Programming (1)
Lecture 2
Dr. Esraa M. Elhariri
Computer Science Department,
Faculty of Computers and Information
Fayoum University
2021-2022
Flowcharts and Pseudocode
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Algorithm Design
Algorithm can be described in three ways.
1) Natural language like English: 2) Graphic representation called
When this way is chosen care flowchart: This method will work
should be taken, we should well when the algorithm is
ensure that each & every small& simple.
statement is definite.
- Starting with the first item in S,
- compare x with each item in S in
sequence until x is found or until
S is exhausted.
- If x is found, answer yes; if x is
not found, answer no.
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Algorithm Design
• 3) Pseudo-code Method: In this method, we should typically
describe algorithms as program.
The pseudocode is semi-formal similar, but not identical, to
C++.
Not discuss the implementation of algorithms in any
particular programming language.
It aims to present algorithms clearly so they can be readily
understood and analyzed.
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Pseudocodes
A pseudocode can also be defined as a semiformal, English-like
language with limited vocabulary that can be used to design and
describe algorithms.
Criteria of a good pseudocode:
Easy to understand, precise and clear
Gives the correct solution in all cases
Eventually ends
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Flowcharts
Flowcharts is a graph used to depict or show a step by step
solution using symbols which represent a task.
The symbols used consist of geometrical shapes that are
connected by flow lines.
It is an alternative to pseudocoding; whereas a pseudocode
description is verbal, a flowchart is graphical in nature.
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Flowchart Symbols
Terminal symbol - indicates the beginning
and
end points of an algorithm.
Process symbol - shows an instruction other
than input, output or selection.
Input-output symbol - shows an input or an
output operation.
Disk storage I/O symbol - indicates input
from or output to disk storage.
Printer output symbol - shows hardcopy
printer output.
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Flowchart Symbols cont…
Selection symbol - shows a selection
process for two-way selection.
Off-page connector – provides continuation
of a logical path on another page.
On-page connector - provides continuation
of logical path at another point in the same
page.
Flow lines - indicate the logical sequence of
execution steps in the algorithm.
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Flowchart Symbols cont…
Function / Subroutine: Used to identify an
operation in a separate flowchart segment
(module). One flow line enters and one flow
line exits.
Comment: Used to add descriptions or
clarification.
Control Structure
An algorithm can be represented using Pseudocode or Flowchart.
Any algorithm can be described using only 3 control structures:
sequence, selection and repetition.
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Comments or description
Start
Read N, N = The number of students
M M = The number of subjects
Yes
No
Stop
Start
1 2
1- connection on the same
flowchart portion
2- connection on the different
flowchart portion
Stop
2
Connectors on a different page
Page 1 Page 2
Start
2
1
Stop
Yes 1
No
2
The detail of how the function works
is put in another flowchart.
This is known as Function-Definition
Function
Page 1 Start terminal for a Page 2
Function is different.
Start Do not use “Start”
AVRG ( result,n1, n2,n3)
Read
n1, n2 , n3
sum = n1+ n2+n3
Body of a function is
AVRG (result, n1, n2,n3) the same with
normal flowchart
At this point, result = sum/3
we only focus on what
to do. How to do it,
it comes later. Print
result
This part is known as
Function-Call Return
Stop
End terminal
must be a “Return”
This flowchart calculates the average of three numbers
Example:
What is the output of the following flowchart when the input is N = 6
10
Page 1 Page 2 5
average
Start
N=6
AVRG ( result,n1, n2,n3)
Read
N Sum = 10 + 5 + 6
sum = n1+ n2+n3
AVRG (average, 10, 5, N) average =
21/3
result = sum/3
Print
average
Output:
Average: 7
Return
Stop
Example:
Start
Read
Length,
Input:
Width Length <- 5
Width <- 3
Calculate Area Process:
Area=Length * Width Area = 5 * 3 = 15
Calculate Perimeter Process:
Perimeter= Perimeter =
2 * (Width+Length) 2* (5+3) = 16
Output
Area: 15
Print
Area, Perimeter: 16
Perimeter
Stop
Control Structure
Sequence: A series of steps or statements that are executed in
the order they are written in an algorithm.
Selection: Defines two courses of action depending on the
outcome of a condition. A condition is an expression that is, when
computed, evaluated to either true or false.
Repetition: Specifies a block of one or more statements that are
repeatedly executed until a condition is satisfied.
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You may have more than
one control structure in
one program in order to
solve a problem.
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The Sequence control structure
A series of steps or statements that are executed in the order they
are written in an algorithm.
The beginning and end of a block of statements can be optionally
begin
marked with the keywords begin and end.
begin
statement 1
statement 1.
statement 2. statement 2
…
… …
statement n. statement n
end
end
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The Sequence control structure
Problem: calculate a person’s age begin
Begin read birth year
read birth year
age = current year – birth year
display age Age = current year –
birth year
End
Display age
end
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The Selection control structure
Defines two courses of action depending on the outcome of a
condition. A condition is an expression that is, when computed,
evaluated to either true or false.
The keyword used are if and else. No
Condition?
Yes
Format:
if (condition)
then-part
else- then-
else statement(s) statement(s)
else-part
end_if
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22
The Selection control structure
Begin Begin
read age
if (age is greater than 55) Read age
print "Retired"
else
print "Still working" end_if YES
age > 55?
NO
End
print "Retired" print "Still working"
Begin
read age
if (age > 55) End
print "Retired"
else
print "Still working"
end_if End
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Pseudocodes: One way Selection
• Sometimes in certain situation, we may omit the else-part.
• In one-way selection:
The statements are executed if the condition is satisfied (true).
Does nothing when condition is not satisfied (false).
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Pseudocodes: The Selection control
structure
if (number is positive) if (number is multiple of 5)
print number Add 1 to number
end_if print number
end_if
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Pseudocodes: The Selection control structure
Nested selection structure: basic selection structure that
contains other if/else structure in its then-part or else-part.
if (number is equal to 1)
print "One"
else if (number is equal to 2)
print "Two"
else if (number is equal to 3)
print "Three"
else
print "Other"
end_if
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Exercise
Draw the flowchart diagram for a program which
compares three numbers
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The Repetition control structure
Specifies a block of one or more statements that are repeatedly
executed until a condition is satisfied.
The keyword used is while.
Format:
while (condition)
loop-body
end_while yes Loop
Condition?
Statement(s)
no
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Problem: Write a program that reads and displays the age of
10 people (one after another).
For this problem, we need a way to count how many people
whose age have been processed (read and displayed).
Therefore, we introduce a concept of counter, a variable used
to count the number of people whose age have been
processed by the program.
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Begin Counter initialisation
number of users giving his age = 1
while (number of users giving his age <= 10)
read the age from the user.
print the user age. Loop condition
number of user giving his age + 1
end_while
Updating counter
End
Begin
users = 1
while (users <= 10)
read age
print age.
users = users + 1
end_while
End
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Begin
users = 1
NO
End users <= 10?
YES
read age
print age
users =users + 1
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Subsequently..
Begin You can start the
counter with ZERO
number of users giving his age = 0
while (number of users giving his age < 10)
read the age from the user.
print the user age.
number of user giving his age + 1 The loop condition
must less than the
end_while value it requires to
End stop
Begin
users = 0
while (users < 10)
read age
print age. Be
users = users + 1 consistent
end_while
End
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Exercise time!!!
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Volume calculation
• Draw a flowchart for a program that reads the value of height,
width and length of a box from the user and prints its volume.
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Summary
This Lecture introduced the concept of programming and
problem solving: a process of transforming the description of a
problem into a solution.
A commonly used method – SDM which consists of 7 steps
3 basic control structures : sequence, selection and repetition
structures
Pseudocode and Flowchart.
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See You Next Lecture
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