EC 8701 – ANTENNAS AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

TUTORIALS (NUMERICAL PROBLEMS)

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE SYSTEMS AND ANTENNAS
1. A radio link has a 15-W Transmitter connected to an antenna of 2.5m2 effective aperture at 5 GHz. The receiving
antenna has an effective aperture of 0.5 m2 the transmitting and is located at a 15-Km Line-of-sight distance from
the transmitting antenna. Assuming lossless, matched antennas, find the power delivered to the receiver.
Estimate the power delivered to RXF.
PT=15 W, AeT = 2.2 m2, AeR = 0.5 m2, f = 5 GHz, r = 15 Km.
c 3 ×108 A A 2.5 × 0.5
λ= = = 0.06m ; PR = 15 ×
PT eT2 2eR = 23.15µW
=
r λ (15 ×10 ) × ( 0.06 )
3 2
9
f 5 ×10 2

2. Find the number of square degrees in the solid angle Ω on a spherical surface that is between θ=20˚ & θ=40˚ and
φ=30˚ & φ =70˚.

3. Show the radiation resistance of antenna of length λ/8 m.

2
λ
2 λ 
2  dL  2 8  12.337Ω.
Rrad 80π  =
dL = m ; Now the radiation resistance of antenna is,=  80π =
8 λ
   λ 
 
4. Solve: An antenna has a field pattern given by E(θ)=Cos2θ for 0˚≤ θ ≤90˚. Find HPBW.
E(θ) at half power is 0.707; 0.707 = Cos2θ;
Cosθ
= 0.707 0.8408.
=
=θ Cos
= −1
(0.8408) 32.77 o  33o
HPBW = 2 θ = 66o.
5. Solve the maximum effective aperture of an antenna which is operating at a wavelength of 2 meters and has a
directivity of 100.
4π D 2 100 2
=D ; Aem
Aem= = λ = 2 31.82m 2
λ 2
4π 4π
6. Construct the radiation resistance of the antenna which is drawing 15 A current and radiating 5 kW.
The maximum current drawn by the antenna is given as 15 A. Hence the value of rms current is given by,
Im 15
I=
rms = = 10.6066 A
2 2
Prepared
The power radiated in terms of rms current is given by, Prad = Rrad 2 by:
I rms
Prad 5 ×103 S.RAMESH
R=
rad = = 44.44Ω.
(10.6066 )
2 2
I rms
7. A radiating element of 1 cm carries an effective current of 0.5A at 3 GHz. Calculate the power radiated by it.
Assume Rrad= 73Ω.
1 2 1
( 0.5) ×=
2
Prad
= I o R=
rad 73 9.13W .
2 2
8. Solve: An antenna has a field pattern given by E(θ)=CosθCos2θ for 0˚≤ θ ≤90˚. Find (a) HPBW (b) FNBW.

Prepared By: Dr.S.RAMESH; SRM VEC/ECE/BE/ECE/VII/EC8701/AME/QB/U-I/Numerical/2021-2022/ODD Page 1 of 2

 9. Discover the radiation resistance of antenna of length λ/25 m and λ/50m.
2
2 λ 
2  dL  2 25=
 1.26Ω.
Radiation resistance of antenna of length λ/25 m, R=
rad 80π   = 80π
 λ   λ 
 
2
2 λ 
2  dL  2 50  0.316Ω.
Rrad 80π  =
Radiation resistance of antenna of length λ/50 m, =  80π =
λ
   λ 
 
10. The radiation resistance of an antenna is 72 Ω and loss resistance is 8 Ω. What is the directivity in dB if the power
gain is 16?
Prad Rrad 72
=
The efficiency of antenna is given by, ηr = = = 0.9
Prad + Ploss Rrad + Rloss 72 + 8
The power gain of the antenna is given by, GPmax= η r × GDmax
GPmax 16
Hence directivity is given by, GD= = = 17.78
max
ηr 0.9
=
Hence directivity in dB is given by, GDmax (dB) 10
= log10 [GDmax ] 10=
log10 [17.78] 12.45dB.

11. An antenna has a loss resistance of 10 Ω, power gain of 20 and directivity 22. Calculate the radiation resistance.
D = 22; G = 20; Rl = 10 Ω.
G Rr 20 Rr
η
= = ; = ;R
=r 100Ω.
D Rr + Rl 22 Rr + 10
12. An antenna receives a maximum power of 2 µW from a radio station. Estimate the maximum effective area if the
antenna is located in the far field region of the station where |E|=50mV/m.
The maximum power received is, PRmax = 2 µW
2
1 E 1 (50 ×10−3 ) 2
Pavg =
The average power density is given by,= = 3.315µW
2 ηo 2 120π
PRmax 2 µW
Aem
Hence the maximum effective area is given by, = = = 0.6033
Prepared m2 .
by:
Pavg 3.315µW
13. If the noise figure of the antenna at room temperature is 1.1dB, what S.RAMESH
is the effective noise temperature?
To= Room temperature = 290 K
Noise figure (F) in dB = 1.1 dB
F in dB = 10 log 10 (F); 1.1 = 10 log 10 (F); F = Antilog 10 (1.1/10) = 1.2882.
Hence effective noise temperature is given by, Te= (F-1) To = (1.2882-1) × 290 = 83.58 K.

14. What is the maximum effective aperture of the antenna with directivity of 900 operating at a frequency of 10
GHz?
c 3 ×108
Frequency = f= 10 GHz= 10 × 109 Hz ; λ
= = = 0.03m
f 10 ×109
Directivity D=900
λ2 (0.03) 2
=
Hence maximum effective aperture area is, Ae = D =900 0.636m 2 .
4π 4π

Prepared By: Dr.S.RAMESH; SRM VEC/ECE/BE/ECE/VII/EC8701/AME/QB/U-I/Numerical/2021-2022/ODD Page 2 of 2