.

A, LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS

Theory-Practice Nexus

First EDITIOI{
Zimsec Syllabus- Specific

Simba Show Mazongcnda

TakunCa Mandebu:

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'A' Ler,el Pure Mathematics: Theorv-Practice \cxus

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(CIE) for all the questions used in the text.

Printcd in Ilarare by Global lnstitute olBusincss Press

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 'A' Ler.el Pure N,lathematics: Theory-Pracrice Nexus

PREFACE

This book came as a result of

rigorous work and extensive consultation with 'A' Level
Mathematics teachers, former and current students. After successfully publishing the students'
guide series in 'A' Level Mechanics, Pure Mathematics and Statistics for the Cambridge
lnternational Examination'A'levei syllabus, the authors saw it necessary to also provide
relevant study material to their constituency as a way of contributing to the development of
the human in Africa through education.

This book is the first and oniy mathematics text book authored, printed and published in
Zimbabwe by Zimbabweans for Zimbabwean 'A' Level mathematics students. Most, if not all
text books available on the market fail to adequately tackle the Zimsec syllabus well as they are
generally authored to suit any syllabus hence the authors of this book saw a knowiedge gap
which resulted in the production of this book.

Students equipped with this book need not worry about consuiting other books as it provides a
permanent solution to the Zimsec syllabus. lt focuses on paper 1 which is a compulsory paper
written by all students sitting for the Zimsec 'A' levei syllabus.

The book was developed using the'doing by learning'and'learning by doing'approaches. At

the beginning of each chapter, the book gives a brief, but complete theoreticai framework
meant to orient students to the topic at hand. This'iead-in'theory is specifically designed to
give students a learning platform before putting the concepts into practice, thus'doing by
learning'. To cement on the concepts iearnt, detailed worked examples from past exarn papers
are incorporated into the text coupled with diagrams, tables and hints. We believe that
plunging a student in the practice zone enables one to have a feelof the terrain. As such, a pool
of challenging past exam questions with answers at the back are part of every topic to ensure
'learning by doing'. The fusion of the two approaches is an attempt to'hit two birds with one
stone' thereby providing a theory-practice nexus. While covering every topic within the
syllabus, the book places concepts in an orderthat is incremental in nature with linking devices
called adverts strategically placed between sections. The adverts are used as introductory units
to a pooi of topics that apply the same concept.

we have no doubt that not only students will find this book useful hence it is important that
everv school provides it to both students and teachers if they are serious about producing
quality results.

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'A Ler,el Pure \'lathcmatics: Theor,v-Practlcc \ex"is

(ClE) and the

We would like to acknowledge the Cambridge lnternational Examinations
past exam questions used in this text
Zimbabwe School Examinations council (zlMSEC) for the
alone'
book. Responsibility for the answers to the quesiions is the authors'

Simba Show Mazongonda

Takunda Mandebvu

Global lnstitute of Business

Global lnstitute of Business

 'A' Level Pure Mathematics: Theory-pracrice Nexus

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ZIMSEC Zimbabwe Schools Examination Council

CIE Cam bridge lnternational Examinations

(zl Zimsec

(c) Cambridge

(zoAM) Zimsec'O' Level Additional Mathematics

(zsP) Zimsec Specimen paper

Z Complex Number

iii
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'A' Level Pure Mathematic s : Theor,v- Practic c Ncxu s

IV

Global lnstitute of Business

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'A' Ler.,el Pure Mathemarics: Theory-practice Nexus

Contents

Acronyms and Abbreviations.......... ....................... iii

Chapter One: Quadratics ............. ....................,......1
Method of Completing Square...... .......................4
Worked Exomination Questions on euodrotics................. ...........................1
Revision Questions on Quodrotics ......................10
Chapter Two: Polynomials........... ......................... 12
Worked Exominotion Questions on polynomials................. ........................14
Polynomials.................
Revision Questions on .......................17
Chapter Three: Analytical Geometry.... .................20
Worked Examinotion Questions on Anolytical Geometry..
......22
Revision Questions on Anolytico! Geometry... .........................30
Chapter Four: Logarithmic and Exponential Functions....
.....,..,.37
Theoretical Framework.. ..........,.....37
Functions
Warked Exominotion Questions on Exponentiql ......................40
Revision Questions on Exponentiol Functions
.....................41
Worked Examinotion euestions on Noturol Logorithms .........................43
Revision Questions on Noturol Logarithms .........................45
Worked Examination euestion on Common Logorithms.. .......................45
Revision Questions on Common Logorithms..
.....................46
Worked Examinotion Q.uestion on Lineor Low .............
.......47
Revision Questions on Lineor 1ow.............. .........................4g
Chapter Five: Modulus Functions and lnequalities ........."...
.......51
AnalyticalTools ........... ..................51
.................
Worked Exominotion Question on Simple tnterpretotion
.......55
Revision Question on Simple lnterpretotion..................
......55
Worked Exominotion Question on Grophical Method.......
......................55
Revision Questions on Grophicol Method
.......56
, Worked Exominotion euestion on euodrotic tnequalities.. .....................57
Revision Questions on euodrotic lnequolity Approoch.........
...................5g

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',\' Lei'el Pure Mathcmatics. Theorl''-Practicc Nexus

Chapter Six: Vectors. """"""""""""' 59

Worked Exominotion Questions on Vectors... ............... 65

Revision Questions onVectors """'72

Advert One: The Concept of Partial Fractions..... """""""""""77
Revision Questions on Portiol Froctions..... """"' 81
Chapter Seven: Sequences and Series... """"""""82
Worked Examinotion Questions on Progressions.."..'...'..'.. """""""""" 90
Revision Questions on Progressions.'.....'....'. """"""""""" 99
Worked Exomination Questions on Series Exponsion """"102
Revision Questions on Series Exponsion...' "" 106

Chapter Eight: Trigonometry """"" 109

Revision Questions on Pure ldentities..... """"" 111

Worked Examination Questions on Equations of the form R cos(g + a) /Rsi.n(o + a) ......"" """" 115

RevisionQuestionsonEquoticnsof theform Rcos(g + a)

a)/Rsin(o+ '.'..........'...116

Worked Examination Questions on GenerolTrig Equotions...'.......'...". "" 119

Revision Questions on GenerolTrig Equotions.."...".'......' ""123
Chapter Nine: Circular Measure... """""""""""'127
Worked Exomination Questions on Circular Meosure..'... ""' 130
Revision Questions on Circulor Meosure...... ""' 133
Chapter Ten: Differentiation......... """"""""""" 139
Concepts in Differentiation............. """"""""' 139
Applications of Differentiation............. """"""1'44
Worked Examination Questions on Differentiation of Simpte ond Complex Algebraic Expressions'148
Expressions..
Revision Questions on Simple ond Cornplex Algebroic """ 151
Worked Exominotion Questions on Differentiotion ond Mensurotion ."..'."""""""" 154
Revision Questions on Differentiotion and Mensurotion ...'............".....160

Worked Examination Questians on lmpticit Differentiotion............""" """"""""""' 163

Revision Questions on lmpticit Differentiation....'.....".'... """"""""""' 166

Worked Exominotion Questions on Porometric Differentiotion............. """"""""""167

Revision Questions on Porometric Differentiotion...........-.. """""""""'17L

Worked Exominotion Questions on Differentiation of Products ,"' " " ' """"""""'173

Global lnstitute of Business

 'A' Level Pure \,lathematics: Theory-Practice Nexus

Revision Questions on Differentiation of Products............. ........,,.........174

Worked Examinotion Questions on Differentiotion of Froctions................ ................175
Revision Questions on Differentiotion of Fractions............ ....................179
Worked Exomination Question on Rate of change.... ........180
Revision Questions on Rote of Chonge.... ......181
Worked Examinotion Question on Maclourin Series .......... ...................I82
Revision Questions on Moclourin Series........... .................184
Chapter Eleven: lntegration ............ 186
Concepts in lntegration ......,.....].87
Applications of Integration.................. .........199
Worked Exominotion Questions on the Method of Substitution................. ...............204
Revision Questions on the Method of 5ubstitution.................. ..............217
Worked Examinotion Questions on lntegrotion by Ports.... ...................2!S
Revision Questions on lntegration by Parts ......................221
Worked Exominotion Questions on Portiol Fractions ........223
Revision Questions on Portial Froctions..... .......................225
Worked Exomination Questions on Stondard lntegrals...... ...................229
Revision Questions on Stondard lntegrols...... ...................229
Advert Two: Proportion and Curve Sketching............... ..........234
Proportionality............... .............234
Types of Variation..... ...............234
Worked Exomination Question on Proportion................. .....235
Revision Questions on Proportion.................. .......................236
Curve Sketching............... ............237
Worked Examination Questions on Curve Sketching ....................242
Revision Questions on Curve Sketching..... ....246
Chapter Twelve: Differential Equations ......,.......249
Worked Exomination Questions on Differential Equations. .......................250
Revision Questions on Differential Equotions .......................259

. Chapter Thirteen: Functions .......,,..266

Worked Examinotion Questions on Functions .......................270

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'A' Levcl Pure Mathematics: Theory-Practice \cxus

Revision Questions on Functions """""""""""273

Chapter Fourteen: Numerical Methods """""""277
Errors and Uncertainties.................. """"""""277
The Trapezium Rule """"""""""' 280

Revision Questions on Tropezium Rule ......'..... """"""""' 283

worked Exominotion Questions on circulor Measure ond Trigonometry.............. .....286

Revision Questions on Circular Meosure and Trigonometry .....-....... ""'290
Worked Examinotion Question on \ntegr0tion....."........... """""""""" 295
Revision Questions on tntegrotion...........'.'.... """"""""" 298
Worked Examinotion Question on Differentiotion ..........." """""""""'299
Revision Questions on Differentiotion............ """""""""' 301
worked Exominotion Questions on Algebroic Expressions .................'..302

Revision Questions on Algebraic Expressions.. """"""""" 304

Worked Exorninotion Questions involving curve sketchinS....'............. '."""""""""" 305

Newton-Raphson Method ............307

Worked Exomination Question on Newton-Rophson Method ....... """" 309

Revision Questions on Newton-Rophson Method """"""'3L2
Chapter Fifteen: Connplex Numbers..... """""""' 314

The Argand Diagram """""""""" 316

Worked Exominotion Questions on Complex Numbers """"'321'

Revision Questions on Complex Numbers.,.... ......""""""""' 323

Answers to Revision Questions... ""326

Chopter One: Quadrotrcs.............. """""""""' 326

Chopter Two: Polynomiols .............. """"""""' 326

Chapter Three: Anolyticol Geometry ,............... ....""""""""327

Chopter Four: Logorithmic ond Expanential Functions..... ""' 328
Chopter Five: Modulus Functions ond tnequatifies..........'... .....""""""""'329
Chapter Six: Vectors........ """"""'329
Advert One: The Concept of Partiol Fractions .....""""""""" 330
Chapter Seven: Sequences ond Series.... """""' 331

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Global lnstitute of Business
 'A' Level Pure Marhelnatics: Theory-Practice Nexus

Chapter Eight: Trigonometry ......................332

Chapter Nine: Circular Measure........ ..........333
Chapter Ten: Differentiation .......................333
Chapter Eleven: Integration ............ ............336
Advert Two: Proportionality and Curve Sketching:.. .....338
Chapter Twelve: Differential Equations ..... 339

Chapter Thirteen: Functions... .....................340

ChapterFourteen: NumericalSolutionsofEquations................. .....341
Chapter Fifieen: Complex Numbers ............342
DIAGRAM ANSWERS TO REVISION QUESTIONS , ................... 343

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'A' Ler,el Pure Machematics: Theorl'-Practice \exus

Global lnstitute of Business

 'A' Level Pure Mathematics: Theory-Prac[ice Nexus

Chapter One: Quadratics

"A bold onset is half the bottle."

- Giuseppe Garibaldi

This topic deals with algebraic problems in higher order power two. Equations are named after
their highest order power. For example:

axl+b=0 Linear equation

axz+bxlc=0 Quadratic equation

ax3 + bxz + cx * d= 0 Cubic equation and so on

Quadratic equations are solved using either the method of factorisation or the quadratic
formula. Of particular interest is the quadratic formula which states that:

-b t,lEz - 4rc
2a
At this stage, much emphasis is placed on the discriminanU that is the value under the square
root sign. A discriminant is a tool used to draw up a conclusion on the nature of roots or
solutions.
Discriminant= b2-4ac
The discriminant gives birth to three conditions outlined immediately below:

L. b2-4ac=A
This condition gives rise to two identical roots or soiutions commonly known as one
repeoted root. Two identical roots occur at the point of intersection of a curve and a
tangent as shown by the diagram below:

s\ --one repeated
solution

Fig. 1.1

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7

'A' Level Pure Mathematics: Theory-Practice \cxus

lf the discriminant is zero, the quadratic formula reduces to

-brv0
2a

21-
-b+0 OT
-b-0
2a 2a
b b
..r- -2" -2" I two identical roots 1

lo, orc repeated rootl

2. b2-4ac>0
This condition leads to two different or distinct roots. lt implies that the two graphs
intersect at two different points as shown in Fig'1.2:

\
\
\curwe

1"t solution

Fig. 1.2

Assuming that the discriminant is, for arguments sake, 9, the quadratic formula reduces
to:
-b t^19
2a

-b-3 Ttwo dif f erentl

;.x- -b+3
2a
or
2a L solutions l

3. b2-4ac<0
This condition gives rise to non-existence of real roots. Diagrammatically, the two
graphs do not intersect as shown in Fig. 1'3:

Global lnstitute of Business

 'A' Level Pure Mathemarics: Theory-Practice Nexus

\
\ curve
I
1

I
I
I

\\.9

- Fig. 1.3

Assuming that the discriminant is -9, the quacjratic formula reduces to:

-6 a,/a
2a

=9 x is undefined because the square root of a negative number cannot be evaluated in

realterms.

NB:

o To use any of the three conditions outiined above, one has to combine the two
equations in question and reduce them into a general quadratic equation. it is from this
general equation that one can pull out A, b and c.
o Conditions two and three make use of inequalities.

The nature of roots is inspired by the location of the discriminant on the number line. A
discriminant is ether positive, negative or neutral (zero). Below is a number iine summary of
conditions hinged to the discriminant.

two identical roots

narealroot cwo dif f erent roots

i
negative 0 positive

(b2-4cc<0) {b2*{ac>0)
Fig.1.4

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'A Level Pure v'lathematics: Theor,v-Practice Ncxus

Method of Completing Square

This technique is used to summarise a quac):'atic expression and/or equation. As the name
implies, completing the square is inspired by'perfect squares'. ln this case, a quadratic
expression is rnanipulated into a prefect square by considering the following steps in a standard
quadratic expresslon, ax2 + bx -r c:

r Factoring out the coefficient of the term in degree power two with the view of making
the coefficient positive one (*1).
o(r' +1* * 9)
\aa/
o Adding and immediately subtracting the square of half the coefficient of the term in x.

ol*, *Lr*(L\'
*L^ ';"=\zo) -(!\' *:l
-\zil 'al
o Expressing the first and third terms as a factor summarises the first three terms into a

perfect square. The last two terms remain the same.

lr * b\'- rb.."1
,l\, n) \n) *;l
it * b\' - b2 cl
" l\r zr) or..* al
o Extending the effect of the overall multiplier to all the terms inside the major pair of
brackets.
1 b\' +c-4a
b'
o\**z)

NB: Once the quadratic expression has been successfully summarised, one can easily determine
the coordinates at a turning point (whether maximum or minimum)' The x value is given by
part
equating the value inside the pair of brackets to zero and the corresponding y value is the
free of the brackets.

ln this case,

b b?
x* and
"4a
^=0
b
'" 2a

. .'. The coordinates at a turning point are (-

\ *t
2a'
, - *\
4a/

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 'A' Level Pure Mathematics: Theory-Practice Nexus

Example 7

tf f (x) = 2x2 - \2x * 13

131
> f(x) = zfr'- 6x *
2l

=f(x)=2lx'-6x*
r

L
(-3 )'- (-3)'.f]
I
=f(x)=2lQ-3)'-
t
9 .+l
t 5r
=f(x)=2lU-3),-
t -l
2)

'.f(x)=2(x-3)'-S
where (3, - S) are the coordinates of a turning point

Exomple 2

tf f(x) = 2x2 - L2x * 7

+ f (x) = zlr' - u, *:l

+ f (x) = zlr'- 6x * (-3)' - (4Y +;)
+f(x)=zl,-3)'-,.:l
+f(x)=zfo-ry-+]
,.f(x)=2(x-3)2-71
where (3, - 77) are the coordinates of a turning point

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'A Level Pure \iathcmatics: Tireon'-Practlce \cxus

Example 3

h(x)=6x-xZ
= h(x) = -ll-xz - 6x1

; - 6x * (-3)' - (-3)'l
h(x) = -7lxz

+ h(x) = -11(x - 3)' - 9l

,.h(x)-9-(x-3)z
where (3, 9) are the coordtnates of aturntng point

Revision Exercise

I The eqttatiott of a ctu.l'e is r' = 8r - ..r1.

{i) Exi:ress 8.-r: - rl iu the tbi:it o - i-r'+ lr):. stnting lhe ututrerical r'rittes of a attd & l-il
L'J

(ii) Herrce. or othenvise. firrd ihe coorriiurlei r-lf tlte >!atittttatl'pt:int of the ctrt"'"e. i:l

2 Ttrre i\iuctionf isciefiuetlb1'l:.r* 2-ti - 8,t* ll tbr.r e l:1.

Esplers i(x) irr tlte fct'ttt o(.r'- /:): + c. rt"itete a. } anri c are col)statlfs. t_ l

3 Er;.li'-'ss l-r: -'{'r'+ I irl th* lirrttt lt(t'+ lril o t ltt)t! hcttut stlttt" llt* ctx)r{lilliltL's ot'{ltt tttiltilttttttt
poirrt. A. orr ti:c cuive .\'= }l - i.i + i. I-l]

-1 Erprcs, 1-r'l +. 8.r - l{) in rltc lirlrtr rr(.t t /:)l .i- r'. trl

5 Tirt l'ulctiprr t':.r e.r: -,1.r * A i. rj,-:lirr'-'rl lirr-{hc r!rrrtuil r } /). *'h,.'rt A atltl Tr irrt'c{)tlstil,}l\

ErJrpgr. l'{.t) in thc lir;y1, ,.t * <r}l * ir r A. '0,, llctc rt rrrttl /r ltrc coltstitttts. l)l

Global lnstitute of Business

 'A' Level Pure N{athematics: Theory,-plnctice Nexus

Worked Examination Questions on Ouadratics

Question (Cambridge, June 2007 qp.1)

Filcl the valtte of the co]lsta1rl c fol u'lricir the liue.r'= l.r * c is a taugent to the crul'e r,l -{.r
= l1l

Solution

! =2x *c---------------- 1

!2 = 4x ---------------- Z
by combining (1) and (2)

(2x+c)2=4x
+ (2x + c)(2x * c) = 4,

=4x2*Zcxl2cx*cz=4x
+4xzl4cx-4x*c2=0
+4x2+(4c-4)x*c2=0
where a = 4) 6 = (4c - 4); c = c2

using bz - 4ac = 0

+ - 4)'- a( )(cz) =
(+c O

= 16c2 - 32c + 1,6 - L6c2 = O

+-32c*16=0
+ -32c = -16
1
2

Question (Cambridge, June 2009 qp.7)

Finil tlrc :r-'[ oj'r'aluu.r ot'( lir:.u,hich (ht. lirrr r = l'.r -i inlci'rcctr llte cutvc \' = .l'l - }-at tri tl rlisrirtct
1:roin1s.
t+l

Global lnstitute of Business

'A Level Purc \lathematics: Theorl''-Praclice \exus

Solution

! = kx -4-----'-'-------- 7

"-.tZ-1*+)
y-^LA

by combining (1,) and (2)

kx-4=x2-Zx
+-x2*kx*2x-4=0
)-x2+(k+2)x-4=A
where a = -|1i b = (k * 2); c = -4

using bz - 4ac > 0

+ (k + 2)2 - 4(-1)(-4) > o

+k2+4k+4+4(-4)>0
+k2+4k+4-16>o
+k2+4k-1.2>a
+(k+6)(/i-2)>0
+ -6 and 2 are critical values of k

NB: A quadratic graph is U-shaped if the coefficient of the term in order power 2 is positive and
n-shaped when the coefficient of the term in order power 2 is negative. ln this case,

Fie.1.5

Since the region that satisf ies the inequatity, kz + 4k - L?, > A, is pcsiti'ue,we shade

the area aboue the x - axis.Thi.s areq must be bound by the x - axts and the curue.

:.k<-6andk>2

Global lnstitute of Business

 'A Ler,el Pure \,1athematics: Theory-Practice Nexus

Question (Combridge, November 2005 qp.1)

9 The eqtlalir)ll of a crule is.r-r'= 1l and tlte eclrmtiou of a iiue / is l-t r.1'= k. rvirele I is a coitstarit.
(ii) Fittrl the sel of valrte: of L- tor u'iricir I does uoi iniersecr the curre. ll]
Solution

x! = 12 ---------------- 1

2x*y=k-+2
by combining (1,) and (2)

x(k-Zx)=12
-kx-2x2=12
>-Zxz-tkx-12=0
,NheTe a = -2; b = k; c = -1,2
using b2 - 4ac < 0

= k2 - 4(-2)(-12) < 0

+ k2 + B(-12) < 0

+k2-96<0
- (k - "qO(t + r,/oo) < o
+ tlgO and - ,66 a." critical values of k
I

Fig. 1.6

Since the regionthat sattsfies the inequality, kz - 96 < 0, isnegati-ue,we shade the

- axis. This area must be bound by the x -

area below the x a.xis and. the curve.

..-^tq6<k<^196

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7

'A' Level Pure \{athematics: Theorv-Pr:actice Ncxu-s

Revision Ouestions on Ouadratics

Question ( Un know n so u rce )

Find the set ofvalue of k forwhich the line ! = 2x-F k cuts the curve y = x2+kx*5attwo
distinct points. t6l

November 2002 qp.7 {Zimsec)

L. (a) Find the set of values of k,for which the equation kxz - 3x = k - 3 has real roots.
l2l

November 2000 qp.3 (Combridge)

1. tn the quadraticequation kxz + 2(k+ 1)x + (k - i) = 0,k isconstant.

i. Soive the equation in the case when k = 5. 12]

ii. Find the set of values of kfor which the equation has distinct real roots. l3l

November 2002 qp.7 (Zimsec, O LevelAdditionol Mathematics)

8. (a) Find the range of values of k for which the equation

Zxz + (4k - 2)x + (2k - 1) = 0 has real roots. t4l

(b) Find the range of values of c forwhich the curve ! = x2 - 3x intersects the
straight line y - x + c attwo disiinct points. l4l

November 20A7 qp.7 (Combridge)

I Deteluine the set of values of ihe constaut I for q'hicir the lirte r' = '1.'; * i; cloes uoi il]tersect iire ctuve

10
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 'A' Level Pure Mathematics: Theory-Practice Nexus

November 2009 qp.72 (Combridge)

l0

t_.1
+.\+/

t+-5

(ii) Dr.:tcIrttirtc tltL' \t'1 {}l ',r'ltieh tlrr. linc lr' = .r + A- d()rs i)()l lnlelsL'cl tllc cul'\'c
f
\'=.\---+.\'* /. l+l

June 2077 qp.73 (Cambridge)

2 Findfitcsetol'\'itluL"\(Il'rltlirt'ulrieittlt.. lilct =,/J-\.; jinter\cci\lhcerir're i=.l.rl*{.r.+7altrro

tlistitiet poirrts. I5l

lune 2012 qp.73 (Combridge)

l0 The etlttattott ol'tr littc is l.t +.t - l'. $he rc l' ir :r cortrlurtt, trttl thu c(luirti{rrl r)l'r ui,rvc is.r.\. - (r.

(ii) lltc:ctol rliiitcsol'llirru'lticltllrclirre li*,\'rAirrtcrscctstlreculrc.11':(ruttrr,()(li\titlcr

Fir:cl
l"roir)t.. i'i i

77
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'A' Level Pure \{athematics: Theorv-Praclice }icxus

Chapter Two: Polynornials

"Nothing willwork unless you do."
- John Wooden

Polynomials deal with probiems concerning algebraic functions with much emphasis on the
order of powers. This topic analyses the relationship between factors and multiples. On one
hand, a factor is a lower order expression that gets into a higher order expression (in this case,
a polynomial) without leaving a remainder. On the other hand, a multiple (that is, the
polynomial) accommodates lower order expressions.

For example, if the polynomial f (x) is such that,

f(x)=Zxz+3x*1,,
(x + 1) and (2x * 1) are factors af f (x) because they get into /(x) without leaving a

remainder.

Much of the work in polynomials is centred on the analysis and application of the remainder
and factor theorems.

The factor theorern states that when a polr/nomial is divided by a factor, the remainder is

zero (0).

The remainder theorem states that when a polynomial is divided by a lower order expression,
it leaves a remainder.

Factors versus Roots

A factor is an expression whereas a root is a solution.

For exarnple, if (x + 1) is a factor then x = -1 is a root. This implies a factor can be

transformed into a root or vice versa. This feeds from the fact that,

If(x+1)(3r-2)=a
either (x+t)=0 or (3x-Z)=A
=x=-r 1n"2 or ,=i
such, (x + 1) and (3x -Z) arefactors, and x = -1and x = 3 the corresponding roots.
.As
Using linear factors, P(roots) = 0 and P(non - root) = remainder

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 'A Levei Pure \,{athemarics: Theory-pracrice Nexus

In short, if a root and a non-root are substituted in place of a variable

in a polynomial, the result
is zero and a remainder respectively.

For example, given that, (x + 1) is a factor of p(x) where

P(x)=x4-2x2-3x-2
+ x = -l is aroot of p(x),
=+ P(-1) = 0
=+ P(-1) = (-1'1+ - 2(-112 - 3(-1) - 2

+P(-1)-1-z+3-z
+P(-1) =0(shown)
lf thesame polynomial P(x) = x4 -Zxz -3x- 2 isdivicied bya non_factor (x *2),
p(-2) = (-Z)n - z(-2yz _ sGZ) _ 2
=
+P(-2)=16-B+6-Z
) P(-2) = 12
.'. \2 is the remainder when p(x) is divided. by (x + Z).
NB: The strategy outlined immediately above only works when using linear
factors.
when using quadratic and other higher order factors, the only workable way
out is to make use
of long division' Since long division is idealfor ailtypes of factors (linear, quadratic,
cubic and so
on) it is mainly reserved for non-linear factors because ihe method outlined
above provides a
less laborious way to account for linear factors,

The Long Division

This technique is made up of four component parts as shown below:

quotient

divisor I divident
I

I
l
I
I

i
I
a series of elimination steps
I
I

) I

"ffi=x4-Zxz-3x-z
factor of P(x). To find the other factor of p(x), one has to use long division.
and (x*1) is a

13
Global lnstitute of business

.t
I
'A' Level Pure Mathemalics: Theorv-Practicc ){cxt-ls

xi*x2*x-Z
(x+1) i rn*0x3-zxz-3x-Z
*(xa + x3)

-x3-zxz- 3x-Z
-(-r'- rt)
-xz - 3x- 2

:-!:li: r)
-Zx- 2

*(-zx - 2)

ln this case,

. (x + 1) is the divisor;

. x4 - 2x2 - 3x -2 is the dividend;

. x3 -xz - x -Z isthequotieni;

c zera (O) is ttre remainder.

As such, P(x) = x4 - 2x2 - 3x - 2 canbe written as a product of its factors, that is

P(x) = (x + 1)(x3 - xz - x -Z).

Worked Examinqtion Questions on Polynamials

Question (Combridge, I une 2070 qp.32)

5 The Polr rtorrri;rl l.rl + 5.t': + {t.t + /r. rlhci'c rl irrtri 1r ir!c u{)rl\lirrl{s" it r"le lttrlcti ir'. |{.1 ). lt is gilcrr (ltlll
(lr + 1 ) ir l llctor o1';-r(.1 ) rrrr.l thlt rvNtcrt 1:{t ) ir rlir it[:tl hv {.1'* ]} llrc ltilririlirlcr is t}.

{i) Finrl thc vlrlucs ol'rt ult<l b. l-5 I

1ii) \\rhe'n rr ltttll /; hltlt thcsr- rltltt{*. llteioris,.'l}{.1'l e{}rlll)itrtcl-\'. til

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 'A' Level Pure Mathematics: Theory-Practice Nexus

Solution

(i) Given that,

P(x)=2x3+5x2+ax*b
o To solve for the unknown values, one has to form a pair of simultaneous equations using
the fact that (2x + 1) is a factor ot p(x) and that when p(x) is divided by (x + 2) the
remainder is 9.

z 1r
-pl-:)=Oandp(-Z)=g
'\ 2/
-/ i\' -/ 1\' / 1\
2\-r) -s(-ZJ -o(-1)+ b=0
=
15a
=--r---+b=0
442
a
= i-=-r-b=0 ,/

) -a * 2b = -Z -----------"'-- 1,

and 2(-Z)' + 5(-2)z + a(-Z) -t b = 9

*-i6+20-2a+b=9
=4-2a*b=9
+b=5+2a
by substi.tuting b tn (1,)

=-a+2(5+2a)=-2
+-c"+10+4a=-2
+3a=-12
-a,=-4
by substituting a in (2)
+b=5+2(-4)
+h-_?
-l)--)

:.a=-4andb=-3

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7

'A' Lo'el Pure Matl-rematics: Theon -Practicc Nexus

(ii) Stnce p(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 - 4x - 3

b1t long diui"sion,

x?+2x-3
2x3 + 5x2

-(2x3 + xz)
4x2-4x 3

-(4x2 + 2x)
-6x-3
(-6x * 3)

+ p(x) = (2x + 7)(xz + 2x - 3)

where xz + 2x- 3 - (x + 3)(x - 1)

'.
p(x) - (2x + 1)(x + 3)(x - 1)

Question {Cambridge, November 20A8 qp.3}

5 The poll:ton:ial +r3 - -Lr:l + lr + r'," lvilere r: ts a cL-lll$tarlt. is deuoted b1'pix). It il gilerr thai pi.r't is
cirvisible b1' 1rl - -rr + 3
rrl
(i) Fincl the valtte of c. L-rl

(ii) ll-heu n has this r,alue. solve the ineqnalitl, p(.r ) < 0. juslif illg )'clul' 3tls11:e1'. l3l

Solution

(i) Given that,

p(x)=4x3-4x2*3xla
using Long diutsion,
2x+7
4x3-4x2+3x*
-(4x'-6vz+6x)
2x2- 3x+a
-(2*'_3*.3)_
a-3
where a-3=0
;. a-= 3

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 'A' Level Pure \,1athematics. Theorv-Pracrice Nexus

(ii) N ow, p(x) - (2x' - 3x * 3)(2x + t)

if p(x) < 0

then (2x2 - 3x + 3)(2x + 1) < 0

either (2x' - 3x + 3) < 0 or (2x + 1) < 0

a2x1-t
t (
= x < -2 onLl because Zxz -3x * 3 0 has no realroots L.e. bz - 4ac < O

tnthis case, b2 _ 4ac = (_3)z _ 4(Z)(3)

+b2-4ac=9-24
)b2-4ac=-15<0
1
".
x< -2 onll

Revision Questions on Polltnomials

November 2003 qp.1 (Zimsec, A LevelAdditional Mothematics)

1". (a) Theremainderwhen x3 -xz * 5x*a isdividedbyx* 2 istwicethe

remainder when it is divided by x - 1. Find the value of a tsl

(b) Solve the equation

2x3-Sx2+x*2=o tsl

(c) Find the vaiues of p ano q for which x2 - 2x - 3 is a factor of

2x3+pxz-12x+q t6l

November 2006 qp.7 {Zimsec)

L. The polynomial x3 +pxz + qx - 81, where p and q are constants, has factors (x + 1)
and (x - 3). Calcuiate the value of p and the vaiue of q. t4l

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r
'A Ler,el Purc \4atl-rematics: Theorl,-Practice Ncxus

June 2007 qp.3 (Cambridge)

2 Tle pol1:rtrurial .ti - j.r + o. rvl:ere rr is a c*lstattt. it cltttoted b1'p(.r). It i: givett tltat ir - l) is a

lhctor of p(r).
(i) Firxl tlie value of a. ifl
(ii) l\}eu n ltas this valtte. fuiti lhe quathaiic thctor of p(.r). []]

November 20A7 qp.7 (Zimsec, O LevelAdditionol Mothemotics)

13. (a) Thepolynornial P(x)=x4 +ctx3 *bxz -Zx- 4hasfactors(x-1)and (x+2)

(i). Showthata=3andb=z 141

(ii). Find the other quadratic factor of P(x) and show that this factor is positive
for a ll real values of x t4l

(b) Find the range of values of xfor which x2 + x - 6> 0 [4]

November 2007 qp.3 (Combridge)

2 Tlie poli':roxrial ,r4 + 3.,:l + o. u'irere r is a cou:taltt. is cleltoled bf il(.r). Il is given lhat rl + r'+ f is a

taoor oip{r). Fiucl tire vaiue of a auel the other tlnadratic faclor of p1t). []]

November 2007 qp.7 (Zimsec)

L. Find the values of a, b and c such that

2x+ + 6x3 + 7x2 + ilx * 5 = (x2 * 3x * 7)(ax2 * cx * c)
for all values of x t3l

tune 2077 qp.37 (Combridge)

.l Tlr,.: 1:olt'nottriitl l(.1') is clclinctl hr

i'( r) = 1}-t + l-5.t': - -t.l - ll.

(il Sho* thirt l'(-l| * ();ttttl Iletoi'i:c l'{.r'} corlrpictclr'. i-+ I

(ii| (iivcrr tlrat

Il x f7) * l-S x 9r _ -l >: -1r _ ll = O.
statt (hr.'r'lrlur. ol -j)'irntl hcncr'tirrl 1 c()r'reel to.i signilicitnt li.gttrr':s.

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Global lnstitute of business

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'A' Level Pure Mathematics: Theory-Practice Nexus

June 2077 qp.33 (Cambridge)

i Thr- polvrrtlnial ,r,rl * lr.r'l + 5.r'- a. u.'lrcrc o arrrl l ar{ c()ttsl:t,tts. is dctlotctl h1' p(.t). It is givcn tillt
(l.r * i) i: u l'ucror ol'J:( r) lrrti tllrt ulrr"'n J'r1.r) is di,u'iilctl h1,' t.l - 2) thc rtnlliltrlcr i\ ll.

(il Find lltc vrtlttcs ol't/ rttttl /r. lil

(iil Wlrcrr rt uttd /t ltuvrr tltcst' r'rtltt,.'s. lintl tllc tluadralic lirctol ol"l>(.t'). tlt

November 2077 qp.37 (Cambridge)

t * ir ]. lt ir givcn thlt p(.t] ii divitihlc l,r' .ll - +
3 The. lrolvnorrrill .r'r + i.r + ,,.1 -] r.lcrtotcr.l h1 pl.r .t' I

{i) Find lhc ralttc ol'tt. Ill

(ii) Whcn rl ftas this vuluc. linrl tltt rcll r(n)ls ()l'lhc crlualiotl p{.t) = {). ltl
l-l

November 2077 qp.33 (Cambridge)

7 Tlrc lrolvltotrtirrl p{.r) is tlt'lirlctl h1'

p(.tI = t/.{-t -.1'l + -l.t - tt.

rvhert: l is:.r eonrtlrttl. lt is gir',.'n tl'lllt (1.t.' i) ir l ltretrx ol'p(-t).

(i) Firr,,l tltc valttc ol'{/ iltl(l hcttc* llrctt>lisc p{.r). l+l

{ii) Whcrl a lras lhc rrlrre lirur:tl in ;;urt (i}. crpresr irt pirrtllrl lractiolts- Iil
}#

tune 2072 qp.37 (Cambridge)

3 Thc lrolyttorttiltl p(.1 ; is ilclirrcrl I'ry

i){ ri = \'r - -lrl'v + -kt'

rl lt.:t.: r/ is it erxtslrtttl.

(i| Civcn thlt r)l

{.\ - l) rs it lrtelor trl'1t(.1 ). linrl tltc r,alu,j of tt t-l

(iil U/ilcrl rl lras lltis vrrluc.

(:r) lirctor'isr: l)(.f ) e()l)lplrt.l\. ttl

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Global lnstitute of business
'A' Level Pure \'lathematics: Theorv-Practice Nexus

Chapter Three: Analytical Geometry

"l like to pick things aport, analyse them and put them back in o better order than they hod
been in before."
- Jessica ThomPson

Widely known as coordinate geometry, analytical geometry deals with problems concerning
the location of points in space. The topic revolves around properties of shapes and lines. lt must
be emphasised that of all the plane shapes with straight edges, rhombus and kite are two
shapes of particular interest in analytical geometry. These two shapes are special because their
diagonals meet at 90o (see Fig.3.1).

Rhombus Kite

Fig. 3.1

The geometry of shaoes with straight edges feeds from six concepts outlined below:

1.. Parallel Lines

Parallel lines travel in the same direction, As such they share the same gr"adient (*, =
^r).
2. Perpendicular Lines
These are iines that meet at 90o. The product of gradients of two perpendicular lines is -1.
(^rxmz= -l).
1n

Global lnstitute of business

 'A' Level Pure \,{arhematics: Theory-Pracrice Nexus

3, Midpoint
This is used to describe a point that is half-way through two given points. lt is given
mathematically as follows: (ry), ey)
4. Distance between two points
Distance is a measure of size of the path joining two given points. lt is given by:
distance=@

5. Points on coordinate axis

o All points on the x-axis correspond to a y-value of zero.
. All points on the y-axis correspond to an / -value of zero.

6. Points of intersection
A point of intersection is common to the two graphs in question. To determine the
coordinates at the point of intersection, one has to solve the two equations simultaneously.

The Circle

The circle is another unique shape because it is the only plane shape without any straight edge.
A circle is defined by two general equations:

l. (x-a)z+(y-b)2=12
where (a, b) is the centre and r is the radius. For example, given that a circle has
equation (x - 2)'+ (y + 7)2 = B; (2,-7) is the centre and VB is the radius.

NB: the centre is given by switching the signs of the values associated with x and y, and
the radius is given by the square-root of the stand-alone value free from x and y.

ll. x2+y2*Zgx+Tfy*c=0
where (-g, -f) is the centre ana ,Q4 J' - , is the radius. For example, given that a
circle has equation x2 + y2 * 4x - 3y - 7 = 0.

In this case;
a^
L!1 _-'t i
and )f - -?
_
'g-L^_,)
3
f __
- ,.)
-
L

NB: g and / are given by dividing the coefficients of x and y by 2

27
Global lnstitute of business

4
'A' Level Pure Mathematics: Theor,v-Practic e \cxu s

3r
+ centre = (-r, _t
z)
I ' o.2
radius = ie), . (-;) -e7)
!
VS3
and radius = , units

Worked Examination Questions on Anall/tical Geometrv

Question (Combridge, I une 2007 qp.7)

6
1'
,A

A (2' i4)

B
(-) R

Tlte cliagtartt sltou,s a rectartgle ^{BCD The pourt -l rs (1. 1-l). B is (-l E) anci C' lies on the -r-axi:.
Fittcl

(i) tire eqr.taliou of BC. trl

{ii) the coorriiuates of C and D. t3l

Solution

(i). Grad (AB) = :*

: Grad (AA),2= -J
BC L 1"8
:+Tn-xffiz=-L
3
=;XL ffiZ= -i

)fftZ= -2
-
J

22
Global lnstitute of business
 'A Level Pure Mathematics: Theory-Practice Nexus

using!=mxlc,
+B= -2
^ (_Z)+c
5
20
3
220
.'.v=--x+-
"33
(ii). C ts a point on the x- axis,
+atC, !=0
+ 0=-2 +-20
--
-x
JJ

220
1a
JJ

=x=1-0
:. c (10, o)

The translationvector whichmaps B onto A is the same as the translati.onvector

whichmaps C onto D

Fig,3.2

Translation vector ,A =ed= (2)

=0, = ('oo) . (:)

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Global lnstitute of business
'A' Level Pure Mathematics Theory,-Practice Nexu s

=0i = (:)
,. D (L4, 6)

Question (Cambridge, I une 2009 qp.7)

tt

l) { lo. -.li

Thc r.lirtgl'urrr rlror,r'r 1:oi1111, 11. B arrr.l ('if irrg orr thr lirte l.l'=.r'. -1. Tltc Ft:ittt,l licr ot) tltc.t'-itxis
rrrrtl ,18 - 8('. Thc linc lir.rrnl) (lO" -j) t() B i\ itrpr'rttliculirr to 1(-. ('ulcttl:ttt lltc crxrrclirtatcs ()l'B
irrtcl ('. l7l

Solution

AC:2y=x+4
n
I
+v=-x*2
'2
L
> Grad(AC) =-2
BD LAC

+mIXfrZ=-\
1
=-Xm"=-1
2'
-mz=-Z
usingY=mx+c,
+ -3 = -2(10) + c
ac=17
24
Global lnstitute of business
 'A' Ler,ei Pure Mathematics: Theorv-Practice Nexus

) Y=-2x+1'7
Lines BD and AC i"ntersect at B,

1,

! L- L
^w, -;^'TZ

BD: y = -2x + L7 ---'-"----+ 2

by combining (1,) and (2),

1,

=;xl2=-2x*1,7
L

5
=;X
Z
= 15

)x=6
by substituting x in (2)

)y=-2(6)+1,7
)Y=5
:. 8 (6, s)
The translationwhichmaps A onto B is the same as the one whicltmaps B onto C

r AtA, x=0 \
)-r=*rol*rI
\LT
l= y = 2 |

t=,a(0, 2) )

Fig.3.3

Translationuector AE = ,z = (3)
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Global lnstitute of business

4lr
'A Level Pure Matirematics: Theor,v'Practice
Nexus

OC =(g) .(3)
_ (r2\
OC -\s/
.., C - (12, 8)

Question (Zimsec,lune 2003

qP'7)

15. Theequationofa circle is xz +y2 + 6x+2y -6 = 0'

Find
through the Point
(i). The equation of the diameter of the circle which Passes
t4l
(1, 4).
(ii). The exact values of k for which the line y = x -
k is a tangent to the circle'
t6l

Solution

(i) Gtven the equation x2 + yz + 6x + 21t -

6 -0
29=6 and 2f'-)
-- f=1
-g-r
centre ts gi,uen AY (- g; -f)
) centre = (-3, -1)
the dtameter passes throughpoint (1' 4) and centre
(-3' -1)'
Since
4--1,
aradient
"
=:------;
| - -J
5
= "+ qradient =;
usingY=mx+c
5..
=4=;(1)*c
+
L1
1C_
+
511
:.y- +*+ +

26

Global lnstitute of business

 'A' Level Pure Mathematics: Theorr,-Practice Nexus

(ii). Giuenthe two equations:

x2+y2i6x-tzy-6=o .------.--....-1

Y=x-k
by substttuting (2) in (1),

= x2 + (x - k)' + 6x + 2(x -k) - 6 = 0

+ x2 + x2 - Zkx + kz + 6x * 2x - 2k -6 = 0
+ 2xz + (B - Zk)x + (k' - 2k - 6) = 0
where a = 2;b = (B - 2k);c = (k, - Zk - 6)

using b2 - 4ac = 0

= (B - 2k)' - 4(2)(k'z - 2k - 6) = 0
+ 64 - 32k + 4k2 - Bk2 + 16k +48 = 0
=-4kz-76k*tLZ=0
:. k - -Z - 4lZ or k = *2 + 4l-z

Question (Zimsec, June 2070 qp.7)

7. Write down the equation of the circle with centre (-3; 2) and radius V10 . t1l

Show that the point A(-2; -1)lies on the circle, and find the coorciinates of B, the
other end of the diameter through A. t4l

Solution

The generaL equation states that:

(r-a)'+(y-b)'=r'
where (a, b) is the centre and r is the radius.

)A=-3, b=2, r=tlT}

= [x - (-3)]' + ly - 42 = tL^lTrl'z
.'. (x + 3)2 + (y - 2)2 = 10 is the equation of the circLe

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Global lnstitute of business

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'A' Lcvel Purc \,lathematics: Theon,-Practicc Nexus

NB: Allthe points on a graph satisfy the equation of that graph. By substituting -Z and -1for x
and y respectively:

)(-z+3)2+(-1 -2)z=L0
(1)2 + (-3)2 = 10
=
;. 10 = L0 (shown)

Using the sketch diagram below

7-*-__ 5

\4
\
\ f
I
I
C (-3; 2) ,2
,
I1

"3

-4

Fig 3.4

NB: by vector move, the translation vector which maps A onto a, (?), is the same as the

translation vector which maps C onto B.

- OE = 0e + ffanslattonuector

= oE = (;). (;')
t
)08 =(\5/
-A-t
-')
:.8=(-4,s)

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Global lnstitute of business
 'A Ler,el Pure )vlathematics: Theory-pracrice Nexus

Question (Cambridge, June 2077 qp.12)

Thc jinc'1, Plr.:r. tlrrolsg|1 thr l"rcitrrs.{ il. 5) lrnd 1j (l(). 9). Tirc iirlc 1__ is prirltlie l to l, ',,,., {)ir\\e\
thtrlrrgh tlrc oriuirr. Thc 1'xrirrt ('1i.".,,rr 1., :ucir thut.,1(-'i, pcrpclrliculrrr: tir 1-,. Firrri
(i) thc eoorr,lilu.ites ol'C.
l-i ]

( ii) th.' distlrncr.: .,1(''. t)l

l-l

Solution

For questions without diagrams, it is important to come up with an imaginative picture

capturing the relationship connecting the given facts

Fig. 3.5

e-s
(i). Grad (AB) - L0-2
+ Grad (ea) =!2
ABTAC
=ml X-ffiz=-L
1
3:Xffl.t=-L
z-
)m2=-2

29
Global Institute of business
/

'A' Level Pure \4athematics: Theorv-Practice Nexus

ustngy=mx+c,
+5=-2(2)+c
)c=9
)Y=-2x +9
1c = 0 because it passe s through the origi.n y
Lzi! =
2n
1,
i.
I and*=r9ecause 1,, is parallel to Lt
\ )
C is o-p oin of intersection of L2 a nd AC

Lzi! =
1
_)1
2'
AC:y - -Zx*9 -'-----"---'--- 2

by combining (1,) and (2)

1
- ^4 -_)v-Lo
-
L^ L

Z
5
+-v-O
2
1B
1x-:
5
by substituting x in (L)
1 rlBr
' 2\5 )
=v=-l-l
9
v
- -- 5

,. C (r1-8
-,
9r
\5 =l
5/

(ii). lncl = (r-T)'*(t-i)'

BVE
+ lACl -
-urtits
Revision Ouestions on Anallttical GeometrJt

November 20AI qp.7 (Zimsec)

L The points P, Q have coordinates (2, -1), (4, 5)respectively. The !ine L passes through
the mid-point of to the line with the equation 2x
PQ and is parallel I ! * 7 = 0. Find
the equation of L, giving your answer in the form y = mx * c. t3]

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Global lnstitute of business
 'A' Levei Pure Vlathematics: Theory-Practice Nexus

2. A circle has centre at the point with coordinates (-1, 2) and has a radius 6. Find the
equation of the circle, giving your answer in the form xz + y, + ax * by * c = 0. t3]

N ove mbe r 2002 q p. 1 (Cambrid ge )

d lJ.:)

Tltc r"liagr'ltrn slt<lw's ;r rr;:i'tlrrrgle ,\R('l') u'llr'fr.: ,,1 i: {.t. li urttl /J is ( l. (r).

(i) Firtrl tlte crluation ot'BC. t-l l

Ciilcrr tlrlt llrc crlii:rtiorr ol A('is.r' - ,r' i. lind

tiii the ctxrlrlirtritcr ol' ('. I]I
l-t

{iii} thr. lrcrirrretcr ol thc rr-.cllirrglc..1B('1)

November 2002 qp.7 (Zimsec, O levelAdditional Mathematics)

1. Solve the following equations simultaneously

y=x+1
y2+xy-3 1,4)

3. The perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points (3, 4) and (7 , 6) meets the
y -axis at (0, h). Calculate h. tsl

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'A' Levcl Pure \lathematics: Theon -Practice Ncxus

June 2003 qp.7 (Cambridge)

7 T|e lure I, itas erluatir-rn L"+.r'= 3. Tlie lile I, I)asses lluotrgh lhe poirrl-'l (7 -i) aucl i: pe11)e1i(licular
to I,.
(i) Find the eqtration of I.. trl
(ii) Ciiven thai fhe lines I, a:rd L. infetseci ai tlte point 8. find the length ol-18 trl

November 2003 qp.1 (Zimsec)

L4. A circle touches the line y =1* at the point (4, 3) and passes through the point
(-12, 11). rind:

(i). The equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line passing through the points
t1)
(4, 3) and (-12, l4l
(ii). The equation of the circle t8l

Nove mber 2003 qp.l (Cambridge)

Tlrc ,.iirrgrlrnr \11(t\\'s l tl'rtPc7i11111 ,lU('l.) in *hie h /l(' ir r;11'.1llgl to ."1IJ irrrrl itrrglc B('/) = 9()" Tlre
crrortiittrtcs oi','1. B :tnri 1) ltrc (:. {)). l-1. (r) irrrcl ill. 5) rcsl'rcctivclr'.

(i) Flrtd lhc *;ttations ttl'BC antl CI). rit

l -'l

(ii) Cllculirtc titc crxrrclit:ltes ot'C. I)l

t-t

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 'A Level Pure Mathematics. Theory-Practice Nexus

November 2004 qp.7 (Zimsec)

12. Find the points of intersection of the circle x2 + y2 - 6x + 2y - 17 = 0 and the line
x-y*2=0. isl
Hence show that an equation of the circle which has these points as the ends of a
diameter is xz + yz - 4y- 5 = 0. 14)

lune 2005 qp.7 (Cambridge)

5
v
1-
iB(2. to)

D (6,2)

ol -"'.--.---__--'.-">

The cliagratu lhou's a rirotubur .1BCD. Tlrc por:its "B arrd D Ita',"r cor:rlriirraicr (2. 10) aud (6. ll
respectit'el1'. anc1.,l Iies on the.r:-axi:. The rrucll:oitrr of BD ii.1/ Firxl, b1'cale rrlatiol. tle r'otirdilates
of each of ,1.f. -{ arr<l C.
[6]

November 2007 qp.7 (Zimsec, O LevelAdditional Moths)

2. Solve the simultaneous equations

y-x=3andxy=4 t4)
June 2008 qp.7 (Cambridge)
ll

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 Level Pure Mathematics: Theon -Practice Nexr:s

i1 l[e <liagralu. tite points.J auri C lie cu tlte.r- nrrcl-r'-axes re5peciile]\'and the eqtration of --lC'is
l1'+.r = i6. The poitrt I has coordutates il, l). The i:er1:enciicttiar tjottt B to.lC'ltleets "lC'at the
poxltr.
(i) Fincl iire coordiuates of .Y. l-11

The poitrt D is sucir tilat the tlraclriiateral ,IJfCD has --{C as a litte of :1'ttutretrl

(ii) rl"l
Find the coordinates of I) t- I

(iii) Filrd. col'rect lo I ciecintal place. the petltretel of -IBCD. t -.1

November 2009 qp.72 (Cambridge)

9

Thcrlilgt'ltrtrhtttsrttcclartglr'.'\BCD ThtPoirtt'lis({}'-l)arldCi'{ll' l'l}'Thctliugortirl 1i1)is

parallcl to lhc .i.axis.
(i) Ex1;lliri '.r,ltv lhc.t'-coortlittlttc ol'I) ir (r. IiI
Thc .i-erxrrrlir)utc ()l' D is lr.

(ii ) Er1:rltsr lhc griu.licttls ul','11) itrtt! CI) irt lclrlts r>l'/i. i3t

(iii) ('lrlcrr lrrlc lht ,\'-r(x)rtlirtatcs ol'1) artt! B. l+l

(ir ) Caicullrlc thc arca ()f lhe rcctattitlc AII('D. Ijl

November 2070 qp.1 (Zimsec)

10 (i) Write down the equation of a circle with centre (a; -3) and radius 5 t1l

(ii) State the condition satisfied by the point (x; y) inside this circle. t1l

(iii) Sketch this circle and the line 2x * y = 3 on the same diagram with the line
intersecting the circle at two points l2l

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 'A Level Pure \{athematics: Theory-Pracrice Nexus

(iv) Find the range of values of x such thatthe point insidethe circle lies on the line
2x+Y=3 t3l

November 2077 qp.72 (Cambridge)

9

1j (:.6)

Tlte rliagrurtt \ix)\\ s ii (;riir(lril:rtL.r:rl ."11iCI) in u irilt tlrc poirrt ,.1 ir r- l the 1'xrirtl B i: (.1, (r) lrnd
.
- I).
point
thc. ('is 19. -+). Tlrr r,lia.sotr:rln.,1C arrrl BD iil{*r\c{l ut .l/. A1}glc $,\1fi x: tX)" :rtri I],1{ . nlD"
Culcuhtc
(i) ttlc coor.liir)ittr.:r ol'.,U irrtd 1). 111

{ii) tlrt'r'rrlit,..I.l/ : .l/( . lll

t-l

June 2012 qp.77 (Cdmbridge)

t =6.r+,(

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'A' Level Pure \rlathematics. Thcon -Practicc Nexus

Thc rliagrartr sho$s th* crtr|L- .\' = 7r.r' lrrtti tltc !ittc .r' = 6.r - A'. $ hclc ,(- is lt gttttslltlrl Tltr- cttt-r'r.: iLrtrl
thc linc inlclsccl at tltc lroirtts ,1 artll B.

(i) For thc cilsc rt'hcrc A'= l. lirtd thc.r'-ctrorclir)iltes ()l',4 ltnd B. l-r i

(ii) Firrdtltclitlue ol'Ali.:rr,'ltichr'=(rr+Lisit(itttgctttto(hcetrr\c.1'=7r,.t- l:l

November 2072 qp.73 (Cambridge)

l{} A stririgirt linc hlr c($r:tti()n )' = -Lr + A'. u hcrc k i\ it u{1n\lllrtt. irt}(l lt cttrr c h,r.

(i) Shou ll')ill thc,r'-corrnlirralcs ol'any l"roin{r ol'ittlcrscctiott ol-thc iiit: ."1t.: lhc
-).t:
c(ltlilli()n - ((r r A'}.t * {1 , i() = O. ltl
(iit Firrtl lhe t$,o r,aluc< oi'A'lirr $.'lriclt tltc linr'i: u tlrilgL'nt t() ll)c cttl'\c lrl
Thc lun t:lngultt\. gircn h1 {hc lahrcs ol'I lirrrrrtl in piul (ii). tottch tltc;t::'.c .r: 1 .r:lti B

{iii) Find thc coordinu{ss rrl'l uu,:l B artd tltc crlultiott ol'tire lirtc AB. l6l

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 'A Level Pure Mathematics: Theorv-Practice Nexus

Chapter Four: Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

"l found out that if you are going to win gomes, you hod better be ready to odopt."
- Scotty Bowman, Hockey Coach
Theoretical Framework

This topic revolves around the laws of indices and logarithms, with much emphasis on the
relationship between indices and logarithms.

Indices

A number in index form is made up of three parts, namely:

o Base

o Power/Logarithm

o Number

The reiationship connecting the three is such that a base, B, raiseci to a power, P, gives a
number, N, as shown below:

BP =N
lf the power is an unknown variable, the index number of that form is known as an exponential
function, for example,2*,3',10r. Since all members of the exponential family behave in the
same way, base e is used to represent the exponential family. Below is a snapshot on the laws
of indices:
. a' x a! = ax+! - sum of powers

t a' : s! - qx-Y - dif f erence of powers

o (ax)t = a*! - product of powers

. a-,=1 cLx -negatiuepower

, ,X = W o, (W)' - fractional power

. eo = I - power of zero
, al = a - power of one

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'A' Ler,el Pure \'lathematics: Theon,-Practice Nexus

Loearithms

A logarithm is made up of three parts, namely:

o Base

o Power/Logarithm

o Number

The relationship connecting the three is such that the logarithm of a number, N, to a given
base, B, gives the power, P, as shown below:

lo96N = P

As such,

logsN = P <= BP = N
Laws of logarithms are used as the guiding framework to the study of logarithms. Below is a
breakdown of the laws of logarithrns:

. logax*logoy=logoxy
. loga x - logoy = iog, (i)
. loga x! = llogox
. logaa=L
NB: Logarithms are defined for positive real numbers only.

Types of Logarithms

1) Common Logarithms

These are logarithms that use a real number as the base, for example,
logro 2 ;logr2;log, 10 and so on. lf a question remains silent on the base, it is beiieved
that the problem is a logarithm to base 10.

2) Natural Logarithms

These are logarithms to base e where e is a special base that i'epresents members of the
exponentialfamily. A special notation, ln, is used to represent naturallogarithms.

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 'A' Level Pure Marhematics: Theori,-p1acrice Nexus

As such,

log"a=lna
+logeel=lne7=L
qlnex=x and eln*=x

Since this topic is abounding in restrictive conditions, the following conditions have to
be observed when using indices and logarithms:

o When introducing e or ln, extend the effects of e and lnto both the left hand side (LHS)
and right hand side (RHS).

r e and ln are not distributive in nature; they affect the LHS and RHS as a whole, and not

individualterms.

For example, given that y = 3 + 2x,

by introducing e and 1n

) e! = e(3+2x) and" lny - ln(3 + 2x) respectively.

It is an error of principle to take it as

e! = e3 + e2' and lny = in3 * ln2x respectively.

o When introducing e to eliminate ln and introducing in to eliminate e, make sure the

coefficient of the term in ln and e respectively is one (1). That elimination process only
works when coefficient of the function to be eliminated is one (1).

Linear Law

This is a technique used to reduce

a given equation into linear form using logarithms. This is
done by way of introducing logarithms to both sides of the equation and re-arranging the
equation to liken it to the general equation of a straight line, y = mx * c.

Questions on this topic test the ability of students to identify the gradient ano y -intercept
from the reduced equation. For exampie, given that

!2 = bx3
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'A' I evel Purc \,'lathematics: Thcorv-Practice Nexu,s

By introducing In to both sides,

lnvz = lnbx3
+ Tlnl = ln b +lnx3
+Zlnl=3lnx*lnb
= ln v - lln x + 1ln b
LL
whi.ch is similar to

Y=mx+c
Inthiscase, y=lny, *:1,22 x=ln x andc=1lnb.

Worked Examination Ouestions on Exoonential Functions

Question {Cambridge, June 2008 qp.3)

2 Solr.e. correc! tr: 3 siguificant figtues. tlte eqttatiott

et . elt = e-tt . t5I

Solution

Gi"uenthat, ex + ezx = e3*

lety-ex
)y+y'=y'
)Y3-Yz-Y=a
+y(yz-y-1)=0
either!=0 or y2-y-1=0
)y=0 or 1.61803 or -0.61803
/ inthis case,O and - 0'61803 are inualid sntce \
where e* L.6180
only
= '3
\logarithms are d.ef ined f or positive real ntLr,bers ortly)
ln ex = ln 1.61803
=
:. x = 0.481

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 'A Level Pure Mathematics: Theory-Pracrice Nexus

Question (Cambridge, June 2077 qp.33)

I L;sc logut'ithtns [(] \ol\(' lll(' c.luirli(]n 5lr-l - 3(-1't]. gil itig !,()ut'ln\$ct'coll'cc{ [tr -i s1on111a,rnt ligurr:.
tlt

Solution

Giuen that,

52x-7 _ Z(3r)

by introducinglnto bothsides of the equation,

ln 52x-1 = ln 2 (3')
+(2x-1)ln5=ln2*ln3'
+2xln5-in5 =lnZ*xln3
+ 2xln 5 -x ln 3 = ln 2 * ln 5
+x(21n5-ln3)=1p19
ln 10
-^-(2tn5-ln3)
:, x = 1.09

Revision Questions on Exponential Functions

June 2003 qp.7 (Zimsec)

1.. Solve the equation

1-w _ ^lo
oJ ^ -2vJ^

giving your answer exactly in terms of logarithms. t3l

4t
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'A' Level Pure Mathematics: Tireon,-Practice Ncxus

tune 2004 qp.3 (Combridge)

.l (r) Shou' that if.r' = 2'" riren the equation

l'-l-'-l
cal be rvlirten as a quariralic eqtratron iu-r'. rrl
t:l
(ii) Heuce solve tlie equatiou
,r_l-:=1. lrl

June 2006 qp.3 (Cambridge)

I Giverr thatr = J(r-').express.r'iu ter:us of .r. ljl

November 2077 qp.37 (Combridge)

I L:sinr: thr,'sutrstiltrti()ll rr: rt. qrr oihcrrrirr. solvc thc equalirrrr

ct=l+(rc-t.
cir.irrg v{)ur ur'}s1\'rl c()rrcct to -1 signiliciurt Iiglrrr's. tri

November 2007 qp.7 (Zimsec, O LevelAdditionol Moths)

1,. (b) Find the realsolution of the equation

e3, _Ze, _3e-, = 0 [O]

lune 2007 qp.3 (Combridge)

{ tlsrng tirc rubstrttrtion ll = 3'. or othcrrvise . soh'e. crrllecl Io -1 riguificaul 0qru'cs. the cqrratiorr

-il =l+3-r. i6l

tune 2070 qp.32 (Combridge)

I Solr,,: tlrc ciiuation

;t:l
-?l
= -\.

uir inr .,-(tur uns$cr c()rrrct to I signiliclnt liqurcr. l-ll

November 2009 qp.37 (Combridge)

2 Solvc {hr crlurtliotr -lr'-l - .1r + .\2. rir irtr }rrrr';rrrtrcr'('(}r'l'cct to .l silrrilicurrt ligurcs. l+l

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 'A Level Pure Vlathematics: Theory-Practice Nexus

November 2072 qp.37 (Cambridge)

2 Solvc tlt,,- r:tltiutir.rn

5t-' = 5t --5.
tir irtg y()ilr run\\\'*r'(()l'l'il.I to -i 51ur',i,1.,rnt ligrircs. llt

Worked Examination Questions on Natural Logarithms

Question (Cambridge, June 2009 qp.3)

I Solvc tltc c't1tt:tlion lrr(2 + c-t ) = l. Si. irt{ \,orrr luls\t'{r c()n'ir'c{ tu I ilce irtr:rl rl;tccs tlt

Solution

Giuen that,

ln(2+e-x\=2
by introducing e on botlt sides of the equation,

eln(2+e-x)= e2

)z+e ^=e' 1

)e ^=e'-z a^

by introducing In on both sides of the equation,

= lne-x = ln(ez - 2)

) -x = Ln(e? - 2)
:+ x = -ln(ez -Z)
:. x = -1,68

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'A' Level Pure \,iathematics: Thcorv-Praclice Ncxus

Question (Combridge, November 2Afi qp.37)

Solvc lhc cquation

ln{l*.r'l}=l+lln \'.

gir irrg r()ur art\!vcl c()rter; I t(r "i sigrr iticlnt li.'trrcs. l+l

Solution

Gi"uen that,

ln(1 +x2)=i*Zlnx
by collecting ti"ke terms,

+ ln(1 + x') -lnxz = L

/7 + xz\
+lnl--------=-l=1
\,'/
by introducing e on both sides of the equation,
.lnl/7+x2\
)e \x'l=e' "

-l
l*xz
x2

+1*x2=x2e7
) - x2e7 = -'r
x2

+ xz(l- et) = -1,

^1
L-er
1
)x= -1-eL

:. x = 0.763

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 'A' Level Pure Matl-rematics: Theon'-Pracrice \exus

Revision Questions on Natural Logarithms

November 20A8 qp.3 (Combridge)

I Solr,e tire eqrmlirxr

ht(s+1)=l+hr'
givilg yolu'atrr\yel' cc)Il'ecl to -i cleciual places. t3l

November 2009 qp.32 (Cambridge)

I Solv,.: thc cllr,ratiolr

lrr(5*.r) = irt5- itt't'-

gir.ing V()r-u lrns\\'rr'\ crlr'l'cdl to .i siqrrilieur,tI li::ulcs. tlt

June 2072 qp.32 (Cambridge)

I Solvc thc crluatiotr

ln{-l.r +-1) = I ln(.r + I }.
gir.'irrg y(,ul ilns\r'ct'c()ftr'L'l t6 I ri.11'1' r;tt llgtr1t-s. t-r I

June 2072 qp.33 (Cambridge)

2 Solvc tllt etlttttiotl lrr{l.t - -ii = I ln"r + lrt i, sirils }'r)ui'al}\\l .r'(r}rrccl to -l siitrriliuur}t liuurcs. l"+l

November 2072 qp.33 (Cambridge)

I Solvc tlir: ecluatiou

ln(.t.+S)= l+lrt.t.
r:ivirtg ,voul ilns\\,(-r' irt tcl'rtts r.rl- c. tjt

Worked Examination Question on Common Logarithms

Question (Cambridge, tune 2017 qp.32)

2 (i) Shorr, lhlrt tlrc crlrurliorr

l()Si(.rr5) =5-krg,.t
ctrrt l'rc rvrittcrt us u rlturrir^:rtic ctlrru{ion itt .t. Ijl
(ii) Hcne,.' solrc tlrc r(lllilti{}l}
Iogr("t + -51 = 5 - lg::. t. lrl

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'A Level Pure Mathematics: Theon -Practice Nexus

Solution

(i) Giuenthat,

log2(x+5)=5-log2x

by collecting like terms,

togrx
= log2(x + 5) + =5
+ iogr[(x + 5)(x)] = S
+ logr(xz * 5x) = 5
by transf orming tlte logarithm into index f orm,
)2'=xt+5x
..x2+5x-32=o
(ii) Since logr(x + 5) = 5 - log2 xcanbe writtenas x2 + 5x -32 = 0, the
problem can be solued using the quadratic f ormula.
)x=3.68or-8.58
Since x canneuer be negative,
:.x=3.68only

Revision Ouestions on Common Logarithms

November 2002 qp.3 (Cambridge)

3 (i) Show that the equation

log,u(x+ 5) = 2 - log,rx
may be written as a quadratic equation in x. t3l

(ii) Hencc find the valuc of .r satisfying tbe cquation

log,o(: + 5) : 2- log,o"r. t2)

November 2007 qp.1 (Zimsec, O LevelAdditionol Mothemotics)

1.. (a) Express as a single logarithm in its simplest form

3
logZ 1- 2 log 1B - ; log 36
l3l

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'A' Ler,el Pure Mathematics: Tl-reory-Pracrice Nexus

November 207A qp.7 (Zimsec)

1. lf aand b are positive real numbers,A+ b and log, b +-log, = 3, express b interms
b

of a. l,4l

Worked Examination Question on Linear Law

Question (Cambridge, June 2070 qp.33)

2 Tlrc vurilrblc..t uncl .t rlrtirl,r'tltc r:tprltinrt.l'i =..1c:t. rvhcrc..1 is u cor:11irnt. Tltr'lrlph ol'lnt'ug:rirrsr
is u stlrri*ht lirlc.
-r'

(il Find th('srarlicnt ()l'lltis lirlr. l:l

(ii) (ii!en tltlt tltc lirrt: irrtcrrccls thc l\i5 ol- lnt'rrt ti)r'[xrinr rvlrcrc ln.'r'= O.5. lirrrl thr.'ruluc ol'.rl
c()l'rcel to r 1lgcis111l1 1-rllrcr's. l:I

Solution

(i) Gtventhat, !3 = AeZ*

by reducing the equationto linear f orm,
+ lnY3 = lnAezx
=3ln!=lnA+lnezx
=3inY=lnA+2x
21,
=lny=;x*;lnA
55
by making (t comparative assessment with the general equation of a line,
2
)t = ntx + c, the gradient is
i.
(ii) Since the y - intercept is 0.5,
1
+;ln A = 0.5
J
+ In,A = 1.5

by introducing e on both sides of the equation,

1e ^tnA _ ^1.5
- -t
:. A = 4.48

A1

Global lnstitute of business

'A' Level Pure \,lathematics: Theon,-Praclice \exus

Revision Ouestions on Linear Law

November 2003 qp.2 (Zimsec, O LevelAdditional Moths)

3. (a) The table shows experimentalvalues of two variables x and y.

x 1 2 3 4 5

v 1.9 5.0 9.3 L5.Z 22.0

The variables are related by an equation of the form py * qxz = x. Using the
given data draw the graph of I against x and use it to estimate values of p and
q'
t8l

(b) The graph below shows part of a straight line graph obtained by plotting lny
against x.

+,
I ny
I

Express y in terms of x. l4l

(c) The diagram below shows part of a straight line graph drawn to represent the
equation x+!=by.

48
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 'A' Ler.el Pure Vlathematics: Theory-Pracrice Nexus

Calcuiate the values of a and b. i4l

November 2005 qp.3 (Cambridge)
2
ln r'

in -r

Tu'o valiable qllantltles ..- artcl .r' are leiateci b1'the eqlmtiot) .1 : -l.r:". rllere --l anci lr al'e coltstalus.
Tlie diagraru sirou'r the reurlt of pir.rttiug h: r ' agairtst lu.r lol tbril pairr r;f,r,alttes of -t arrtl;'. L,se the
ciiagraru ro eslitl)ate tire values ol-; iiurl r:. tsl
June 2070 qp.37 (Cambridge)

3 Thc vitrillrlc'.\'a!t(l 1.:utisl'1 thc crrrirtiorr,t''l'= (". ulrcrc ri urrr.l ('lrr.c ctltlrliilll\. wlrcrr,t = l.io
.r' = -i.2{). altl u lrcn .r = -1.10. r' = l.{}5.

(i) I-ir)d tlic vrlucs ol'rr :rrrtl ('. I.i I

(ii) [ixllluirr nlrr tlrc gt'uph ol'lrr1'asuinsr ln t ir u srr.uight lin,'. III

lune 2070 qp.7 (Zimsec)

5. A mathematician working with an exponential relation ! = abx reduced it to linear

form and came out with the graph shown in the diagram below.

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Global lnstitute of business

4-_
'A' Level Pure M;rthematics: Theorv-Prarcticc \exus

(i). State the label on each axis. l2l

(ii). Calculate the value of a and the value of b. t3l

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 'A Levei Pure \'lathemalics. Theorv-Practice Nexus

Chapter Five: Modulus Functions and Inequalities

"!t's a mothemotical foct two negotives moke o positive so even under odverse circumstonces
think positively."
- Amit Abraham
A modulus sign is used to cushion against a negative sign'

For example,

lxl = tO meansx = L0 or x= -10 and lxl < 10 means- 10 < x <'L0.

lnequalities are either linear or quadratic in nature. Questions on this topic can be grouped into
three. This form of grouping is inspired by the techniques used to solve the problems. The
section immediately below gives a detailed outline of the three instruments used in question
a na lysis.

Analytical Tools

1,. Simple Interpretation

This technique can only be used when there is a modulus sign on one side of the equation
or inequality and there is a real number on the other side.

For example, given that,

lx-31 <5
=+-5 .--x-3<5
For easy analysis, the inequality can be broken down into two:

=-5<x-3 and x-3<5

+-5*3<-x x<5*3
;-2 1x x(B
By combining the two results,

:.-2<x<B

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'A' Ler,el Pure \,{athematics: Theorv-Practice Ncxus

2. The Graphical Method

This method is used to solve problems where ihe modulus sign is affecting only one side of
the equation or inequality and there is an unknown variable on the other side. As such, the
graphical nnethod has a bias towards the first technique. The only difference is that the
graphical method factors in a graph to aid the decision-making process. Problems solved
using this technique give rise to two values of x where only one of the values can be used as
a criticaivalue.

For example, given that,

lx-61 13-2x
It is strongly encouraged to construct a pair or graphs to help in the determination of a

criticaivalue. ln this case,

let y = L1'75 and Y=RHS

)y=lx-61 )Y=3-Zx
NB: Modulus graphs cannot be extended to the region below the x -axis. To draw a
moduius graph, act as if you are drawing a normal line, but when the line hits the x -axis,
reflect it using the x -axis as the mirror.

t':lr*6i
I 0 6
vl-5

-5

-8

Fig. 5.1

NB: the section below the x -axis has to be reflected to make it positive.

52
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 'A' Ler,el Pure Vlathematics: Theory-Pracrice Nexus

l3l
0-
:t0

bi
Fig.5.2

When the two graphs have been shown on a singie diagram, they lead to the following
image (this diagram is what should be shown to the examiner).

Fig. 5.3
Now, to find the critical value, use the simple interpretation technique and merge the
results with the graph above.

+lx-61 <3-2x
e-(3-2x)<(x-6)<3-Zx
+-3*2x1x-6 and x-613-2x
+2x-x<-6*3 and 3x<3-t6
a
,,t<\-J and x < 3 (discard)
Since x = -3 is a critical ualue,
:.x<-3 only

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&---
'A' Level Pure Mathematics: Theor\,-Practice \exus

3. Quadratic Inequality Approach

This technique is mainly used when the modulus sign is affectirg both sides of the
inequality or equation. ln cases where there is a special multipiier ic a 'nodulus sign,
it is best to extend the effect of the multiplier to the te:'ms cushioned by the
modulus sign. Problems of this nature give rise to quadratic inequai'ties,

For example, given that,

3lx+11<lx+21
=(3x+3)z<(x+2)2
+9xz*1-Bx+9< xz+4x+4
+BxZ*L4x+5<0
15
{.Jsi"ng the quadratic f ormula or otherwise,-.land - 4 are crittcal uahLes.
Using the graphical interpretation (see Chapter 1 on quadratics).

Fig.5.4

5 7
--<x
4 2

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 'A' Levei Pure Mathematics: Theory-Practice Nexus

Worked Examination Ouestion on Simple Interpretation

Question (Cambridge, June 2072 qp.31)

I Srrlvcthcctltltliirtti+-l'i = l().Sirirrg)()til-iln\\r'('r'c()rfr.utto.isigrrilieurrtligures. ljt

Solution

l+-2'1=19
either4-2x =10 4-Zx = -10
+2x=-6 +2x=1,4

= 1n2x = In -6 + ln2x = In 14
=+xln2=ln-6 +xln2=1n14
+ x is undef Lned because in(-6) is indescribable
_ * =rlr^n
lnZ
.'. x = 3.81

Revision Question on Simple Interpretation

November 2005 qp.3 (Combridge)

I Fittci tile rel of valucs of r iatisf irg rlie irieqrulirl'13'- Si < 0.5. givins 3 sienificarlt fiei{es it voru.
arls\\'er. t1]

Worked Examination Question on Graphical Method

Question (Combridge, November 2009 qp.31)

I Solvr,: th* incryullitl' 2 - -3.r < ir * -1 j.

t.+ I

55
Global lnstitute of Business

-5-
I

'A Level Purc \{athematics: Theon,-Practice \exus

Solution

2-3x < lx-31

let y = 1115 and v- RH.'
+Y=2-3x and y= lx-31

--{-.v

-1

-)

-3

Fig. 5.5

2-3x<(x-3)<-(2-3x)
+2-3x1x-3 and x-31-2-t3x
+-4x(--S *-2x1L
5 1,
+v\- iv\--
4 2

i
Since -; Z ls a crttical value,

L
:. x> --z"
onlv

Revision Ouestions on Graphical Method

June 2006 qp.3 (Cambridge)

2 Solr,e the iuequalit)'2.r' > ir - i l. t4l

56
Global lnstitute of Business
'A Level Pure \4athematics: Theory-Practice Nexus

November 2007 qp.L (Zimsec)

3. Sketch, on the same axes, the graphs af y-l2x-31 and y=x* 1. Hence or
otherwise, solve the inequality lZx - 3l I x * 1 [ J

Worked Examination Question on Quadratic Inequalities

Question (Cambridge, tune 2070 qp.31)

I Siilr,t'tirr.' irrctlLr:rlitr 1t'r -itr, > llr'- lrri. r,r,l:r:r'r'rl is l positivc (()t'tttilnl t-r I

Solution

lx+3al>Zlx-2al
+lx*3al>lZx-4al
+ (x * 3a)' > (2x - 4a)2
* x2 + 6ax t gaz > (4x' - 76ax -t 1.6a2)
+ -3x? *22ax-7a2 > A
using the quadratic f ormula,

-22ax@
2(-3)
-22aa1[agAaz-BiF
-)x-
-6
-22a f 'l4oo7
-I-
-6
*
-22a 20a
-x= -6
< A
-2a tt, )
-42a
-

-
-6 -
-6
1 -

:J a and 7 a are critical ualues

57
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 'A' Level Pure Mathematics: Theorv-pracrice Nexus

Fig.5.5

I
:.ga1x17a

June 2008 qp.3 (Cambridge)

I Soh'e the inequalin lr - : I > jl,r + I l.

_3
tll
June 2070 qp.7 (Zimsec)

3. Solve the inequality lZx + tl > Zlx - Zl l4l

lune 207A qp.33 (Combridge)

I Solvc tl:t'incqullir] ir*-rl> 2i.r'* Ij. Itt

June 2077 qp.32 (Combridge)

I Solrr tlrc irrerlr.raliry l.rl < i5 + 1t. j. tlt

November 2A70 qp.3t (Combridge)

I Solrc rhc inctlualitf..2i.r- _il> i-i.r + Il.

l1t

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Global lnstitute of Business

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 'A' Level Pure \,{athematics: Theory-Pracrice Nexus

Chapter Six: Vectors

'lf A is a success in life, then A is three dimensional in nature, thot is A equals x plus y plus z.
Work is x; y is ploy; ond z is keeping your mouth shut."
- Albert Einstein

The location of points in space depends on the size and direction of travel from the point of
origin. This form of analysis raises two quantities: vector and scalar.

Vector versus Scalar Quantities

A scalar quantity is component with magnitude or size oniv. For example, covering a distance of
3km in an unspecified direction.

A vector quantity is a component with both magnitude and direction. For exampie, covering a

distanceof 3km duesouth.lnthiscase,muchemphasisisplacedonthedirectionof travel.

Types ofVectors

(i). Position Vector

A position vector describes a quantity that emanates or feeds from the point of origin.
As such, the source point is always the origin. For example, Of; O8; OZ;N; Of and so
on'

(ii). Displacement Vector

A displacement vector is used to describe any vector that is not 'referred to' from the
point of origin. That is, vector in space. For example, AE, Qi; d and so on.

NB: The difference between the vectors is best expiained by the breakdown below:

Position Vector

o Allcoordinates are used to describe position vectors because they are'referred to'from
the point of origin.
o For example, given that A(2; 6) and B(5; -3) are points in space, diagrammatically the
set-up is as follows:
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'A' Ler,el Pure Matl-rematics: Thcorv-Practice Nexus

Fig.6.1 FiE.6,2

A pair of coordinates shows the location of a point in space whereas a vector shows the
movement for one point to another.
As such,

A(2: 6) ,- CE ('u)
=

B(5; -3) -' 6e = ( t,)\

-Jl

Coordinates are expressed in row form and vectors are expressed in column form.

Displacement Vector

o There are two approaches to the analysis and interpretation of displacement vectors:
diagrammatic approach and position vector approach.

(i). DiagrammaticApproach
This approach makes use of a diagram to analyse the movement from one point
to another. Any reversal in direction should be compensated by a switch in sign.
For example if

ee=(:3)
thenBT--/-3i
11
--\ I )

= sT= (\-/ /
3_)

60
Global lnstitute of Business
 'A Ler,el Pure lvlathema[ics: Theorr,-Practice Nexus

using the exampLe in Fig.6.1- and Fig 6.2 aboue,

Fig.6.3

EE= AO+OB
+aE =-(3) * (j,)
_ {-2\ (j,)
=+ AB -
\-el -
,

... AB _/3\
- \-sl

(ii). Position Vector Aporoach

This technique is best in analysing problems without diagrams. The approach
states that:

displacement vectar = destination point - source point

using Ee' = oB'- 0f

+ AE',= (_ur) -
G)
ffi=(_")

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--.}-.
'A' Ler,el Pure \{athematics: Theorv-Practice \cxus

Addition and Subtraction of Vectors

All the examples we have reviewed so far are meant to put the reace, i- context of vectors.
Much of the analysis at this stage makes use of 3-dimensional vecto's i:', ;, and z) and not 2-
dimensionalvectors (x and y oniy) as in the examples above. Using arbit:'an'vectors:
/3\ /-1\
OA=l-2landoB=131,
\a/ \-z/
/3\ /-1\ /3\ /-1\
oa+sOE=l-2 l+El 3 I and 2oA-30B=21-z l-31 3
\o/ \-z/
l

\;/ \-z/
/3\ /-3\ /6\ 9 /-3\
=oA+3OB=l-21+l\-e9 I| =2oA-3oB=l-+l-l
\nl \-ol
\;/ I

/0\
.'. oA+308= l7l :.20A-308= le \
l-tg
\;/ \rel I

Dot/Scalar Product

The sum of products of corresponding directions is known as dot product. Conceptually,

/xr\ /xz\
= (x'*') + (Y'Y) + (z'22)
l:,) \n)
For example, gi"venthat OA = (*) and" od = (_,,)

=+6f .6E=(3x-1) +(-zx 3)+( 6x-2)

+6f.6E= -3-6-L2
. 0d. oi = -zL

Dot product is used to draw up a conclusion on the size of an angle between two vectors. The
table below summarises the relationship between dot product and angle size.

Table 6.L - Dot product and srze

Dot product Type of a

Negative Obtuse angle

Zero 90.
Positive Acute angle
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 'A Levei Pure Mathematics. Theory-Practice Nexus

Magnitude/ Modulus of Vector

Modulus is a measure of the size of the path joining two points. Conceptually,

x
T--;--:----
v =lx-+y.+2.
z

For exampte, given that oA= f -'r) and 06= (;')

\o/ \-z)
lo7l =@ and" [g,=@
.1071 ={s+4+36 =+ OE = 1l1;19-.,r4
=, lofl =,14s ,. Od, = tlt+
.l6fl =z

Unit Vector

This is used to describe a vector whose magnitude is one (1). To transform a vector into a unit
vector, one has to divide a vector by its modulus.

u"""
IJnit uecto, = Modulus
For example:

6r
OA=-
loal
/3\
I\_t
-zl
=6I-\b/ 7

n/3\
6A =
;l_:)

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'A' Level Pure Mathematics: Theorv-Practicc Nexus

Angle between Two Vectors

The scalar product approach states that,

cosg=#ffi
where g is the angle between the two dir"ections in question. This technique makes use of
converging or diverging directions. For example, angle A0B is given by:

io?\ Ad and Bd ar" converging directions.

0r
iod ) 0i and 0E diverging directions
"r"
cosAoB = ZZ
lo Allo B I

where oA' 0B = -21' I see how to obtain dot product and" \

,-! ,+, 1 moduli f rom sections above )
andl0Al x lOBl=7tlt+
-
cosAOB r -2L
-------:
71L4
/ -?1 '
= A0B = cos-1 (+\
\71L4/

:. AOB = 143.3o

Forms of Vector Expression

1. Coordinate Form

The three directions x,y andz are expressed in row form. For example, A(3, -2, 6).

2. Column Form

Three directions x,y andz are expressed in column form. For example, 6f = (*)

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Global lnstitute of Business
 'A' Level Pure \,lathematics: Theory-Pracrice Nexus

3. Vector Form

The three directions x,y andz are associated oy a plus or minus sign using the
coefficients i, jandk respectively. Forexample, Of = 3l -2j + 6k.

Worked Examination Ouestions on Vectors

Question (Cambridge, tune 2002 qp.1)

,\/ ?

t
l
l _(
k+ j. ,

8L__.______, .14 _______:.r

Tlte cliagr.ani sltotr': a ro[rl cr.lirtder stautlutg ou a lrrrlizolrtal cilcrrlar base. ceutlc () and radius J ruiits.
The lilte B-'1 is ir diattteter au<i tl:e ladiirs OC' is at 90 to 0-.1 . Poir:rs O'. --j'. B' anci C' lie on llre npper
sttt'face of the c11ilr'ler such thar OO'. -1"-1'. Bg and CC' are all vertical and oilerrgrh i2 urrits. The
urici-poiut of 83' is -1-r.

Lirit r,ectols i. j anci k ale palailel ri'r O.-1. OC'alLl O(/ t'espectn'ei1,

(i) Express each of the vcL-ror's -V() alrct.1.('; rrr lernrs oli. j arrci k Iit
(ii) Heuce iiuri the augle OllC'. t-11

65
Global lnstitute of Business

:--
'A' Level Pure \,{athematics: Theorv-Practice Nexus

Solution
+
(i). M0=MB+80 Md=rwfr+sd+aT
-tWd=-6k*4i -Ud=6k*4i,+4j
.. Md = 4i- 6k ..Md=4i-t4j+6k

(ii).

0
^t@
+cosB=
.,8536
*o-^^^-',(-20\
-u: COS'l:l \v3536r
:. e - 109.70

Question (Combridge, tune 2003 qp.7)

8 The prrirr{s.-1. B. C'arrtl D har,e puriticrr vectoLs -ii + lk. :i"- lj + 5k. lj r 7k antl -li + 10j + 7k
respectivell'.

(i) Lise a scalar.i:rochrct to shot' timt 8-l arrcl 8('ale i:erpeuciicuiar. tl]
(ii) Sirtru that BC'anri--ll) are patallei aud finci the ratio of the lensth of 8C to the iength oi--tD. ll]
Solution

(i). Given that;

Dz=f3), ( /2\ * =G) and

/-2\
oo=ltol
=
\z/ 'u \.?i \t /
=ai = an-on and BC = AC -08
/3\ /2\
-sA = {ol-(-zl -se = (?) (+)
\z/ \s/
/1\
ll / -2\
=BA = I Z I
= BC =
\_E/ \:)
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Global lnstitute of Business
'A Ler,el Pure Mathematics: Theory-Pracrice ){exus

The scalar product of perpendicular vectors is zero.

= pT'Et = 0
=-2+B-6 =0
= Scalar product is zero (condition sattsfied)
:. BA and BC are perpendicular

t- )\
u\
I
(ii).Be =l+ I

t'z )
+art =m on
/-2\ /3\
=AD = [ro l_lol
\t / \z/
/-s\
=AD = irOl
\s/
+EZ and. AD are parallel if and only if they haue the same d"i.rectionuector.

/
= l1j
-2\ /-l\
+BC
xz/ AD = irol
\s/
=r(1'\
=Ee -'\i) AD = sr
nu '\;) 2 t

Since Bt and Art hou" the same d"irection uector, (;) they are parallet
\r/
/-1\ /-1\
Now,z(zl u s{ zl
\r/ \r/
;. Ratio of Ee , Art = 2:S

67
Global lnstitute of Business
'A' Levcl Pure Mathematics: Theorv-Practicc Ncxus

Question (Cambridge, November 2003 qp.1)

6 unils

-/-ll units
,-./

Tlrcrliagrurrtslro\rsutrilltgttllrrpri\rn\\itltirhorrzlrrrtll rtuturrgttlalblsc..l1)/j('.xltcrc('/i= l2ttrtits

anrl /)/: = ('r urtils. Thc lerliull r'rrrlr,'18( rrrrrl Dljl- irtc isoree lfr lriiutglcs ,'rith 11IJ = l)( = 5 trnits.
Thc rniti-yrtrints ol'BIf urrtl I)[ ulc,1;/ rntl ,\'r'cs1'rcutire l1'. Thc rrrigin () ir at thc rtiid-poirtt ol',1('.
Unit vcut()r's i. j arttl k :rrc pllallcl ttr ()('. (),V und ()13 r'cspcelircll'.

(i) Firtrl thc L:ngth <tl' ()8. ttl

(ii) Exlrrcss r:ueh (ll-tlru \c.l()r\ d?'urr.l Mi ir) lcrn)s ol'i. j i.rni.l k trl

{iii} Evlrltratr,:,}/? . LIi urrr.l hcrrce lirrtl urrgL'('',11,\i. gil'ins \'(}r.u-ln\\\'L'f e()nL'ci t{} lh. r}cillL'\t elcgrcc.
t-11

Solution

(i) by Pythagoras tlTeorem,

- (AB)z = (oA)2 + (08)z
+ 52 = 32 + (08)z
+25 _ 9 = (08),
+ (08)2 = \fi.6
:. OB = 4units

(ii). MC = MB+ Ed+oe

)Me - -Ai-4k+3i
+
.,, MC = 3i- 6j - 4k, and

68
Global lnstitute of Buslness
 'A' Level Pure lvlathematics:

MN =ME +EN
twfr =6j- 4k

(iii). Me .Mfr = (jr)

fu-)
- UZ .tttfr -0-36+1.6
.,, MC.MN = -24
ME,Mfr
usLng cosCMN = ::-:-:--
WEIWfrI
N'ow, cos CMN
-20
"rEl x.r@.

= CMN = .or-'(3)
\131,72/
+ = 110.8"
CMN
:. CMN = 111'

Question (Cambridge, June 2006 qp.7)

Tlie cliaglani slto*.s tlte loof of a houre. Tlic i ase of the rorrl. Q.-iB(.' . is recrat)gulal' alcl lrorizotrral
rvitlr O-{ = CB = l.lur aud O(' - --lB = Sur The top of the rooi-D.[ is Sni above the base autl
DE = 6 ui. The sir)pins edge: OI). CD -lE atril BE are all et}ral il leueti).
Lltrit vecti--rr: i irrttl j are parallel to ().1 auci O('respectivell'ancl tire rurit \'€L"tol'k ir velticalll,upnplrls.

(i) Espless the \:ccror Od in t"rurt of i. j arirl k. alrd fiirci ir: uiaslinrdc lrl
(ii) tlse a scaiiir'ptoduct to fincl airgic DOB. lrl
69
Global lnstitute of Business

JlL_.
'A' Level Purc \'lathem atic s : Theon,-Praclice Nexu s

Solution

(i). Let Q be apoint onthe base uerttcalLy below D,

1--
- oD = ;0c + (4u,nits n 04 + 0D

+0D=4j*4i+5k
,.Oi=4i+4j+ 5k

Now, lADl = ,[+z + 4z + 52

- lDDl = ',lT6i6TZs
lDrl =,1s7 units

(u). ^ oD'oB
\.../. cosH=: loo lldEl

but0E=07+m
- OE =14i * Bj
/4\ /1,4\

H(:l
" ntr7
-COSv=--=-
'l-zoo
BB
+cos0=
.'tT4Bm

+ o =.or-'(9)
\"1Mezot
+0 = 43.70

:. DOB = 43.70

70
Global lnstitute of Business

L
'A Level Pure Mathematics: Theory-Pracrice Nexus

Question (Combridge, November 2007 qp.7)

l0

()it'A

Tlrediagrarusho*sacritreO-,lECDEFGtttuluchthelengrhofeacitricleisJrurits. TheunitveL'Iors
i. j anci k are palallel ro Df . O7. anri OD rerpeuir eii'. Tirt utitl-poirrts of O-l and DG are P au<l Q
lespectivell' aucl R rs the cerltre of tlte siptale lace .-lBFlf.
(i) Expless each of ihe vectors Pi ancl @ i,, ,.,'t,r, of i. j arxl k [ -1]

(ii) Use a scalar plochrct to fiud augie QP"R. trl

(iii) Firxl rlie pel'iuretet of tlrarrgle POR. gilurg )our ans\\'cr correct to I decirual place tjl

Solution

(i) FR =Fi +!Z2AE +! AE

-FE=2i+2j+2k
Fd =Fd + oD +Dd

)PQ_ -2i+4k+2j
,.Fd = -2i+2j+4k
PQ, PR
(ii). cos 0=
lFpllFx=l

+ cos6 =00
^ln ^tm
7t
Global lnstitute of Business
'A Level Pure Mathematics: Theor,v-Practice \cxus

o
o
+cos0=--:.
V2BB
rB
=0=.rt-,(;#)
:. Q - 67.9'

(iii). Perimeter of trtanste PQR =lF?l * lpFl * l03l

^lO, lFRl =
where lFdl = iu, and
1-.---. 1_
OR = qG +G * Tfr +;BA

.0F =2j + 4i-Zk-2i

=QF =4i-2k
= lQf l = ^lT-(+)'+ (-z)'1

= l0Fl = ntTo
Now, pertmeter of trtangle PQR = ^ln +
"lT4
+'m
:. Perimeter of triangle PQR = tZ'B units

Revision Ouestions on Vectors

November 2072 qP.72 (Cambridge)

.1 urr,l Ii. rcitrlrrr' l(r .lll ()l igill (). arc givcrt h1
Thc ptr.iliott lcL'l()rs ol'ihc ntrittt'
I

7
rl\ 1tt
oA ={ t, 1 ,r.tt tn=l-*l
\:/ \:t/
$'hr'rc A is a cottstltttt.
t+1
(i) Ilt lhc cltsc rrhcrc A' = l. ;ltlettltrtc rrrrr:lc .'\()/1.

t1l
tii) Finrl lhc valtttrs ol'A li,r'*hiclt .fiJ i, . trtlil r'cclor.

72

Global lnstitute of Business

'A Level Pure \'lathematics: Theory-Practice Nexus

November 2072 qp.73 (Cambridge)

9 Tltc posiiirtrt vcct()rs ol ;rrlittts.'1 itttrl IJ re latilc to rtrt origirt () rr fc gi\.er} bv

OA= (i) 'un'l

*=(;)
\\'ltcr!'/) is lt rjottstltil.
(il In lhL' citsc \\'hrrL. O,,18 i. il \triti{h1 linc'. slirlc' thr' r'nlue' ()f'l) arl(l lind thc unit \.cct()r in th!'
rlircction,,l'0i. l3l
(ii) Irr tlie cilse ulrcrc (I1 ir lxrperrtliculal to,4E. lirtrl the l:ossiblc r':.rlut: ol'p. l5l

{iiil I1 t|c cur* \\'hrrr. /} = j. tl-rr' liuint ('ir rucit tilrl (),18C is rt plrtllltlogrtll}1. Fir}rl lltc posiliort
vr'ctt)I trl ('. lll

November 2077 qp.77 (Combridge)

Rclatilc to un ongin (7. thc point A hus position \e.i{}t 1i * 7.i - pk un<l Ihe poirtt I has 1'rositilxl vcct()r
fii - j - 7rk" *'he tc 7r ir u eorrstarrt.

{i} Finrl oi.ofr ilt

(ii) Hr'rtiJc sltcrt llurt (hare lltc tt,r rcltl vlltre s ol'1r lirr uhiult OA arttl ()B arc pcryrencliculur t() clrh
()t her. lll
(iii) Fincl lhc'r'alucs ol'7r llrs tlticit rirtgle A{)[) - 60'. t+1

November 2070 qp.77 (Cambridge)

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Global lnstitute of Business
'A Level Pure Mathematics: Theorv-Practicc Nexus

Thc tlirrgrlrr: sllo*.s l p1'rarrrrrl 0,.18(- rrith l !tcrizoniitl hlrc (),.18 ',r lte t,' (/- 1 = () ! l,rl. (.lB = li r.:l'tt ittttl
arrgic ,,1()IJ = t)0''. Thc point (' is lcrtie llir lrlrorc {) lnrl ()(- Io e ir L':til rce lor. i. .i lrrrtl k irrc
prrnrllu'l to ();t. OB itnd ()C lrs shou'n.

Lf sc a .,;alur prodltct l() find nnclc A('8, l6l

November 2006 qp.7 (Zimsec)

12. Giventhatthepositionvectorsof pointsA, BandCare (61 :2j --6k);(2i+3j +k)

and (141 + 1,6k) respectively,

i. Find AE and Ae and state the exact value of lAEl, l4l

ii. State a precise relationship between vectors AE anO ,qe .

Hence draw a sketch to show the relative arrangement of points A, B and C

inspace. t3l

tune 2003 qp.7 (Zimsec)

12. The points A, B and C have position vectors

/1\ /2\ /4\

( zl,(z ) and I o l'"'p".tively.
\s/ \o/ \ol
The point O is the origin and the point M is the mid-point of AB

i. Find the vectors Ofr anaefr l2l

ii. Calculate OfrC. Hence find the area of lriangle OMC. lsl

November 2070 qp.7 (Zimsec)

5. The position vectors of points A and B with respect to the origin O, are given by

0A=i+3j+3k,
0E = -4i+5j +3k.
Show that cos(lAA\
\ / = L
-t2a
12)

Hence, or otherwise, find the position vector of the point P on OB such that AP is
perpendicular to OB. t4l

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November 2007 qp.7 (Zimsec)

8. Two birds, P and Q fly such that their position vectors with respect to an origin O are
given by

0i = (Zt + 3)i + (r - 1,)j + 3tk and

0d = (t - z)i+ (sr + 1)l + G + z)k

for 0 < t< 10, where i,j andk are unit vectors of magnitude 1 metre in the x, y and z
directions respectively.

(a) For the time t = 0 ,

(i). calculate the distance between the two birds, t3l

(ii). Find the position vector of the point mid-way between the two birds. t1l

(b) Find the value of t for which f 0q = 90", giving your answer to 2 significant figures.
t3l

June 2007 qp.7 (Cambridge)

7.

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With respect to the origin O, the corners A,B,C of the square base ABCD of a pyramid have
position vectors i + j, -i + j, -i - j resoectively (see diagram). Write down the position vector
of D. l1l

The vertex 7 of the pyramid has position vector ("6)t.

(i). Express the vectors fr and77 in t"trt of i, j,k. t3l

(ii). Use a scalar product to show that angle AVC = 60". l2l

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Advert One: The Concept of Partial Fractions

"A man is like afroction whose numerotor is what he is ond whose denominotor is what he
thinks of himself. The lorger the denomindtor, the smoller the froction."
Leo Tolstoy

The concept of partial fractions is used to breakdown a combined fraction into its component
fractions. A combined fraction is one in which the denominator is expressed as a product of
factors. Partialfractions are used as a'lead-in'concept to questions on binomiai expansion and
integration. The choice of a partialising technique is inspired by the nature of the combined
denominator. There are four techniques used to breakdown a consolidated denominator:

o Linear-factorapproach
o Quadratic-factorapproach
. Repeated-factorapproach
o lmproper-fractions approach

A factor is said to be linear if the highest order power of the unknown variable is
one (1). For example, (x + 1) and (x - 3) are linear factors. Below is an example
outlining the breakdown of a combined fraction using the linear-factor approach.
3x-2
Giuen that f(.\
\"/ (x - 1)(x + 2)'
NB: Each factor is assigned to a constant which assumes the position of the numerator
as shown below:
3x-2 A B
(x - 1,)(x +2) (x - 1)' (x +2)

+3x-2=A(x+Z)+B(x-1.)
Letx=\ letx=-Z
L=3A -B=-38
4_
1B _D_
-1t1 -- 3"3 =D--

3x-z I3 _r I3
---(x-t)(x+2) (x-1) (x+Z)
,.f(x)=*=.rciu
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A factor is said to be quadratic if the highest order power of the unknown variable is

two (2)where the power directly affects the unknown variable. For example, (x2 + 3) is

a quadratic factor,

,) ) \rt/ (x -1 Zxz
+ i)(x2 + S)
NB:
o A linear factor is assigned a constant that assumes the position of the
numerator;
o A quadratic factor is assigned two constants to assume the numerator. One of
the constants is attached to a variable x and the other is a stand-alone constant.

2x2-1, A (Bx+c)
(x + 1) ' (xz + 2)
,t _
_.1_

(x + 1.)(x2 + 2)

= Zxz - 1- A(xz + 2) + (Bx+ C)(x + 1)

letx = -1, letx=0 letx=1-

7=3A -7=2A+C 1-=3A+28+2C
r1r
L

=-1 =2\d+c ,=r(1) +zB+r(-:)

'A=i
- " _ _i
5 5
=B=3

L155r
2x2-1 3 \g'-gl
Gll)(x,.+a)=1r+i- (x2+z)
. cf *\ 1 r --:-----------:
(5x-5)
"t\x)-TG+D-Xxz+D
-

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Factors are regarded as repeated if there is a power affecting

allthe terms to the factor.
For example, (x * 2)z and (x - 3)' are repeated factors because the powers are not
affecting individualterms. A repeated factor is broken down by assigning a constant to a
factor to the power 1, and a constant to a factor to the power 2, and a constant to the
power 3, and so on.

example, i=-
A B=.-++.'
For
(x+Z)a=,(x +2)'
-+,(x+ l)z' (x+2)s'+ (x= +2)a
?
=-,

4xz-3x-L
tf f(x) = (x-2)(x+L)2

4x2-3x-L A B C
(x - 2)(x+ 1x = 1* - 21 - G + 1)
+ L ^-
*
+ g'
+ 4x2 - 3x - 1 = A(x + 1)2 + B(x - 2)(x + t) + C(x - Z)
-1,
Letx=2 Letx=-1 Letx:0
9=9A 6=-3C -7=A-ZB-2C
+A=1, r-n
-
--)L--L
-1 = 1-ZB -2(-2)

=B=-L
. {(u\
Lt2
'\"/ =_
(x-Z) (x+1) (x+l)?

A fraction is improper if the highest order power in the numerator is exactly equal to or
greater than the highest order power in the denominator. When the highest order
power in the numerator is exactly equal to the highest order power in the denominator,
a fraction is broken down by way of introducing a constant that is free of the
denominator in addition to the normal breakdown process. For example,

2x2+2x+2
If f(x) = (x+1.)(x+3)

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NB: the highest order power in the nurnerator is 2, which is exactly equal to the highest
order power in the denominator when expanded.
2x2 +2x *2 Bc
ttrctt (;i 1)(;Tr= A+ 1,*r*1,*,
Zxz + 2x * 2= A(x+ 1)(x + 3) + B(x + 3) + C(x + 1)
letx=-L letx=-3 letx=O
+2=28 =14=-ZC =2=3A+38+C
)B=1 +C=-7 =2=3A+3(1)-7
+A-)

17
,.f(x)=z+GT9_Gls)

When the highest order power in the numerator is greater than the highest order
power in the denominator, we employ the long division process. For example,

3x3-zxz-1,6x*20

3x-2
* 20
-ZxZ - r'-^ ''
3x3 L6x
=ff (x - 2)(x + 2) = (;t'-+) l rt'-
I
2x7 -16x+20
*(3r'+oxz-12r;
- -2x?*4x+2Q
*{-2*7+0x*8)
-4x * 1,2

remainder
Since the combined fraction - quoti.ent + dLuisor

3x3 -2x2 -76x*20 _(2"._?\r -4x*12

(x-Z)(x+Z) xz-4
3x3 - 2x2 - L6x -l20 _ l),. _ 1\ r -4x 1- 12
(x-2)(x+2) G_DGTU

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,,,t,^-^ -4x*12 A _
B
vvtLetL _.i_

G-i)G+z)- (x-z)' (x+z)

+ -4x * 1.2 = A(x + 2) + B(x - 2)

letx=2 letx=-Z
4=4A 20 = -48
A
t-t-L-1 B=-5
-4x*1.2 1 5
(x-2)(x+2) (x-2) (x+2)
3x3 - zxz - l6x -t 2o 15
" (x-2)(x+2)
Long division is universalin that it applies to cases when the highest order power in the
numerator is equal to or greater than the highest order power in the denominator. Students
are, therefore, encouraged to master this technique.

Revision Ouestions on Partial Fractions

Express the following os portial fractions:

Li ne ar- Facto r Ap pro ac h

nr' ,'*7x-6 ) 3x
6 (x+1)(x-z) ' y(4-y)

Qu o d rot i c- F o ctor Ap proa ch

10 6*7x 4x 3x2+x
" (2-x)(t+x2) - (2-x)(1.+xz) v' (x+4)(x2+3) t' (;TZ)-GTTT
A-l-/:-

Re pe ote d -F a ctor Ap pr oa ch

- 4x 9x2+4 7x*4
u'
o_
(3x + 1)(x + 1)2 Y' 10 ' (2x + 1)(x + 1)2
ex + 1)(x - 2y
Im prope r- F r actio ns Ap p roach

11
x3-x-z 4n
x3-Zx2-4x-4 4x2+5x*3
(x-1)(x2+1) x2+x-2 2x2+5x-t2
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Chapter Seven: Sequences and Series

"l om tomarrow, or some future day, what I estoblish today. I am todarl whot I established
yesterdoy or some previous doy."
- James Joyce

Doing nrathematics involves finding patterns and crafting beautiful and meaningful
explanations out of the patterns, Sequences and series are jointly used to study number
patterns from different perspectives.

Definition of Terms

1. Sequence
This is usedto describe an array of numbei's following a specific order or pattern. For
example: 2; 4; 6; B; 10 ...

Z. Series
This refers tothe sum of nurnbers in a sequence. Forexample: 2 * 4 + 6 + B + 10 .,.

Notation used in the computation of sequences and series

. lJn - the nth term

. a- firstterm
. n - positton of the term in the sequence
o fl-commandi.fference
. r - commonrati.o
o l-lastterm

Types ofSequences

1. Arithmetic Progression (AP)

An AP is a sequence in which the difference between any pair of successive terms is

uniform. For example:

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100;95;90;85

-5 -5 -5
Common Di"f f erence = Proceeding Term - Preceding Term

a) The nth term

Un=a+(n-L)d
For example, the sixth term in the above sequence is giving as follows:

) U6 = 100 + (6 - 1)(-5)
:'Ue = 75

b) Sum of n terms
nn
ilZa + - l)d1 or
Sn = (n S" = + l)
ila
For example, the sum of the first four terms in the above sequence is given as
follows:
4
S+ =;12(100)
Z
+(4- 1)(-s)l
:'S+ = 370

2. Geometric Prosression (GP)

A GP describes a sequence in which any pair of successive terms gives a uniform ratio.
For example,
2 ; 4;B ; L6

xZ x 2 x2
Proceeding Term
Common Ratio =
Preceding Term

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a) The nrh term

Un = drn-l
Forexamplethesixthtermintheabovesequenceisgivenby:

ttu = (z)(z)6-1
"'Ue=64

b) Sum of n terms
* -a(1-r')
sn (1-r)

is given by:
For example, the sum of the first four terms in the above sequence

't('t
-'14\
"'
J6-
a -o\'
o-z)
30
"'5o =

c) Surn to lnfinitv

This concept can only be employed to convergent sequences where the

common

ratio lies between negative one and positive one exclusive.That is, -1
1r <.7'

It is given mathematically as follows:

a:O
"- - (L-r)

NB: questions on Sequences and series are centred on the manipulation

of
process
statements in theory into mathematical expressions. This transforrnation
leads to an equation which should be subsequently solved'

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Series Expansion

Series expansion, widely known as binominai theorem, is a predetermined pattern used to

expand the relationship connecting the sum or difference of two terms. For positive whole
number values of n, the general formula states that:

(a+ b)" = "co(a)n-o(b)0 + "c1(a)"-1(b)1 + "c2(a)"-2(b)z + "c3(a)"-s(b)3 ,..

For example, the first three terms the expansion of (2 - x)6 are given as follows:

(z - x)u = ucn(2)u-o(-x)o + 6ct(z)6*t(-z)' + 6cz(z1e-z?*),

.'. (Z - x)6 = 64 - t92x * L20x2

Students are encouraged to masterthe universaiexpansion that applies to allvalues of n:

(r + x)n= 1 *
gI2 *@@ - L)(x)2 (n)(n- 1)(n - 2)(x)=
1t;r*st"
This formula only works when the first term is positive one (1). lf the first term is not 1, factor
out the limiting term. Remember to pull out the power as well when factoring out that term.

For example,

(-z + x)o = (-z)o (r - i)-

\2/
r) (-;)'
r - \4 . .1. (- i) , r+>r+ -
4
=(-2*x)*=161,*-;*--- I
L^l l

3- 'l

=(-Z+x)a =rc[,1. - 2x n r*' ...1

.. (-z + x)4 = !6 - 32x + 24x2 ...

ln most cases, questions on the binomialtheorem are hinged to partialfractions. For problems
of this nature, the combined fraction has to be broken down into its component parts before
bringing the denominators up.

lf the terms to the factors are arranged in such a way that the first term is not real, re-arrange
the terms to start with the real number.

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For example, given that,

3x*i
f(x)= Gr_D@+D
Obtain an expansion f (x) in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x2.

(3x+1) (Ax+B) C
Oz=qf- +, tl= G2 - 4) = G + D
= t 1 = (Ax + B)(x+ 1) + C(xz - +)
3x

letx=-l letx=O letx=Z

-2=-3C 1.=B-4C 7=(2A+B)(3)
+r- 2 n - ./2\
1-R-at-\ 7=64*3{= '11\
.JL_Ii-u
5 ':"-*\5/ \3/
2
-,-11
-o-T ==,;=-3

(2
(-g'+-3)- Z 11\
:.. i(*\_ 3
Ilx)= @z_4) =(x+1)

Now, f (x) = (-'r-. +) e4 + x2)-1 -L'1f, * ,>-'

where (-4 + xz)-t =(-4)-' (, -+)
'
- (-4 + x,)-, = -I(' - f)
(-t) (-+)'.
+ (-4 + x,)-,= -;lr. I
L]
- (-4 + x,)-' = -i(, - f)
) (-4 + x')-' = -'r-*

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/ 2 11r(-4 r ? 11r/ 1 x2\

= (-;, *;) - *,)-, = (-;,.T) \-;-*)
r 2 i 1r + xz)-r
= (-I, - 6^_!1.2_11
*Z)G4 , ^ , =!* 48
,,
t 2 11r. a\ . L1 L LL,
= (- 5, - T)G4 + xz)-l = - u+ i* - i*,

ona
21(1
+ x)-r ='rlr. q# *
(-t)(-t-- t)(x)'Z
* 1

22
+r(1*x)-t=i11-x+xzf
2.. 2.
+5(1 +x)-'=5-1x+1xz
2 2

f (x) =l-#*!- -#*)* li-'r..'r*l

,.f(x) Ll7
=-4-rr*16*,

Behaviour ofSequences

A sequence may exhibit any of the following four attributes:

o Period icity

o Oscillation
o Convergence

o Divergence

1. Periodic Sequence

This attribute manifests itself in a sequence that repeats the same pattern after a
particular number of terms. Periodic sequences are cyclic in nature. For example:

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2. Oscillating Sequence

An oscillating sequence is inspired by the action of pendulum. lt swings back and forth
around a particular value. For exampie:

t -2. t _-3.
4 A t
v4,t _y5
L
^

ln this case, the terms are alternating the signs as shown by an illustrative diagram
below:

neg1tir"e

3. Converging Sequencing

This is used to describe a sequence where terms progress in such a way that they reduce
to a particular value. A convergent seguence is one that has a sum to infinity. For

example:
r1r"
vn = 3 - (a)
o )V.,=t=r,r5
V, = 2,984375
a
*=
a V, =# = 2,984375
o Vn =H = 2,99609375
and so on
ln this case, the terms converge to 3.
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4. Diverging Sequence

This is a sequence that springs up from a certain value and accelerates in one direction.
For example:

Un=(n-3)(n+Z)
. Ur = (-2)(3) = -6
. Uz = (-1)(+) = -+
. Uz = (0)(5) = 0

. U+ = (1)(6) = 6
. Us = (2)(7) = t4

and so on
ln this case, the sequence stretches from - 5 to positive infinity.

The Sigma Notation

The sigma notation,l, is a symbol used to represent the'sum of '. For example,

r=4
\-
) r2 means 1-2 + 22 + 32 + 42,
2
That is the sum of a ll terms of the form rz from r = 1 to r = 4.

o lf the sequence is never ending, that is if its stretching to infinity, it is expressed as

follows:

t_,
i,,
r=l

implying the sum of all terms of the form 12 from r = 1 to positive infinity.

o This notation is mainly used to summarise a series.

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Worked Examination Ouestions on Proaressions

Question (Zirnsec, November 2006 qp.1)

13. (a) Given that

Yrzr-3)=255.
L'
1'=7

find the value of zr. tsl

(b). After running a 40 km mai"athon race, an athlete "trains down" by running 80%
of the distance run the previous day, starting the day after the competition.

Find (i). the distance run on the tenth day after the marathon race, 12)

(ii). the first day on which the athlete will have run a total of more
than 155km after the marathon race. t5]

Solution

a) Giuen that

Y,r.-3)=255
2
by taking a snapshot of the f irst f ew terms:
whenr=li ur=-1
whenr = 2; uz = L

whenr = 3; u: = 3

whenr = 4; us = 5 and so on
From the anaiysis, the progression is following an arithmetic progression (AP) with
the first term of - 1 and common difference of 2.

3 (2,
,/) ,' -3) represents sumof allterms
r =1,

= 5r, - l$$
n_
- ;lZa
I
+ (n - 1)dl = 255
TL

= ;12(-i) + (n - 1)(2)l = 255

Z
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TL

=;L-2*2n-2)=255
z
Y'
+ ;L-4 * Znl = 255
Z

)-zn+n'=255 1 ^--

1^
=nr-Zn-255=0
=n=17or-1,5
:. rL = 17 only since n is never negative

b) (i) The distance run is following a geometric progression (GP) because

the ratio between any pair of succesive terms is 0.8. In this case,
a= B0o/o of 40
+a=32
and r = 0.8
using Un = arn-7
s l)rc = 32(0.8)10-1
:' Un = 4.29 km

^/1-'nl
Ustng Sn =
(ii)
ffi
1tc
32(1 - o.Bn)
- (1 - 0.8)
=+ 155 = 160(1 - 0.8")
155
-lOO=1-0.8n
155
+0.8"=1-160
1
= 0.81? -
-32
by taking logarithms of the LHS and RHS

1
=+ log0.B, = togS2

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1
= nloB0.B = Iog_
3Z
.1
log-
" 3l
log 0.8

= n = 15.5
:. rL = L6th day

Question (Combridge, November 1993 qp.1)

15. (a) A geometric progression 6 has positive first term a, common ratio i- and surn to
infinity S. The sum to infinity of the even-numbered terms of G, i.e. the second,
fourth, sixth,...terms, is i.S. -
Find the value of r. I3l
(i) Given that the third term of G is 2, show that the sum to infinity of the
odd-numbered terms of G,i.e.ihe first, third, fifth, ... terms, is A. I3]
(ii) ln another Geometric progression H, each term is the modulus of the
odd-numbered terms of G. Show that the sum to infinity of H is 25. 12)

(b) The sum of the first hundred terms of an arithmetic progression with first term a
and common difference disT. The sum of the first 50 odd-numbered terms i.e.
the first, third, fifth, ... ninety-ninth, is i2 f - 1000. Find the value of d. t4l

Solution

a) In a geometric progression (GP), the terms in the sequence are given by

Un = ern-7. The snapshot of the first few terms is as follows:
a', ar; arzi ar3; arai ars; ar6 ...

Euen - numbered sequence: ar; ar3; ars ...

Where the first term is ar andcommon ratio is ,' (tnot ,t #)

c_
0
f\1 1
- -'\
t )

+--C--
lar
2" - (1- vzl
Lr a 1
z\t- r) - (1 - r')
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-a ar
-
2(1 r) (1 - r)(1 + r)
= -a(1. - r)(1 + r) - 2ar(L - r)
+-(1 +r)-Zr
=-1-r=2r
+-l=3r
1
3

(i). Odd - numbered sequence: a; arz; ara; ar+; ar6 ...

Where the first term is a and common ratio is ,' (tnot r +)

\ a)
Since the third term of G is 2

+ arz =Z
t 1t2
+ al-=l - 2
\3/
z1r
=al-l=2
\9/
+a:18
Now, S* of odd - numbered sequence is giuen by;
c - a
"*- 1,-r, {since the first term is a and common ratio is r2}
C_ -
1B
, 1,2
, - (- i)
1B
-c ,a.
/o\
lq/
.'.S-= B1. (shown)
4

(ii). Now that the values of a and r are known to be 1B and -] respectively,

G: a; ar; arz; ar3; ar4 ...

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22
+ G:18; -6; 2; -5r g...
since the mod"ulus stgn ts used to cusl'iion agai"nst a negattue sign.

0; 2;
22
H: 18; ...
= i; ,
10
IU 18
c of Li = ---T anci.i*
ultu r60f G -'-
Jq
1-e r--3
"
1,

18^18 \ -_
-JaofH--T 4
33
. c 27
-)ea[11 -11
-Lt )S=T
/Vow, S* oy ru = 2S
,)'7 \
= 27 = r\z)
:.27 = 27 (shown)

b) For an Arithmetic Progression (AP)with first term 4 and common difference

d, the snapshot of the first few terms is as follows:
a; (a * d,); (a + 2d); (a + 3d); @ + ad) .'.

n
S,.Z= (rz - 1)d]
=tZa+
100 _

- Sroo =T = ilZ"+
L
(100 - i)dl
=T =50(2a+99d)
=T = 1004* 4950d
O dd - numbered' sequence'. a; (a * 2d); (a + 4d) "'
where the first term is a and common difference is 2d
50
Sco=alz"+(50-L)(Zd))
Z

1,

-)r-1000=2512a+98dl
2

= i-lrooo + 4gsad)- 1 000 = 504 + z 4sod"

2'
+ 504 +2 475d- 1000 = 50a + 2 45Ad

Global lnstitute of Business

i-
 'A' Level Pure N4athemarics: Theorv-Practice Nexus

) 2 475d -2 450d = 1 000

)25d=1000
:.d=40

Question (Zimsec, tune 2003 qp.7)

17. (a). Evaluate

200
\-f

)
/-/
(2r-3)
i3l
(b). Find the least number of terms for which

n_
\' /1\
L\z)
r=0

differs from its sum to infinity by less than 0,001. t6l

(c). Two sequences are defined for n = LZ.3 ...... ... as follows

[Jn = (n+ 1)(n -t 2); V,= , - (;)'

(i). Describe the behaviour of each of the sequences as ?? -+ oo. l2l

(ii). Express Ur*t I U,, in terms of n simplifying your answer. l2j

Solution

a) Giuen the series

200
\-
) (zr - :'t
2'
The first step is to determine the first few terms of the sequence with the view
of establishing the type of the progression (that is whether it is an AP or a GP).
whenr=l;Ur=-1
whenr=2iUz=1
whenr=3;Us=3
whenr = 4; U+ = 5 and so on.
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Global lnstitute of Business

..L--
'A Level Pure llarhcmatics: Theorv-Practice Nexus

As such, the progression is arithmetic in nature with a first term of - 1

and a common differen ce of 2'

n
Now, S,.Z= )lZa + (n - i)r/l
200
= s,nn = + (2oo - 1)(z)]
=[2(-1)
Z

"' 'Szoo = 39 600

b) Due to the fact that the progression (])' has a sum to infinity, it implies that

it is a geometric progression (GP). Below is a snapshot of the progression:

whenr = 0; Ut = i
1
whenr=1,',Uz=i
1
whenr = 2; Uz = 9 and so or'.
4t1

whenr = n; rr-, = (;)

i
In this case, a -- 1 and r=;

n- a
v/l\'-"
L\E) -
r,1.+\ and
c
'*- -- (1_r)
r=0
1,

+ -
Jn*\
a(7 - r'*1) aC
<.t-
- .L
- /4 --\ I -x
[1 - r I 5

, [, - 11rn'lt
'l'
^ = --;-
Jrr+t
\3) l =S-=l-: lL\
1

- _ 1l13 -
r \3/

^
4Jtt+\
-
f1 -(+)'-']
1r
LI
/3
+5-==3Z

Now, -(* - Sn+r < 0.001

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Global lnstitute of Business

A.
'A' Level Pure Mathematics Theory-Practice Nexus

3 [,- (+)".'] < 0.001

) 2r
/J

a
J
')
0,001 < ['- )r(1)".']
/3
zl r n

14ss 1-(;)
- 1 ooo -
/ \J/
z//3
\ 499
=(+)".'<1- 1 500
/t\^ |n+7 / I
-\5/
-, -1soo
by taking logarithms to both sides of the inequality
/1\'-1 , 1
= los (.3J ' los (r soo/\
(+o) remember to swltch the inequality I
= n *r r '"t {
I sign when diuiding with a negative number J
r"s (+)

= n )'"*(+o) -,
i"s (+)
+n>5,66
:,tL=6

c) (i) Un = (n + 1,)(n + 2) t1:fi

V-=3-{-l
,, \4)
Ur=6
11
II^ - 1) Vr=T=2,75
Uz=20 47
Uq=30
Vz = 16= 2,9375
lt_ - 4) 1.91
vs=ZT=2'984375
and so on
767
V+ = 2,99609375
i{6=
and so on
97
Global lnstitute of Business
'A Level Pure \'Iathematics: Theorv-Practicc \exus

From the aboue snapshot,

Un = (n + 1)(n + 2) is a diverging sequence, and
/ 1\'
vn = 3 - is a conuerging sequence'
tal
(ii) Un+t* IJn = (f,n+ 1n + i)([n+ 1tr + 2) + (n+ 7)(n+2)

) Un+r * Un = (n + 2)(n+ 3) + (n + 7)(n + 2)

) U,+r * Un = (n + z)L(n+ 3) + (n + 1)l
:. U n+.t * lJ, = (n + 2)(2n + a)

Question (Cornbridge, November 2072 qp.1)

tl (:r) Irt a cc11rttetriL p1rrg1'glslqryl. xll thc ltnl)\ ilir'lrosilirt.. lllt'rtentttl lcrtll i: lJ lrrrr.i lilc li)tlrtlt tcrlll
i., -,i.i.. Filttl
1

(i) thu' lirst tcrrtt. lll

(ii) thc \tttll t() inlinih'ol'lltc l-rtogrcssiott. lf l

(b) A eiruic inloll :cclors irr .irrlr u $lrr tltul thL'llilglci ()l'thc \cul()l'\ lrru irt irritltrttctic
is divirlctl
Itro:rurrion, Tile rrrtlllest tlto lutlL's ul'c.l';rrttl 5'. Fincl tltc r,itlttc ol rt. l+l

Solution

(i). Givtng that,

Uz=24 rr
Ua -= 1'3;7
ar = 24 ----------------) 1 '
-T-'
-*3 -27
by solutng (t) and (Z) simultaneously
ut
^---1^27') L
-,
cff 24
g
+72-_
<t
1b
3
3 r = only since all terms are posltiue
4'
=
by substituting r in (7)
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Global lnstitute of Business
 'A' Level Pure \,larhematics: Theory-Practice Nexus

- '(|) = zn
,',A=32

j-
{ii). 5- - 1-r
32
+Jm
-c
7-73 a
aa
JL
__c__
-c 1
4
;.S* = 128
Since the angles are in arithmetic progression, a = 3 and d = 2.

All sectors form a circle which is 360", that is a complete revolution.

=Sr=360
n
=;lZa + (n - 1)dl = 366
Z
TL

= ;[2(3)
Z
* (ir - 1)(2)] = 360
n
=;[6*2n-2)=360
Z
n
= =14 + Znl = 360
Z

=2n*n2 =360
+n2+zn-360=0
-n=tBor-20
:. rL = 18 only since n can never be negative.

Revision Questions on P rogressions

November 2003 qp.2 (Zimsec, O LevelAdditional Mathemotics)

2. (a) The eighth term of an arithmetic progression is 150 and the fifty-third is -30.
Determine
(i). the first term and the common difference, l4l
(ii). the number of terms whose sum is zero, t3]
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Global lnstitute of Business

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'A' Ler,el Pure Mathematics: Theon,-Practlce \exus

(b). The sum of an infinite geometric progression is 500. Given that the common
ratio is 0.8, calcuiate
(i). The first term, l2l
(ii). The twentieth term, l2l
(iii). The least number of terms of the progression whose sum exceeds
Ass. tsl

November 2003 qp.7 (Zimsec)

12. (a). The sequence U1, U2...Un... !s such that Ur*, -'Jfo,
ur
r 21-.

Glven also that Ur * U, = L?,find the possible values of tJr' t3l

For each value of Ur, describe the behaviour of the sequence as n tends to
infinity. 121

(b). Given that on =rf, + (0.1)", show that

y a- (o'l)N
--tL= 4N + (i - (0.1)N)
L 9
n=N*1
I5l

November 20A2 qp.7 (Zimsec)

8. A sequence U, is define d by IJ, = (n - 3r).

(i). Write down the first 3 terms of the sequence. t1l

(ii). Find in terms of n a formula for
zn

!u-
L
tsl

November 20A7 qp.7 (Zimsec)

1,6. (a). Three sequences are defined below, for n = 1, 2, 3,....Describe the behaviour
of each sequence as n tends to infinity.
ir. _ f-1\n
^
u71 - \ i)t

ii' bn = Z-n
iii. cn = (-1)" + 3n i3l

100
Global lnstitute of Business