Advanced Computer Graphics
Spring-2011
Kocaeli University
Computer Engineering Department
Computer Graphics
History,
Hardware, Software,
and Applications
What is Computer
Graphics?
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Different things in different contexts:
– pictures, scenes that are generated by a
computer.
– tools used to make such pictures, software and
hardware, input/output devices.
– the whole field of study that involves these tools
and the pictures they produce.
●
Use of computer to define, store, manipulate,
interrogate and present pictorial output.
Another definition
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Computer graphics: generating 2D images
of a 3D world represented in a computer.
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Main tasks:
– modeling: creating and representing the
geometry of objects in the 3D world
– rendering: generating 2D images of the objects
– animation: describing how objects change in time
Involves
●
How pictures are represented in computer
graphics,
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How pictures are prepared for presentation,
●
How interaction within the picture is
accomplished.
Visualization (1)
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Computer Graphics
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Image Processing
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Scanning large sets of numbers to determine trends
and relationships is a tedious and ineffective
process.
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If the data are converted to a visual form, the trends
and patterns are often immediately apparent.
Visualization (2)
●
Scientific visualization, business visualization
– Distributed vs. central-desktop applications
– Interactive visualization
– Visualization over real-time vs. archived data sets
●
GIS, Chemistry vis - protein
– example1: pollution degrees plotted on a map.
– Example2: time-series data analysis
Computer Graphics
Applications
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Art, entertainment, and publishing
– movie production, animation, special effects
– computer games
– World Wide Web
– Book, magazine design, photo editing
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Simulations (education, training)
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CAD architectural, circuit design etc.
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Scientific analysis and visualization
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Graphical User Interfaces
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CG versus Computer Vision (syntesis vs.
analysis)
Image processing
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Computer Graphics vs Image Processing
– In computer graphics, a computer is used to create a
picture. Image processing, on the other hand applies
techniques to modify or interpret existing pictures
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Applications:
– Improving picture quality
– Machine perception of visual information, as used in
robotics.
●
To apply image processing methods, we first digitize
a photograph or other picture into an image file.
– Then digital methods rearrange picture parts, to enhance
color separations, or to improve the quality of shading
Computer Graphics
Image Processing
Computer Vision
Graphics
Applications
●
Entertainment: Movies
Square: Final Fantasy
Pixar: Monster’s Inc.
Entertainment
Final Fantasy (Square, USA)
Entertainment
A Bug’s Life (Pixar)
Graphics
Applications
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Medical Visualization
The Visible Human Project
MIT: Image-Guided Surgery Project
Everyday use
Everyday use
Window system and large-screen interaction metaphors (François Guimbretière)
Graphics
Applications
●
Scientific Visualization
Scientific
Visualization
Airflow around a Harrier Jet (NASA Ames)
Graphics
Applications
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Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Graphics Applications
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Training
Designing Effective Step-By-Step Assembly Instructions (Maneesh Agrawala et. al)
Graphics
Applications
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Entertainment: Games
GT Racer 3
Polyphony Digital: Gran Turismo 3, A Spec
Training
View from the ship’s bridge in the virtual environment at Dalian Maritime
University.(Courtesy Xie Cui.)
Short History of Computer
Graphics
Early 60's:
– Computer animations for physical simulation;
Edward Zajac displays satellite research using
CG in 1961
– 1963: Sutherland (MIT)
Sketchpad (direct manipulation, CAD)
Calligraphics (vector) display devices
Interactive techniques
First mouse (Douglas Englebart)
– 1968: Evans & Sutherland founded
– 1969: First SIGGRAPH
Late 60's to late 70's:
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Utah Dynasty
– 1970: Pierre Bezier develops Bezier curves
– 1971: Gouraud Shading
– 1972: Pong (first computer game) developed
– 1973: Westworld, the first film to use computer
animation
– 1974: Ed Catmull develops z-buffer (Utah)
First Computer Animated Short, Hunger.
Keyframe animation and morphing.
– 1975: Bui-Toung Phong creates Phong Shading
(Utah)
Martin Newel models a 3D teapot with Bezier
patches (Utah)
Mid 70's -80's:
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Quest for realism. Radiosity shading;
mainstream real-time applications.
– 1982: Tron, Wrath of Kahn. Particle systems and
obvious CG.
– 1984: The Last Star Figher, CG replaces
physical models. Early attempts at realism using
CG.
– 1986: First CG animation nominated for and
Academy Award: Luxo Jr. (Pixar)
– 1989: Tin Toy (Pixar) wins Academy Award.
– 1995: Toy Story (Pixar/Disney), the first full
length fully computer generated 3D animation.
The first fully 3D CG cartoon Babylon 5. First TV
show routinely using CG models.
Late 90's:
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Interactive environments, scientific and
medical visualization, artistic rendering,
image based rendering, path tracing, photon
maps, etc.
2000's:
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Interactively rendered movies? Ubiquitous
computing, computer vision and graphics.
