereira, L. S., Oweis, T.

& Zairi, (2002) and Susanne M. S. and Treguer, D. O., (2016) mainly focused on water

demand in many places, how scarcity of water affects the agricultural crop production

9
which are relatively similar to the present study, however, the present study include the

places and scope of the study.

Theoretical Framework

Cultivation Theory of Jordan (November 7, 2011) was adapted by the researchers.

According to this theory, water scarcity needs tremendous investment in infrastructure.

The government is laboriously involved in water organization and planning to further

verify policies and action to conserve water for people.

The exposition of this theory provoked Blue Initiatives to utilize a verified Health

Belief Model (HBM) in the analysis. In addition, inefficient use of grey water was taken

into consideration. Most of them are aware of using grey water that can save fresh water

for other activities. The population has a large gap between these two aspects and the

Health Belief Model was applied to understand it. These two aspects under the cultivation

theory both have similar general aim, to have enough water supply.

10
 The
Cultivation
Theory
by
Jordan,
November 7, 2011

Best methods:
- Blue Initiatives Enough water supply
- Use of greywater

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

11
Conceptual Framework

This study focused on the ways in resolving the scarcity of water supply in

irrigation for farmers of Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte

The Conceptual Framework is composed of the steps on how the research is made

and organized to be able to achieve the main objective of the study. The framework of

this research holds within the input, processes, and output of study.

The input of this study refers to the quality and volume of water supply in free

irrigation

The process of this study indicates the possible steps and methods that will apply

to identify the output of this research. The methods used were observation, interview,

survey, analysis, and evaluation of data.

The data gathered will justify the expected output of this research to resolve the

scarcity of water supply in irrigation for farmers of Barangay San Francisco, Talisay,

Camarines Norte.

12
 Resolving the Scarcity of Water
Supply in Irrigation for Farmers of
Barangay San Francisco Talisay,
Camarines Norte

Irrigation System

Quality of water supply Quality of water supply

The water supply in irrigation

will be enough for farmers and
the scarcity of water will be
resolved

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

13
Definition of Terms

These words were defined operationally as to how these were used in the study to

improve the readability of the research.

Constraint. It pertains to the limitation and restriction for farmers about using the

irrigation system.

Irrigation. This is the application for agricultural uses to support the needs of

farmers from water supply to their crops.

Paddies. This pertains to where the rice crops are grown.

Scarcity. This term refers to the shortage of supply water in the rice paddies of

Barangay San Francisco, Talisay Camarines Norte.

14
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This research study used descriptive qualitative design in determining the ways of

resolving the scarcity of water supply in irrigation for farmers of Barangay San

Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte. This descriptive design was employed to determine

the causes in scarcity of water, how it affects the rice fields of farmers as well as the best

possible methods to prevent this problem. This study had chosen the employees of

National Irrigation Administration (NIA) and the farmers as the respondents.

Population and Sampling

This study used non-probability sampling, specifically, purposive sampling

wherein the researchers chose the employees of NIA and the farmers as the respondents

of the study. The response of the respondents to the interview guides of the researchers

were the main source of data of the study. The researchers selected fifteen (15) farmers

from Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte and five (5) employees of NIA

to be interviewed.

Instrumentation

The data gathering instrument used in this study is semi-structured interview

guides wherein the researchers prepared interview guide questions administered to the

respondents of the study.

15
 The interview guides were divided into two (2) parts. The first part focused on the

basic profile of the respondents such as name, age, gender specific occupation and

address. This helped the proponents to make follow up questions, however, the

respondent’s profile was confidential and was solely for the research purpose of the

proponents. The second part was the interview proper, which was consisted of four (4)

subparts based on the number of the statement of the problem of the research study. The

first two (2) questions focused on the causes of water scarcity in Barangay San Francisco,

Talisay, Camarines Norte. The second part was comprised of questions giving emphasis

on the effects of water scarcity to rice fields. The third portion of the interview guide

highlighted the ways to prevent the water scarcity in the chosen Barangay. Lastly,

another three (3) questions were formulated that focused on the possible methods to

improve the irrigation water supply system was also asked by the researchers to the

respondents. Follow up questions might also be employed depending on the data that the

researchers need.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers conducted personal interviews with the respondents with the use of

prepared interview guides. The interview selected twenty (20) respondents via purposive

sampling. They chose a group of farmers and the employees of NIA in order to answer

the prepared questions by the researchers. This was conducted for three (3) days until all

the respondents are interviewed. The responses of each were collated and summarized by

the researchers which were subjected to data analysis.

16
Data Analysis

An interview was conducted to twenty (20) respondents. This allowed the

proponents of the study to collate the ideas and opinions of the respondents that served as

the data bank of the researchers to answer the specific questions of the study.

17
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter indicated the analysis presentation of data gathered from the

respondents of this study.

Causes of Water Scarcity in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte

The researchers have collated and analyzed the responses of various respondents.

The interview revealed several causes of water scarcity in Barangay San Francisco,

Talisay, Camarines Norte. Sixteen (16) out of twenty (20) agreed that extreme heat

during summer deliberately affect the volume of water supply in barangay. In addition,

due to water shortage supply, farmers tried to spare water earlier than their expected

schedule. Several garbage thrown by the residents clog irrigation systems, thus, affecting

the efficiency of water channeling to different parts of the rice fields.

Effects of Water Scarcity to Rice Fields

Scarcity in the supply of water made the farmers experience several dilemmas in

growing their crops specially rice plants. Drying of rice fields made it impossible to grow

rice abundantly. The respondents also mentioned that farmers have difficulty in

germinating the seeds of rice plants due to dryness of soil. Thus, farmers are delayed to

plant crops for the season. This leads to rice shortage in the market. Rice plants have

stunted growth due to hot condition which affects the abundance of the production. Less

production of rice causes the price to hike at a certain level; however, farmers’ gain is

deliberately lesser.

18
Ways to Prevent the Water Scarcity in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines

Norte

As the researchers collated and analyzed the information from the respondents.

The interview shows the ways to prevent the water scarcity in irrigation. The government

projects can give a program which is suitable to resolve the scarcity of water supply.

Installing of water pump from every portion of the rice fields can help in drawing water

to the rice fields. Preservation program like restoring of water ways to improve the water

supply from the irrigation systems. Proper seminar for farmers about the causes and

effects of water shortage supply should also be manifested in doing such activities which

will help a lot in conducting these ways to resolve water scarcity.

Methods to Improve the Irrigation Water Supply System

Based from the interview, the respondents suggested various methods to improve

the irrigation water supply system. The water supply in irrigation systems was not enough

to the needs of the farmers for agricultural aspects and most of the farmers always

complain about this problem, especially, to the owner of the rice fields which was located

far from the irrigation systems. Proper understanding of farmers on the usage of irrigation

systems and maintaining the cleanliness of the water ways to prevent the clogging of

water channels by various types of wastes are highly important to put into consideration.

Conducting of seminars for farmers regarding the use of irrigation systems must be

highlighted. In addition, modernizing or upgrading the irrigation systems for the efficient

service for the farmers should also be given emphasis by the authorities. In addition,

having a personal pump to each rice field can also be a way to resolve the problem.

19
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

Determine the ways in resolving the scarcity of water in irrigation for farmers

of Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte. Specifically, it answered the

following specific questions: (1) What are the causes of water scarcity in Barangay San

Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte? (2) How does water scarcity affect the rice fields?

(3) What are the ways to prevent the water scarcity in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay,

Camarines Norte? (4) What specific methods could be used in improving the irrigation

systems to address the scarcity of water supply?

This study used descriptive qualitative design in determining the ways of

resolving the scarcity of water supply in irrigation for farmers of Barangay San

Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte. Non probability sampling was employed in

determining the respondents of the study, specifically, purposive sampling.

The researchers selected twenty (20) respondents to answer the questionnaires

prepared by the researchers. Furthermore, five (5) respondents were the employees of

National Irrigation Administration (NIA) and the remaining fifteen (15) were farmers of

Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte.

Conclusions

Based on the findings, researchers came up with the following conclusions:

1. The respondents of the study agreed that extreme heat during summer cause

the decrease in the water supply. In addition, lack of discipline of the residents

20
 has also contributed in the shortage of water supply. Garbage and wastes were

thrown in the irrigation water ways that causes clogging of the channels of

water to the rice fields.

2. Due to extreme heat and lack of understanding about the proper use of water,

rice fields received minimal water supply from the irrigation systems. This

causes drying of rice fields which gives huge setbacks on the part of farmers.

One of these is the difficulty in germinating seeds of the rice because of too

much heat, another is the delayed of planting crops which lead to shortage of

rice production in the market. In turn, decreasing the profit of the farmers.

3. Intensification of government projects regarding irrigation water ways

systems, preservation of this system along with understanding should be put

into consideration to resolve scarcity of water in irrigation for farmers of

Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte.

4. Upgrading the design of irrigation systems from different areas for the

efficiency of the supply of water was one of the potential ways in resolving of

scarcity of water. Conducting of seminars for farmers was also another

method to consider. In addition, discipline should always be given emphasis

in executing these methods in resolving scarcity of water in irrigation for

farmers of Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte.

Recommendations

According to the results of this study, the researchers want to recommend the

following:

21
1. The same study should be conducted concerning irrigation designs for

efficient distribution of water.

2. Same study might be operated about building irrigation systems from different

areas of Talisay, Camarines Norte.

22
APPENDICES

23
 Appendix A

APPROVAL LETTER

February__, 2019

ROLANDO UBANA
Barangay Captain
San Francisco Talisay, Camarines Norte

Dear Sir,

Greetings!

This is to inform you that we, the Grade 11- Simplicity (STEM) of La Consolacion
College of Daet, will conduct a research study about “Resolving the Scarcity of Water Supply in
Irrigation for Farmers of Barangay San Francisco Talisay, Camarines Norte”as part of
requirement in our subject Practical Research 1.

In connection therefrom, we kindly seek your permission to allow us to conduct an

interview regarding this research. Thank you and God bless.

Respectfully Yours,

ARCEGA, Alyssa Mae M.

BAGTAS, Lance Raphael M.
BASA, Rica Mae P.
LAYUG, Dan Angelo S.
Noted by:

HECTOR A. ALEGRE
Research Adviser

Approved by:

ROLANDO UBANA
Barangay Captain

24
 APPROVAL LETTER

February __, 2019

ENGR. ALVIN L. MACASINAG

Acting Manager, Camarines Norte IMO
National Irrigation Administration
Lag-on Daet, Camarines Norte

Dear Sir,

Greetings!

This is to inform you that we, the Grade 11- STEM students of La Consolacion
College of Daet, will conduct a research about “Resolving the Scarcity of Water Supply
in Irrigation for Farmers of Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte”. This
study is part of the requirements in our subject Practical Research 1.

In connection with this, we kindly seek that you will give us information
regarding the irrigation system for the purpose of our research. Thank you and God bless.

Respectfully Yours,

ARCEGA, Alyssa Mae M.

BAGTAS, Lance Raphael M.
BASA, Rica Mae P.
LAYUG, Dan Angelo S.
Noted by:
HECTOR A. ALEGRE
Research Adviser

Approved by:
ENGR. ALVIN L. MACASINAG
Acting Manager, Camarines Norte IMO

25
 APPENDIX B

QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Respondents,

In fulfillment of our requirements in Practical Research 1 for School Year 2018-

2019, we would like to seek your participation in our study to address the best method on
water scarcity in Barangay San Francisco. Rest assured that whatever your responses are
will be taken as the main substance of our paper and will be kept confidential. Thank you
very much for your participation and cooperation on this matter.

The
Researches

Part 1 – RESPONDENTS PROFILE

Name: Age:

Specific Occupation:

Gender:

Address:

Part 2 – INTERVIEW PROPER

I. CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY IN BARANGAY SAN FRANCISCO,

TALISAY, CAMARINES NORTE
1. What are the factors that affect water shortage?
2. What are the risks if there is a water scarcity?

II. Effects of water scarcity to rice fields

1. Why do rice field become dry?
2. How water scarcity in irrigation affects rice crops?
III. WAYS TO PREVENT THE WATER SCARCITY IN BARANGAY SAN
FRANCISCO, TALISAY, CAMARINES NORTE

26
 1. What are the government projects that address water scarcity on irrigation
systems?

IV. METHODS TO IMPROVE THE IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY

SYSTEM
1. How sufficient is the irrigation water supply system?
2. What other means do you employ to address the problem?
3. What alternatives can you offer to improve the water supply?

APPENDIX B

27
 QUESTIONNAIRE

Minamahal naming Magsasaka,

Para sa katuparan ng aming kailangan sa paksa na practical research 1 para sa

taong 2018-2019, gusto namin na Makita ang inyong partisipasyon sa aming pag-aaral
kung paano lutasin ang kakulangan ng tubig sa irigasyon dito sa San Francisco, Talisay,
Titiyakin naming na kahit anong tugon ninyo ay magiging pangunahing sangkap sa
aming papel at patuloy naming itong gagawing pribado at personal. Maraming Salamat sa
inyong partisipasyon at pakikipagtulungan.

Ang mga Tagapananaliksik

Unang Bahagi-PROFILE NG SUMASAGOT

Pangalan: Edad:

Tiyak na trabaho: Kasarian:

Tirahan:

Pangalawang Bahagi-TAMANG PAKIKIPANAYAM

I. MGA DAHILAN NG KAKULANGAN NG TUBIG SA BARANGAY

SAN FRANCISCO, TALISAY, CAMARINES NORTE

1. Ano ang mga kadahilanan na nakakaapekto sa kakulangan ng tubig?

2. Ano ang masamang dulot kapag may kakulangan sa tubig ng irigasyon?

II. EPEKTO NG KAKULANGAN NG TUBIG SA PALAYAN

28
 1. Bakit ang palayan ay natutuyo?
2. Paano naaapektuhan ang mga pananim na palay sa kakulangan ng tubig sa
irigasyon?
III. PARAAN UPANG MAIWASAN ANG KAKULANGAN NG TUBIG SA
IRIGASYON SA BARANGAY SAN FRANCISCO, TALISAY,
CAMARINES NORTE
1. Ano ang mga proyekto ng gobyerno upang lutasin ang kakulangan ng
tubig sa irigasyon?

IV. PARAAN PARA MAPABUTI ANG PANUSTOS NG TUBIG SA

IRIGASYON
1. Paano nagiging sapat ang panustos ng tubig sa irigasyon?
2. Ano ang iba pa na paraan na pwedeng gamitin para malutas ang
problema?
3. Ano ang posible mong gawin upang mapabuti ang panustos sa tubig?

Appendix C

29
 Documentation

Interview with Engr. Wilson B. Narvasa

Interview with Ms. Shirley B. King

30
 Interview with the Farmer in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte

Interview with the Farmer in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte

31
Interview with the Farmer in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte

32
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Enriquez, B. G. (2012). Water scarcity affects food security.

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Institute, I. W. (2015). International Water Management Institute. http://www.un-

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