Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Erikson’s Theory of Piaget’s Theory of Kohlberg’s Theory of

Psychosexual Development Psychosocial Development Cognitive Development Moral Development

Infants Oral Stage Trust vs. Mistrust Sensorimotor Stage

(birth to 1 year)
⮲ Child explores the world by using ⮲ Psychosocial Virtue: Hope ⮲ Neonatal Reflex (1 mo.)
mouth, especially the tongue Fear: strangers, anxiety, loud ⮲ Stimuli are assimilated into beginning mental
⮲ Infants are interested in oral noises, falls, sudden images. Behavior entirely reflexive
stimulation movements in the Primary Circular Reaction (1-4 mos.)
⮲ Baby finds pleasure in the mouth environment ⮲ Hand-mouth & ear-eye coordination
⮲ Play: Solitary Reflect develops. ⮲ Infant spends time looking at
⮲ Learning confidence or objects
learning to love ⮲ Toy: rattle or tape of parent’s voice
Secondary Circular Reaction (4-8 mos.)
⮲ Infant learns to initiate, recognize, and repeat
pleasurable experiences
⮲ Infant anticipates familiar events
⮲ Toy: peel-a-boo
Coordination of Secondary Reactions
(8-12 mos.)
⮲ Infant can plan activities to attain specific
goals. ⮲ Discovers a sense of identity, that his
activities are separate from the activities of
others.
⮲ Toy: nesting toys; colored boxes

Toddler Anal Stage Autonmy vs. Shame Inventions of new means through Preconventional (Level I)
(1-3 y/o) mental combinations (1-2 y/o)
⮲ Child learns to control urination and ⮲ Psychosocial Theme: “hold ⮲ Transitional phase Stage 1: (2-3y/o)
defecation on ⮲ Uses memory and imitation to act ⮲ Punishment / obedience
⮲ Toilet training or ⮲ Can solve basic problems, foresee maneuvers orientation
⮲ It is a part of the toddler’s self let go” that will succeed or fail ⮲ Heteronomous morality
discovery, a way of exerting ⮲ Child learns to be ⮲ Toy: Blocks, colored plastic rings ⮲ Child does right because a
independence independent and make parent tells him or her to
decisions for self Preoperational Thought (2-7 y/o) and to avoid punishment
⮲ Favorite word: “I”, “no” ⮲ Thought becomes more symbolic Stage 2: (4-7 y/o)
⮲ Can arrive at answers mentally ⮲ Individualism
Preschooler Phallic Stage Initiative vs. Guilt ⮲ Thinking is basically concrete and ⮲ Instrumental purpose and
(3-6y/o) critical ⮲ Child is egocentric exchange
⮲ The genitals are the pleasure of the ⮲ Ability to try new things ⮲ Displays static thinking ⮲ Carries out actions to satisfy
child ⮲ Intensive activity and ⮲ .Concept of time is now, and concept of own needs rather than society’s ⮲
⮲ Oedipus and Electra consuming fantasies distance is only as far as he/she can Will do something for that person
Complex ⮲ Child learns identity ⮲ Interjects parent’s social see if that person does something for
through consciousness ⮲ No awareness of reversibility (for every action the child
awareness of genital area ⮲ Child learns how to do things there is an opposite action)
⮲ Masturbation is common during this and that doing things is Conventional (Level II)
phase desirable Concrete Operational Thought (7-12
⮲ Children may also show ⮲ Knows right or wrong y/o) ⮲ Systematic reasoning Stage 3: (7-10 y/o)
exhibitionism ⮲ Bogus playmates/imaginary ⮲ Uses memory to learn broad concepts ⮲ ⮲ Orientation to interpersonal
⮲ Fears: dark, being left alone, Classifications involve sorting objects accdg to relations of mutuality
large animals, ghosts, attributes ⮲ Child follows rules because of a
body mutilation, pain & ⮲ Child is aware of reversibility need to be a “good” person in
objects ⮲ Understands conservation, sees constancy own eyes and eyes of others
School-Age Latent Stage / Latency Period Industry vs. Inferiority despite of transformation Stage 4: (10-12 y/o)
(6-12 y/o) ⮲ Child finds following rules and
⮲ All the sexual desires arch ⮲ Makes things w/ others Formal Operational Thought (12 yr) authority
⮲ Child’s personality development ⮲ Strives to achieve success ⮲ ⮲ Can solve hypothetical problems with scientific ⮲ Child finds following rules
appears to be nonactive or Child learns how to do things reasoning satisfying
dormant well ⮲ Understands causality ⮲ Follows rules of authority figures
⮲ Can deal with the past, present & and parents in an effort to keep
future ⮲ Adult or mature thought the “system” working

Adolescent Genital Stage Identity vs. Role Confusion Operational Thought Postconventional (Level III)
(13-20 y/o)
⮲ Conflict: Setting Rules ⮲ Determines own sense of Stage 5: (Older than 12)
⮲ Genitals become awakened self ⮲ Development of who, ⮲ Capable of abstract thinking ⮲ Social contract, utilitarian
⮲ Adolescent develops sexual what & where they are going law- making persectives
maturity and learns to establish ⮲ Become focus ⮲ Follows standards of society for
satisfactory relationships w/ the (self-concept) ⮲ Period of the good of all people
opposite sex rebellion and Stage 6:
uncertainty ⮲ Universal ethical principle
⮲ Adjusting to a new body and orientation
seeking emancipation ⮲ Follows internalized standards of
from conduct.
parents, choosing a vocation
& determining a value system

Young Adult Intimacy vs. Isolation

⮲ Person makes commitments

to one another
⮲ Isolation and self absorption if
unsuccessful
⮲ Independent from parents,
possible marriage /
partnership
⮲ Major goals to accomplish in
career and family
⮲ Marrying age
⮲ Fulfillment of career

Middle Adult Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle Adulthood:

⮲ Physical Changes: graying ⮲ Settling down

hair, wrinkling skin, pain ⮲ Find jobs
& ⮲ Start a family
muscle aches, menopausal
period
⮲ Psychosocial Virtue: Care ⮲
Mature adult is concerned w/
establishing & guiding the
new generation or else feels
 personal impoverishment Late Adulthood
⮲ Relates to older & younger
generations ⮲ Satisfaction w/ career
⮲ Become “Pillars of the
Community”

Older Adult Integrity vs. Despair ⮲ Accomplishment of goals

⮲ Achieves sense of
acceptance of own life
⮲ Adapts to triumphs &
disappointment w/ a certain
ego integrity
⮲ Accepts the inevitability of
death or else falls into despair
⮲ Appraisal of life & changing
social roles
⮲ Self-concerned & withdrawn

Havighurst’s Age Periods and Sullivan’s Theory of PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Developmental Task Interpersonal Relationships
Mo. Gross Fine Motor Development Play
Yr. Motor Development

Infants Infancy and Early Childhood Infancy Weight: 7 to 8 lbs 0-1 ⮲ Largely reflex ⮲ The eyes is fixated SOLITARY
(birth to 1 on the person PLAY
⮲ Maternal anxiety Length: 19 to 21 in
year) ⮲ Keeps hands fisted
⮲ Learning to walk ⮲ Able to follow object
⮲ Learning to take solid food Vital Signs: to midline

⮲ Learning to talk Childhood 2 ⮲ Holds head up ⮲ Development of

⮲ Learning to control the elimination of ⮲ As the child grows he T – 37.5 C when prone social smile
⮲ Responds to
body wastes learns to interact P – 120 – 140 bpm
familiar voices
⮲ Learning sexual differences & sexual ⮲ Use one specific R – 30 – 60 /min
modesty language at a time BP – 80/40 mmHg 3 ⮲ Holds head & ⮲ The baby knows how
chest up when to cry
⮲ Achieving psychologic stability forming (language shock) prone ⮲ Laughs aloud
simple concepts of social and ⮲ Babbles and “coos”
⮲ Follows object
physical reality
past midline
⮲ Learning to relate emotionally to Juvenile
parents, siblings & other people ⮲ The child slowly 4 ⮲ Grasp ⮲ Can raise head
⮲ Stepping and chest
learning to distinguish right from accepts authority from ⮲ Tonic neck ⮲ Teething
wrong & his subordinates ⮲ Reflexes are fading ⮲ Reach out to object
developing a conscience ⮲ More concept of self,
status, & role
 5 ⮲ Turns front to ⮲ Roll over
back ⮲ Has head ⮲ Hold blocks at
lag when pulled each hand
Middle Childhood upright
⮲ Bears partial
⮲ Learning physical skills necessary for weight on feet
ordinary games when pulled
upright
⮲ Building wholesome attitudes toward
oneself as a growing organism 6 ⮲ Turns both ways ⮲ Doubles birth weight
⮲ Learning to get along w/ age mates ⮲ ⮲ Moro reflex fading ⮲ Eruption of 1st tooth ⮲
Sits w/ minimal support
Learning an appropriate masculine and ⮲ Uses palmar grasp
feminine social role
7 ⮲ Reaches out in ⮲ “dada”, “mama”
⮲ Developing fundamental skills in
anticipation of being ⮲ Sleeps on prone
reading, writing & calculating picked up position
⮲ Sits unsteadily ⮲ Uses fingers to
⮲ Developing concept necessary for
hold objects
everyday living ⮲ Transfers objects
hand to hand
⮲ Developing conscience, morality &
scale of values 8 ⮲ Sits securely w/o ⮲ Sits alone steadily
support for an indefinite
period
⮲ Recognizes
strangers ⮲
Peek-a-boo (to test
memory)

⮲ Achieving personal independence 9 ⮲ Creeps or crawls ⮲ Can hold own

⮲ Developing attitudes toward social bottle ⮲ Starts to
crawl
groups & institutions ⮲ Understands
simple gestures

10 ⮲ Pulls self to standing ⮲ From crawling to

standing
⮲ Responds when
called by his/her name

11 ⮲ From crawling to ⮲ Walks with assistance

standing

12 ⮲ Stands alone ⮲ Triples birth weight

⮲ Some infants take ⮲ Can say 2 syllable
1st step words
⮲ Can walk w/ help
 Toddler ⮲ A child gains about 15 ⮲ Walks alone well ⮲ Puts small pellets PARALLEL
(1-3 y/o) 5 to 6 lb and 5 in a ⮲ Can seat self in into small bottles PLAY
year during the chair ⮲ Can creep ⮲ Scribbles voluntarily
toddler stage upstairs w/ a pencil / crayon
⮲ Head ⮲ Holds a spoon
circumference
increases only 18 ⮲ Can run and jump ⮲ No longer rotates
about 2cm in place a spoon to
⮲ Prominent ⮲ Can walk up and bring it to
abdomen – pouchy down stairs w/ mouth
belly assistance
⮲ Respirations
slow slightly 24 ⮲ Walks up stairs ⮲ Can open doors
⮲ HR: 90 – 110 alone by turning
bpm ⮲ BP: 99/64 doorknobs
mmHg ⮲ Unscrew lids
⮲ The brain
develops to
30 ⮲ Can jump down ⮲ Makes simple lines or
about 90% of its
from chairs strokes or crosses
adult size
w/ a pencil
⮲ Control of the
urinary and anal
sphincters
becomes possible
⮲ 8 new teeth
(canines and molars)
erupt

Preschooler ⮲ Ectomorphic 3 ⮲ Alternates feet ⮲ Undresses self A

(3-6 y/o) (slim body built) y/o ⮲ Runs ⮲ Stacks tower of S
or ⮲ Rides tricycle blocks ⮲ Draws a S
endomorphic (large ⮲ Stands on one foot cross O
body built) becomes C
apparent I
⮲ PR: 85 bpm 4 ⮲ Constantly in ⮲ Can do simple buttons A
⮲ BP: 100/60 mmHg y/o motion ⮲ Jumps T
⮲ Voiding is frequent ⮲ Skips I
(about 9 to 10 times V
a day) E
⮲ The average child
gains only about 5 ⮲ Throws overhand ⮲ Draws a 6-part &
4.5 y/o man ⮲ Can lace
lb a year. shoes Imaginative
⮲ Height gain is PLAY
also minimal: 2 to
3.5
inches
⮲ Generally have all
20 deciduous teeth
by
age 3
School-Age ⮲ Average weight 6 ⮲ A year of constant motion A
(6-12 y/o) gain is 3 to lb y/o ⮲ Skipping is a new skill S
⮲ Increase in height ⮲ First molars erupt S
is 1 to 2 inches O
⮲ By age 10 brain 7 ⮲ Central incisors erupt C
growth is complete y/o ⮲ Difference b/w sexes become apparent in I
⮲ Posture play ⮲ Spends time in quiet play A
becomes more T
erect 8 ⮲ Coordination definitely improved I
⮲PR: 70 – 80 bpm y/o ⮲ Playing with gang becomes important V
⮲ BP: 112/60 ⮲ Eyes become fully developed E
mmHg ⮲
Development of PLAY
9 ⮲ All activities done w/ gang
Secondary Sex
y/o
Characteristics
⮲ Sexual
Maturation: 10 ⮲ Coordination improves
Girls (12 – 18 y/o
y/o);
boys (14 - 20 y/o) 11 ⮲ Active, but awkward and ungainly
⮲ Deciduous teeth y/o
are lost and
permanent 12 ⮲ Coordination improves
teeth erupt y/o

Adolescent ⮲ Developing intellectual skills and ⮲ Onset of puberty Yr SEXUAL MATURATION

(13-20 y/o) concepts necessary for civic ⮲ Cessation of
body growth BOYS GIRLS
competence ⮲ Most girls are 1 to
⮲ Desiring and achieving socially 2 inches taller than 13 ⮲ Growth spurt ⮲ Pubic hair thick &
boys to continuing curly, triangular in
responsible behavior ⮲ Boys grow about 4 15 ⮲ Pubic hair distribution
⮲ Acquiring a set of values & an ethical to 12 inches in ht and abundant & curly ⮲ Breasts, areola &
gain 15 to 65 lb ⮲ Testes, penis, & papilla form secondary
system as a guide to behavior ⮲ Girls grow 2 to 8 scrotum mound
⮲ Achieving emotional independence from inches and gain 15 enlarging ⮲ Menstruation is
to 55 lb further ovulatory, making
parents & other adults achieving
⮲ PR: 70 bpm ⮲ Axillary hair pregnancy
assurance of economic ⮲ RR: 20 present possible
breaths/min ⮲ BP: ⮲ Facial hair fine
independence ⮲ Selecting and
120/70 mmHg ⮲ & downy
preparing for an Gain 2nd molars by ⮲ Voice changes
occupation age 13 and 3rd happening w/
molars b/w 18 and annoying freq.
⮲ Preparing for marriage and family 21 y/o
life ⮲ Achieving a new and more
mature relations w/ age mates of both
sexes
⮲ Achieving masculine or feminine social
role
⮲ Accepting ones physique & using the
 body effectively 15 ⮲ Genitalia adult ⮲ Pubic hair curly &
to ⮲ Pubic hair abundant (adult); may
16 abundant & curly extend onto medial
⮲ Scrotum dark aspect of thighs
& heavily ⮲ Breast tissue adult &
rugated nipples protrude
⮲ Facial and ⮲ Areolas no longer
body hair project as separate
present ridges from
⮲ Sperm breasts
production ⮲ May have some degree
mature of facial acne

16 ⮲ Pubic hair curly END OF SKELETAL

to & abundant GROWTH
17 (adult);
may extend along
medial aspect of
thighs
⮲ Testes, scrotum
& penis adult
in size
⮲ May have
some
degree of
facial
acne
⮲ Gynecomastia

17 END OF
to SKELETAL
18 GROWTH

Young ⮲ Selecting a mate

Adult / ⮲ Learning to live w/ a partner
Early ⮲ Starting a family
Adulthood ⮲ Rearing children
⮲ Managing a home
⮲ Getting started in an occupation
⮲ Taking on civic responsibility
⮲ Finding a congenital social group

Middle Adult ⮲ Achieving adult civic and social

responsibility
⮲ Establishing and maintaining economic
standard of living
⮲ Assisting teenage children to become
responsible and happy adult
⮲ Developing adult-leisure time
activities ⮲ Relating oneself to one’s
spouse as a person
 Older ⮲ Adjusting to decreasing physical
Adult / strength & health
Late ⮲ Adjusting to retirement & reduced
Adulthood income
⮲ Adjusting to death of a spouse
⮲ Establishing an explicit affiliation w/ one
age group

Terms:

INFANCY

Extrusion Reflex – food placed on an infant’s tongue is thrust forward and out of the mouth.
Natal Teeth – teeth in newborns
Neonatal Teeth – teeth erupted in the first 4 weeks of life
Deciduous Teeth – temporary baby teeth
Gross Motor Devt – ability to accomplish large body movements
Fine Motor Devt – measured by observing or testing the prehensile ability (ability to coordinate
hand movements)
Ventral Suspension – refers to an infant’s appearance when held in midair on a horizontal plane,
supported by a hand under the abdomen
Landau Reflex – develops at 3 mos. When held in ventral suspension, an infant’s head, legs, and
spine extend. When the head is depressed, the hips, knees and elbows flex
Parachute Reaction – when infants are suddenly lowered toward an examining table from ventral
suspension, the arms extend as if to protect themselves from falling.
Neck-righting reflex – this reflex causes the baby to lose balance and roll sideways when lifting the
head up
Thumb opposition – ability to bring the thumb and fingers together (4 mos)
Pincer Grasp – ability to bring the thumb and 1st finger together. This enables the baby to pick up
small objects (10 mos)
Binocular vision – ability to fuse two images into one
Hand Regard – hold hands in front of face and study their fingers for long periods of time
Eight-Month Anxiety – the height of fear of strangers