NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY
Center of Excellence in Higher Education
ENV107Lab (Environmental Science Lab Report)
Section: 27
Instructor:
MZH1
Department of Environmental Science and Management
North South University
Submitted by:
Jannatul Ferdousi Prity
ID: 1911654630
Semester: Fall2022
Date of Submission: 02.11.2022
Experiment 1
Understanding Scientific Method
ANSWER TO THE QUESTIONS:
Q1. Work together to develop a hypothesis about the distribution of colors in your sample of
marbles.
Answer: The distribution of the marbles in my sample was uniform. Nine of the total of the marbles were
beige, sixteen were green, ten were blue, sixteen were red, fifteen were yellow, eleven were oranges, and
twelve were purple. A hypothesis about the distribution of colors in our sample of marbles:
Hypothesis: Marbles of all colors are equally distributed.
Q2. Fill in data Table 1 using the data collected by your group and all your classmates. In the
last row of the table, give the average values (arithmetic mean) for each column.
Answer:
Table: The number of marbles of different colors
Group Total Beige Green Blue Red Yellow Orange Purple
No. marble marbles marbles marbles marbles marbles marbles marbles
1 89 9 16 10 16 15 11 12
2 86 6 15 12 14 14 13 12
3 74 9 8 9 10 10 14 14
4 80 9 13 5 18 19 7 10
Avg. 82.25 8.25 13 9 14.5 14.25 11.25 12
Q3. Fill in data Table 2 using the data collected by your group and the rest of your classmates.
In the last row of the table, give the average values (arithmetic mean) for each column.
Answer:
Table: The percentage of marbles of different colors
Total % % of % of % of % of % of % of % of
Group
of Beige Green Blue Red Yellow Orange Purple
No.
marbles marbles marbles marbles marbles marbles marbles marbles
1 27.05% 27.27% 30.77% 28% 27.59% 26.31% 24.44% 25%
2 26.13% 18.18% 28.85% 33% 24.13% 24.56% 28.89% 25%
3 22.49% 27.27% 15.38% 25% 17.24% 17.54% 31.11% 29.16%
4 24.31% 27.27% 25% 13% 31.03% 31.57% 15.55% 20.83%
Avg. 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25%
Q4. Make a (column/pie) chart for the average of all the five groups showing the percentages of
each color marble.
Answer:
Average of each color of marbles
10%
15% Beige
Green
Blue
16%
Red
14% Yellow
Orange
Purple
11%
17%
18%
Q5. What percentage of the total number of marbles in YOUR sample was each of the colors?
Make a chart (column/bar) of the percentages of each color in your sample.
Answer: The total number of marbles of each of the colors in my group sample was 27.05%
Percentage of each color of marble (Group-1)
30.77%
28.00%
27.59%
27.27%
26.31%
25.00%
24.44%
B ei g e G r een Blue R ed Yel l o w Orange Purple
Q6. Look at your hypothesis; were you able to address your hypothesis with the
data collected? Was your hypothesis supported, or not, by the data?
Answer: Our Hypothesis is rejected because our observations of marbles are of different colors and
the average number of marbles in the world are not identical to the number of marbles in our sample.
Observation: There are marbles of different colors with unknown proportion.
Q7. How does your data compare with the class average? What is different or the same about
the two data sets? If there are differences, why do you think there are differences?
Color of Marble Number of marbles in our sample Number of marbles from class average Difference
Beige 9 8.25 0.75
Green 16 13 3
Blue 10 9 1
Red 16 14.5 1.5
Yellow 15 14.25 0.75
Orange 11 11.25 -0.25
Purple 12 12 0
Differences exists because the marbles were randomly distributed although overall distribution is
very close to the average.
Q8. If there are 10,000 marbles in the large container in the front of the room,
a) how many marbles would you predict be green based on your sample, and
b) how many marbles would you predict be orange based on the average of five groups?
Answer: (a) There are total = (89+ 86 + 74 + 80) marbles = 329 marbles.
Therefore, I have 16 green marbles against 329 marbles and so if there are 10,000 marbles instead,
I would have = (16÷329) *10,000 = 486 green marbles.
Based on my sample, I can predict that the big container has 486 green marbles (approximate)
(b) On average there are a total of 11.25 orange marbles out of 82.25. So out of 10,000 marbles total
number would have been based on the average of five groups= (11.25÷82.25) *10,000 = 1368 orange
marbles.
I would have predicted 1368 orange marbles based on the average of four groups.
Q9. If your sample contained 1000 liters of water from Buriganga River and the volume of Burigonga
River is 470,000,000 cubic meters, and each of the marbles represents fish of that color, how many red
fishes would you expect to find in the whole river based on your sampling? Be sure to include your
calculations in your answer.
Answer: We know that 1000L= 1m3
Total volume of Burigonga River is 470,000,000 (m3) cubic meters [Given] Our sample contains = 16
red fishes.
Then based on our sample, the Burigonga River will contain 16 X 470,000,000 =7.52 X 109 red
fishes.
Experiment 2
Water Parameters
Table-1:
By following given data table, we have assumed which are liquid and which are alkaline. And it is
shown in the below table.
Liquid / solutions pH Acidic/ Alkaline
Distilled water 7.23 Neutral
NSU tap water 7.37 Slightly Alkaline
Coca- cola 2.98 Acidic
Orange juice 4.36 Acidic
Soap water 7.85 Alkaline
Antacid (Liquid) 8.81 Alkaline
pH values and types of different liquids:
pH
19% Distilled water
23%
NSU tap water
Coca- cola
Orange juice
19% Soap water
20% Antacid (Liquid)
8%
11%
Table 2:
Relationship between temperature and DO (mg/L)
Water Type Temperature of water (°C) Amount of DO (mg/L)
Tap water 28.9 °C 6 (mg/L)
Tap water + aeration 28.9 °C 8.8 (mg/L)
Cold water + aeration 11 °C 10.41 (mg/L)
Hot water + aeration 41 °C 5.89 (mg/L)
Temperature °C and DO (mg/L)
5
4.4 4.5
4.5 4.3
4
3.5
3.5
3 2.8
2.4 2.5
2.5
2 1.8
1.5
1
0.5
0
Tap water Tap water + aeration Cold water + aeration Hot water + aeration
Temperature of water (°C) Amount of DO (mg/L)
The amount of DO present is influenced by the water's temperature. Warm water dissolves less
oxygen than cold water. With this, it can be said that when the temperature rises, the DO of water
drops.
Experiment 3
Air Quality Index
Q1. Look at the AQI value for any five cities (Including Dhaka) today and write it down with health
message.
Answer:
Table: Air Quality Index (AQI) value for some cities in the world.
SL AQI Levels of Health
City AQI Value Health Message
NO. Concerns
Everyone may begin to experience
health effects; members of sensitive
Unhealthy
1 Dhaka 157 groups may experience more serious
health effects.
Everyone may begin to experience
health effects; members of sensitive
Delhi 167 Unhealthy
2 groups may experience more serious
health effects.
Everyone may begin to experience
health effects; members of sensitive
3 Karachi 165 Unhealthy
groups may experience more serious
health effects.
Air Quality is considered
4 New York 42 Good satisfactory, and air pollution poses
little or no risk.
Air Quality is considered
Canberia
5 23 Good satisfactory, and air pollution poses
little or no risk.
Experiment 4
Determination of Particle Size of Soil
From a soil sample, the particle distribution was found as follows:
SL NO. Particle Size Particle Name
1 <0.004 mm Clay
2 0.004 - 0.063 mm Silt
Very Fine Sand
3 0.063 - 0.125 mm
Fine Sand
4 0.125 - 0.25 mm
Medium Sand
5 0.25 – 0.5 mm
6 0.5 – 1 mm Coarse Sand
7 1 – 2 mm Very Coarse Sand
Experiment 5
Leaf Area Calculation
Q1. Attach one leaf (out of the five leaves) that you have collected. You can use tape, glue or
stapler for this purpose. Then write down it’s common and scientific name just below the
attached leaf.
Answer:
Commonly known as jasmine
Scientific name: Jasminium sambac
Q2: Write down five characteristics/ special features of the plant or the leaf.
Answer: Five characteristics or special features of the leaf:
1. The tubular, pinwheel-shaped flowers are white, yellow, or very infrequently pink. Some
double-flowered varieties have been created.
2. The leaves can be simple or compound, evergreen or deciduous, and typically have two or more
leaflets. However, some species have single leaves.
3. The leaves of jasmine are evergreen. The nine leaflets in the opposite pinnate leaf arrangement
measure up to 5-7 cm each. It produces 2-3 cm white flowers. Flowers have a potent and
enticing scent.
4. Jasmine is applied topically to treat skin conditions, decrease the amount of breast milk
produced, and hasten wound healing.
5. Jasmine is inhaled to elevate mood, ease tension, and lessen cravings for unhealthy foods.
Jasmine is a flavoring agent used in beverages, candy, baked goods, puddings, frozen dairy
desserts, and gelatins.
Q3. Calculate the leaf surface area of the five leaves using the following equation. Then finally
calculate the average surface area of the five leaves.
Answer:
i) Area of an oval = π/4 * Length * Width
= 0.785 * 16.5 cm * 11 cm
= 142.55 cm2
ii) Area of an oval = π/4 * Length * Width
= 0.785 * 15 cm * 10 cm
= 117.81 cm2
iii) Area of an oval = π/4 * Length * Width
= 0.785 * 14.5 cm * 10.6 cm
= 120.72 cm2
iv) Area of an oval = π/4 * Length * Width
= 0.785 * 14.5 cm * 10 cm
= 113.88 cm2
Replicate
Length Width Area
No.
1 16.4 cm 11 cm 142.55 cm2
2 15 cm 10 cm 117.81 cm2
3 14.5 cm 10.6 cm 120.72 cm2
4 14.5 cm 10 cm 113.88 cm2
Average 123.74 cm2
The average surface area of these 4 leaves is approximately 123.74 cm2
Experiment 6
Calculate Electricity Consumption and Ecological Footprint
Directions: Two sample electricity bill
Figure 1: Electricity bill of Household A in Bashundhara Residential Area
Figure 2: Electricity bill of a Household B in Bashundhara Residential Area
Q1. How much did the households pay for electricity for the two months (Include both
including and excluding vat)? (This may be listed as “Total bill.” Total Dues (Rounded)” is the
amount without VAT. Check to see if your bill includes other utilities, such as gas, or if your
bill covers more than 1 month.)
Answer:
Date February, 2020 August, 2021
Electricity Bill (Without Vat) 451 1,809
Vat 23 91
Electricity Bill (With Vat) 474 1,900
The bill covers more than one month due to pay after due date which is 498 Taka for February, 2020
and 1,995 Taka for August, 2021.
Q2. How many kilowatt hours of electricity did the households use in the two months? (This
may be listed as “meter usage,” “recorded demand,” “kWh consumed,” or “electricity usage.”)
Answer: • In February, 2020 consumption was 69 kWh.
• In August, 2021 consumption was 300 kWh.
Q3. What is the cost the households pay per kilowatt hour? (You have to divide the “Total
Energy Charge” by “KWH Consumed”. “Demand Charge” is the charge that is a set fee paid
monthly or seasonally – most customers pay for the energy they use)
Answer: Here,
For household A, Total electricity consumed was 69 kWh and total energy charge was 276 Taka.
So, the cost for per kilowatt hour = Total Energy Charge/kWh Consumed = 276/69 = 4 Taka.
For household B, Total electricity consumed was 300 kWh and total energy charge was 1,629 Taka.
So, the cost for per kilowatt hour = Total Energy Charge/kWh Consumed = 1,629/300 = 5.43 Taka.
Q4. Can you tell from the bill if any or all of the electricity comes from renewable energy
sources? (They may pay extra to ensure a portion of their electricity come from renewable
resources.)
Answer: All the electricity bill comes from the multiple sources. In our home, there is no solar
energy system. And also, in the bill there is no sort of extra payment or no portion of our electricity
comes from renewable sources. We may therefore safely assert that no electricity we use comes from
renewable resources. Additionally, Bangladesh is far behind in producing electricity from renewable
sources.
Q5. Calculate the water bill for one flat from the bill provided in slide 9.
Answer:
Figure 3: Water bill of a particular building in Bashundhara Residential Area
Here, we know water bill for an individual flat is =Total amount of the building/No of flat
= 4330.00/5 = 866 Taka per flat
Q6. Energy efficiency refers to completing a task using less energy input than usual. For
example, an LED light bulb produces the same amount of light as other bulbs, but with less
energy. Where do you see opportunities to become more energy efficient at your home (discuss
any three techniques)?
Answer: Here,
• By using convection oven instead of electrical oven less electricity may consume. Convection oven
cook food faster than electrical oven and it need less electricity.
• We can use converter AC which reduces electricity consumption.
• We can use less electricity consumption refrigerator.
Q7: Energy conservation refers to behaviors and actions that people can do to save or use less
energy. For example, turning off the lights when you leave a room is an action you can take that
reduces the amount of electricity you use. Briefly discuss any three actions you can take to
reduce the amount of energy you use?
Answer:
• We can turn off the light and fan when we are not in the room. Doing this can reduce electricity
consumption.
• Unplug chargers when done using it.
• Turn off computer or pc when the work is done.
Q8: Saifan and his wife are in the market for a new microwave oven and a television! a) One
microwave oven they like is energy efficient, but a bit more expensive and another one is cheap
but consumes more energy. According to you which one they should buy and why? b) They also
found a LED and LCD television of the same price. According to you which one they should
buy and why?
Answer: From my point of view,
a) They should buy the more expensive microwave oven because it is energy efficient. The electricity
bill would be less and it uses less energy. So, they should buy the most expensive microwave oven
which is very much energy efficient.
b) LED TV is more energy efficient than LCD, so, I would suggest them to buy LED TV instead of
LCD. LED TV would reduce their electric bill.
Q9: According to you what can be the possible reasons for such a difference in the bills for
these two months in SLIDE 7 and SLIDE 8? Briefly discuss any four reasons.
Answer: We can see a huge difference in between February 2020 and August 2021 electricity bill.
• Because of the season we consumed less electricity in February 2020 since it is a winter season. In
August, since its summer so we consumed more electricity.
• The per kWh charge was less in February than August
• In winter we didn’t need fan so most of the fan remain turn off because of this the electricity bill is
less in February than August.
• In the winter, we don’t need to use AC or refrigerator that much that is why the electricity bill is
less in February than August.
Ecological Footprint
My Ecological Footprint Result is given below:
Write down some suggestions to reduce your ecological footprints without compromising your lifestyle.
• I can efficiently use my resource; I can start carpooling and share my ride with others rather than use it for
my own only. I can also use public transport more to efficiently use the resource.
• By using renewable energy, we can reduce our ecological footprint. This could also be helpful for
environment and electrical energy resource.
• I can reduce the consumption of poultry meat which could reduce my ecological footprint. I can also reduce
waste in our home and use recycling plastics. Following these steps, I may be able to reduce my ecological
footprint.
