INTRODUCTION TO GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC
POWER SYSTEM
AHMAD MALIKI OMAR
Shah Alam
Selangor
MALAYSIA
[email protected]
+6012 2399455
Contents
1. Solar PV technology
2. Grid-connected PV (GCPV) system
3. Grid inverter technology
4. Net Energy Metering scheme
5. Rooftop mounting structure
6. Possible factors de-rate the power output of PV system
7. Power output and reliability issues of GCPV system
8. Maintenance
9. Monitoring
10. Common complaints
11. Proposal by Service Provider
12. PV system cost index
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1. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology
(Source: https://www.clean-energy-ideas.com/
Solar thermal as water heater
Solar PV as electric generator
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1. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology
Operating Principle of Solar Cell
Convert the energy from sunlight
directly into electricity (DC form).
Solar cell
PV module
PV Array
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1. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology
Common types of PV technology
Mono-facial PV modules
Hybrid
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1. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology
Half-cut cell PV modules Bi-facial PV modules
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1. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology
SOLAR RESOURCES FROM SOLARGIS
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https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/malaysia
2. Grid-connected PV (GCPV) system
Two types application of PV
Off-grid PV system (OGPV)
Grid-connected PV system (GCPV)
OGPV system with charge controller
OGPV system with hybrid inverter
Direct coupled OGPV system
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2. Grid-connected PV (GCPV) system
PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF GCPV SYSTEM
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2. Grid-connected PV (GCPV) system
SINGLE-PHASE GCPV SYSTEM
Source: MS1837:2018
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2. Grid-connected PV (GCPV) system
SINGLE-PHASE GCPV SYSTEM
Source: MS1837:2018 Source: MS1837:2018
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2. Grid-connected PV (GCPV) system
SINGLE-PHASE GCPV SYSTEM
Source: MS1837:2018
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2. Grid-connected PV (GCPV) system
SINGLE-PHASE GCPV SYSTEM
Source: MS1837:2018
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2. Grid-connected PV (GCPV) system
THREE-PHASE GCPV SYSTEM
Source: MS1837:2018 Source: MS1837:2018
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2. Grid-connected PV (GCPV) system
THREE-PHASE GCPV SYSTEM
Source: MS1837:2018 Source: MS1837:2018
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2. Grid-connected PV (GCPV) system
DISTRIBUTED GCPV SYSTEM
Small power generations (GCPV system) are located wide spread such as residential
house, factory, commercial building etc
23 kWp grid-connected PV system A typical grid-connected for residential house.
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2. Grid-connected PV (GCPV) system
DISTRIBUTED GCPV SYSTEM
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Source: https://pvms.seda.gov.my/pvmonitor/
2. Grid-connected PV (GCPV) system
CENTRALISED GCPV SYSTEM
8 MWp solar farm at Melaka, Malaysia 50 MWac solar farm at Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
10 MW solar farm at Gebeng, Pahang, Malaysia 50 MW solar farm at Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
2. Grid-connected PV (GCPV) system
CENTRALISED GCPV SYSTEM
FLOATING PV SYSTEM
Source: https://www.ciel-et-terre.net/project/sungai-labu-108-kwp/ 19
3. Grid inverter technology
Operating Principle of Grid Inverter
Standard Features
• Only works with the present of grid supply.
• Turns on if:
• Input DC voltage is within the inverter’s input voltage range.
• AC voltage present and its value is within the operating range of the inverter.
• Frequency of the grid is within the operating limit.
• The inverter’s temperature is within the operating limit.
• Optimum operating if:-
• The DC input voltage is within MPPT voltage range of the inverter.
• Damage if:
• The input voltage is higher than the maximum input voltage of the inverter.
• Voltage surges from DC side or AC side i.e. due to lightning
• Turns off if:
• Input voltage is less than the minimum input voltage
• Grid voltage is not present or outside the operating range
• Frequency of the grid is not stable or outside the operating range
• Exceed temperature limit
4. Net energy metering (NEM) scheme
INDIRECT CONNECTION
• The power from the PV array flows to the load through distribution board.
• However, the grid voltage must always present.
• Applications for:-
• Reduce energy consumption from the grid i.e. reduce electricity bill
• Reduce Maximum Demand (MD) for MV system during daytime.
• The surplus power generated by GCPV system flows to the grid (NEM).
• Applicable for Net Energy Metering (NEM) and Self Consumption (SelCo) scheme
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4. Net energy metering (NEM) scheme
INDIRECT CONNECTION
NET ENERGY METERING SCHEME (2017 – 2020)
Things to consider:-
1. Safety
2. Compliance to regulatory
requirements
3. Cost
4. Minimum changes to the existing
electrical network
5. Connect to DB which nearest to
the load
Expected energy generation per month: A typical block diagram of NEM scheme for residential (LV)
At least 100 kWh/kW per month
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4. Net energy metering (NEM) scheme
Advantages:
(1)renewable energy - use a widely available renewable energy source - the sun - no fossil fuel, no
greenhouse gas, no pollutant emissions , environmental friendly, economic and social sustainability
development strategy
(2)Required only sunlight
(3)Simple to install at any scale
(2) Fed power to the grid – with or out battery
(3) PV can be used as building materials and decorative materials
(4) Improve the load balance of the power system and reduce line losses.
(5) Low OPEX - solar energy is cheap to maintain, saving you time and money
(6) Reduced electricity
• Reduced kWh
• Reduced MD
(7) If no sunlight or not enough sunlight– power consumed from the grid automatically – buy energy
from TNB
(8) If more power generated than needed – power send to the grid – offset power to TNB
(9) Long duration energy generation .Typically 25 years at 20% degradation
4. Net energy metering (NEM) scheme
Example: Electricity bill
27,670 + 49,820 = 77,490 kWh
7,650 + 9,365 = 17,015 kWh
M1
M2
4. Net energy metering (NEM) scheme
Disadvantage:
1) Climatic dependent. It cannot generates electricity at night or in rainy days.
2) Required large area to generate large energy
3) High CAPEX
Further detail on NEM, please visit SEDA website:
http://www.seda.gov.my/reportal/nem/
Registered PV Service Provider Directory – SEDA Malaysia:
http://www.seda.gov.my/directory/registered-pv-service-provider-directory/
5. Rooftop mounting structure
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5. Rooftop mounting structure
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6. Possible factors de-rate the power output of PV system
The actual output power produces from a PV module exposed under actual climate
condition depend on:-
• Light Induced Degradation (LID)
• Potential Induced Degradation (PID)
• Crack or micro crack; it might happen during manufacturing, transportation or
construction.
• Snail trails
• Faulty bypass diode; short circuit or open circuit
• Manufacturing quality; soldering of grid
• Solar irradiance –shading, soiling, scratch glass surface, tilt angle and orientation
• Module temperature – depend on air ventilation under the module
• Power tolerance – depend on PV manufacturer
• Aging – degrading over time as specified by PV manufacturer
• Poor installation
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6. Possible factors de-rate the power output of PV system
Environmental Factors
The effect of module temperature on its output:
• marginal effect on current.
• significant effect on voltage.
• Significant effect on the power.
• Types of mounting structure give effect
on the air ventilation under the PV
module. Less air circulation could
increase module temperature.
The effect of solar irradiance on its output:
• almost linear effect on current.
• almost linear effect on power.
• marginal effect on voltage.
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6. Possible factors de-rate the power output of PV system
Aging factor
1. Module mismatch
2. Temperature
3. Soiling
4. Shading
5. Solar irradiance
6. Power loss in the cable
7. Power loss in the inverter
8. Aging
At highest solar irradiance, total power
losses typically between 10 – 15%
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7. Power output and reliability issues of GCPV system
1. Avoid shading
2. Keep PV modules clean
3. Tilt angle
4. Orientation
5. Keep PV module at low temperature
6. Choose good quality and reliable PV
modules e.g. Bloomberg bankability
7. Good quality components
8. Use proper tools during installation
9. Follow standards e.g. MS1837, MS2692
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7. Power output and reliability issues of GCPV system
Guidelines of Selection PV modules
1. Bloombergy Tier 1 list
2. BloombergyNEF bankability rating
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7. Power output and reliability issues of GCPV system
Related Standards on PV modules
IEC Standards
1. IEC 61215 Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules – Design
qualification and type approval.
2 . IEC 61701 Salt mist corrosion testing of photovoltaic (PV) modules
3. IEC 62716 Photovoltaic (PV) modules – Ammonia corrosion testing
4. IEC TS 62804-1 Photovoltaic (PV) modules – Test methods for the detection of
potential-induced degradation – Part 1: Crystalline silicon
5. IEC 61730 – Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification
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7. Power output and reliability issues of GCPV system
Special tool
MC4 crimping tools
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7. Power output and reliability issues of GCPV system
• BOS components are all components in GCPV system except PV modules.
• The BOS components consist of the following items:
• DC and AC cable
• Array Junction Box (AJB)
• DC and AC fuse
• DC and AC SPD
• DC and AC breaker
• Grid inverter
• Energy meter
• Structure
• Ducting
• Connector
• etc
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7. Power output and reliability issues of GCPV system
http://www.jsm.gov.my/web/msonline 36
8. Maintenance
Schedule maintenance
Shading
Cleaning 37
8. Maintenance
Schedule maintenance
Corrosion
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8. Maintenance
Schedule maintenance
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9. Monitoring
Requirements
Sensors and datalogger
• Shall install the following sensors:-
• Plane of array and horizontal plane
solar irradiance sensor(s)
• Module and ambient temperature(s)
• Wind sensor
• Datalogger
• Use IEC 61724:2010 PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE MONITORING –
GUIDELINES FOR MEASUREMENT, DATA
EXCHANGE AND ANALYSIS
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9. Monitoring
Requirements
Electrical parameters
• Datalogger – continuously logged every 5 minutes
• Time and date
• DC voltage for each MPPT channel Pyranometer
• DC current for each MPPT channel
• AC power output
• AC voltage
• Frequency
• Plane of array and horizontal plane solar irradiance
• Module and ambient temperature
• Wind speed
Reference cell type
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10. Common complaints
Client complaints:-
1. Sudden drop of energy output
2. No output power or inverter turn off
3. Energy generated was not as expected
4. Inverter blinking
5. Penalty due to low power factor by the utility (Case of industry)
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11. Proposal by Service Provider
1. Comply with all constraints
a. Space area
b. Budget
c. Target energy generation
d. Authority constraints
2. PVSyst simulation report
a. System configuration
b. Annual production probability; P50, P90 and P95
c. Monthly energy generation
d. Monthly PR
3. Financial analysis e.g. up to 10 years
4. Standard compliances; MS1837 and MS2692
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12. PV system cost index
2007 ~ RM 37k per kW
2021 ~ RM3K to RM4K per kW
Expected payback period 4 ~ 6 years
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END
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