Computer Graphics
Ismail @ Ismail Yusuf Panessai
Introduction to Computer Graphics
Overview
Understanding About Computer Graphics
Photos and Images
History of Computer Graphics
Basic Graphic Elements
Pixel vs. Bitmap
Understanding About Computer Graphics
● Computer Graphics is a process of creating, storing and
manipulating models and images. Models come from several
fields such as physical, mathematical, artistic and even
abstract structures.
● The term "computer graphics" was invented on 1960 by
William Fetter:
the formation of a cockpit model design (Boeing) using a
pen plotter and a reference to a 3-dimensional human body
model
Understanding About Computer Graphics
● Computer graphics is a field that studies how to
produce an image using a computer. So that in
computer graphics, drawing techniques will be
discussed.
● Computer graphics produce graphic design software
that is currently very sophisticated and with an
interested GUI (graphics User Interface).
● The understanding of computer graphics requires
high mathematical skills, programming and
creativity.
What are Computer Graphics?
● The user controls the content, structure and appearance of
objects and displays the image through a basic visual
feedback component.
● Basic Components of an Interactive Graphics System:
Input: mouse, tablet and stylus, force feedback
equipment, scanner, live video stream, etc.
Process and Storage
Outputs: screens, paper-based printers, video recorders,
non-linear editors, etc.
● The first interactive graphics system (is Sketchpad) was
invented by Ivan Sutherland (1963) at MIT.
Benefits of Computer Graphics
Interface (User Interface Graph)
Cartography
Health (Computer Aided Surgery)
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
Multimedia System
Presentation Graph
Paint system
Scientific data presentation
Simulation
Education
Computer Assisted Testing (CAT)
Computer Assisted Guidance (CAG)
Computer Managed Instruction (CMI)
Differences of Photos and Images
Photos
A Photo is the result from capture (take) existing images
(real and realistic).
Details of each object is complete.
For example, the number of whiskers in cats is caught as is.
Images
An image is the result of a manufacturing or imitation
process.
Details of each object are usually incomplete.
For example, do you want to count the number of cat
whiskers? If it will describe according to its real form.
Image Graphics VS Image Processing
Image Graphics Image Processing
Computer graphics produce an Image processing processes an image
image
The material contains drawing The material contains techniques for
techniques improving and presenting information
The result is an image The result can be pictures or
information
Input Device
Light-Pen Plotter-Pen
Interactive Computer Graphics Framework
● An application program maps application objects to views /
images by calling the graphics library.
● Graphics library / package (example: OpenGL) is an
application intermediary and display hardware (Graphics
System).
● The results of user interaction is produce / modify images.
● Image is the final result of synthesis, design, manufacture,
visualization etc.
History of Computer Graphics
In the early 1960's, an animated model was started by displaying a simulation
of physical effects.
1961 Edward Zajac presents a satellite simulation model using Computer
Graphics Technology
1963 invented Sutherland (MIT), Sketchpad (direct manipulation, CAD), Tool
for displaying Calligraphic (vector), and Mouse by Douglas Englebert
1968 discovered Evans & Sutherland
1969 The SIGGRAPH Journal is first published
1970 Pierre B´eezier develops the B´eezier curve
1971 found Gouraud Shading
1972 The screening of the film Westworld, the first film to use computer
animation
1974 Ed Catmull develops z-buffer (Utah). Computer animation short,
Hunger: Keyframe Animation and Morphing.
1976 Jim Blinn develops texture and bump mapping.
1977 Famous film Star Wars using computer graphics
1979 Turner Whitted develops the ray tracing algorithm for the Death Star
aircraft.
History of Computer Graphics
Mid 70's to 80's Quest development for Realism Radiosity as main-stream real
time application.
1982 Development of computer graphics technology to display particles.
1984 Computer graphics are used to replace the physical model in the film
The Last Star Fighter.
1986 The first time a computer graphics film was nominated for an Academy
Award: Luxo Jr. (Pixar).
1989 Film Tin Toy (Pixar) wins an Academy Award.
1995 The film Toy Story (Pixar and Disney) was produced as the first feature-
length animated 3D film
In the late 90's, the invention of interactive visualization technology for
science and medicine, artistic rendering, image based rendering, path tracing,
photon maps, etc.
In 2000, the discovery of hardware technology for real-time photorealistic
rendering.
4 Basic Graphic Elements
Point/Dot
Line
Box Circle
Forming Elements for 2D and 3D
Combined Graphic Basic Elements
3 Ways to Get Graphic Images
● Image designed by hand
● Image obtained from calculations
● Image obtained from the scan results
Pixel vs. Bitmap
Pixel = picture element.
Bitmap = bit mapping (the number of bits used to represent
the color / shadow of each pixel)
● 1 bit/pixel = 2^1 = 2 color levels
● 4 bit/pixel = 2^4 = 16 color levels
● 8 bit/pixel = 2^8 = 256 color levels
● 16 bit/pixel = 2 ^ 16 = 65536 color levels
● 32 bit/pixel = 2 ^ 32 = … color levels
Thank You
Ismail @ Ismail Yusuf Panessai
ismailyusuf.com
