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Bria Exauton ME er hen 30 A Gd i a oF ae 4 (EF) DU Fo | o) od Ro @ xctio A, @ee 1 Exdange lower atub_in Ah an? aus & RP wLHO KF a Apeaol tole ft RCo frutoettren , whut guste lovey mipba We exch ty eno hy GEIS Extange bee eqabe iw A od aden | Bese txceuheo ae « ee) ot el 60 & ne P| — Gestation Se gor, Srrudren cows bs [byl pn ees sf opcone ad 0 2by 4 opaonds , de a Q Data bamyr © Lope! ©| SECTION A.1: THE 8051 INSTRUCTION SET ACALL target address Function: Absolute Call Flags: None ACALL stands for “absolute call.” It calls subroutines with a target address within 2K bytes from the curren program counter (PC). See LCALL for more discussion on this. on ©) ADD A,source byte Function: ADD Flags: OV, AC,CY ‘This adds the source byte to the accumulator (A), and places the result in A. Since register A is one byte in size the source operands must also be one byte. ‘The ADD instruction is used for both signed and unsigned numbers. Each one is discussed separately. Unsigned addition q In the addition of unsigned numbers, the status of CY, AC, and OV may change. The most important of these fags is CY. It becomes 1 when there isa carry from D7 out in 8-bit (DQ - D7) operations. Example: Mov A, #45H sA45H ADD A, #4FH iA=94H (4SH+4PH94H) i€¥=0,ACe1 461 454 Example: 474 MOV A, ROFEH jAsPEH . 470 MOY R3,#75H | jRI-75H 46 | ADD A,R3 JA=PE7527311 iC¥=1,AC=1 > Example: Mov A, #25H jRe25H ADD A, #42H GA=67H (25H+42H=67H) #C¥=0,AC=0 Addressing modes ‘The following addressing modes are supported for the ADD instruction: 1. Immediate: ADD A, data Example: ADD A, #25H 2. Register: ADD A,Rn Example: ADD A, R3 3. Direct ‘ADD A, direct Example: ADD A,30H ;add to A data in RAM loc. 30% 4, Register-indirect: ADD A,@Ri where i=0 or i-1 only Examples; ADD A,@RO add to A data pointed to by RO | ADD A,@R1 ;add to A data pointed to by R1 In the following example, the contents of RAM locations 50H to SEH are added together, and the sum is saved it RAM locations 70H and 71H. s 454 APPENDIX ACLR OA =0 MOV RO,#50H source pointer Mov R2,#16 jcounter Mov R3,#0 jelear RB Ad: ADD A,@RO ;ADD to A from source ac Bt jIP C¥=0 go to next byte INC RB jotherwise keep carries Bal: INC RO jnext location DoNz R2,A_1 jvepeat for all bytes Mov. 70H,A isave low byte of sum Mov 71H, R3 jeave high byte of sum Notice in all the above examples that we ignored the status of the OV flag. Although ADD instructions do affect OV, it isin the context of signed numbers that the OV flag has any significance. This is discussed newt. ai21 4 Signed addition and negative numbers ~\led © In the addition of signed numbers, special attention should be given to the overflow flag (OV) since this indicates if there is an error in the result of the addition. There are two rules for setting OV in signed number operation. The overflow flag is set to 1: “1. Ifthere is a carry from D6 to D7 and no carry from D7 out. 2. If there is a carry from D7 out and no carry from D6 to D7. Notice that if there is a carry both from D7 out and from Dé to D7, OV =0, Example: WOU A, #8 iA=0000 1000 voy RL, Hes 7R1=0000 0100 ADD A,RI jR=0000 1100 OV=0,C¥=0 Notice that D7 = 0 since the result is positive and OV =00 since there is neither a carry from D6 to D7 nor any carry beyond D7. Since OV = 0, the result is correct {(+8) + (+4) = (+12)] Example: T ayrye OFlnoel MOY A, #466 yA=0100 0010 ) MOV R4,#+69 7R4=0100 0101 : ADD A,R4 ;Re1000 0111 = -121 ; (INCORRECT) C¥=0, D7=1, OV=1 T In the above example, the correct result is +135 [(+66) + (+69) = (+135)], but the result was -121, OV = 1 is an indica tion of this error. Notice that D7 = 1 since the result is negative; OV = 1 since there is a carry from D6 to D7 and CY =0. Example ; Avo 1108 + p00 Mov A,#-12 jAe1111 0100 nt en MOV R3,#418 — ;R3=0001 0010 gon! ADD A,R3 ;A=0000 0110 (+6) correct ;D7=0,0V=0, and C¥=1 Notice above that the result is correct (OV | since there is a carry from D6 to D7 and a carry from D7 out. Example: MOV A, #-30 jAs1110 0010 § MOV RO, #+14 +RO=0000 1110 ADD A,RO jRe1111 0000 (-16, CORRECT) ;D7=1,0V=0, CY=0 OV =0 since there is no carry from D7 out nor any carry from D6 to D7. ee | APPENDIX A 455Example: \ 9090001 MOV A, #-126 7A=1000 0010 ® 4 MOV R7,8-127 ;R7=1000 0001 9010 ADD A,R7 A=0000 0011 (+3, WRONG) ;D7=0, Ov=1 CY =1 since there is a carry from D7 out but no carry from Dé to D7, Wi 1401 ») ADDC A,source byte Function: Add with carry Flags: OV, AC,CY ‘This willadd the source byte to A in addition to the CY fag (A= A+ byte + CY).1FCY = 1 prior to this instruction, Iso added to A. If CY = 0 prior tothe instruction, source is added to destination plus 0. This is used in multibyte additions. Inthe addition of 25F2H to 3189H, for example, we use the ADDC instruction as shown below, Example: cuR ¢ icveo NOV A, #e9H iA=89H DDC A, HOFZH MOV R3,A Mov a, 431K ADC A, #258 pA31N25H1<57H MOV WA Therefore the result is: 25F2H + 31898 . S77BH 2423 5S1B ‘The addressing modes for ADDC are the same as for “ADD A.byte", ») AMP target address Function: Absolute jump Flag None _ ANL dest-byte.source-byte Function: Logical AND for byte variables Flamigs: None affected ‘This performs a logical AND on the operands, bt by bit storing the result in te A B_AANDB destination. Notice that both the source and destination values are byte-size only. fe oa ° B le: i a 9 o MOV A.#39H jA=39H » if = ANL A, #098 jA=39H ANDed with 09 A 456 APPENDIX A39 0011 1002 99 0000 1002 080000 1001 Example: Ho A, #32H sR32H 32011 0010 WOU Rs,#50% — ; RaaSON 50__ 0101 0000 AN A,R4 ; (Be10H) 100001 0000 For the ANL instruction there are a total of six addressing modes. In four of them, the accumulator must be the destination. They are as follows: 1 2 3 4 wl 5 — Immediate: ANLA,fdata Example: ANE, A, #25% Register: ANLARn Example: aNL A,R3 Direct: ANLAdirect Example: ANL A, 20H ;AND A with data in RAM location 20% Register-indirect Example: ANL A,@RQ AND A with data pointed to by Ro in the next two addressing modes the destination isa direct address (a RAM location or one ofthe SFR registers) hile the source is either A or immediate data, ANL direct#data Example: Assume that RAM location 32H has the value 67H, Find its content after execution ofthe following code ANL 32H, #443 44H 0100 0100 67H 0110 0112 44H 0100 0101 Therefore, it has 44H. Or look at these examples: ANL PL, #121111108 smask P1.0(D0 of Port 1) ANL P1,#01111111B smask P1.7(D7 of Port 1) ANL P21, #111101118 smask P1.3(D3 of Port 1) ANL P1,#11111100B smask P1.0 and P1.1 The above instructions clear (mask) certain bits of the output port of P1 ANL direct, Example: Find the contents of register B after the following: Mov B,#eaH MOV A,#67H ANL OFOH,A yA AND B(B is located at RAM FOH) safter the operation BesaH "Note: We cannot use this to mask bits of input ports! For example, “ANL_ A, P1 is incorrect! Srvat d | ANL Csource-bit Function: Logical AND for bit variable Flag: yy In this instruction the carry flag bit is ANDed with a source bit and the results placed in carry. Therefore, if source t= 0, CY is cleared; otherwise, the CY flag remains unchanged. PPENDIX A. 457/ Example: Write code to clear the accumulator if bits P2.1 and P2.2 are both high; otherwise, make A = FFH MOV A,#ORFH = ;AsFFH WOV C,P2.1 reopy bit P2.1 to carry flag BNL C,P2.2 jand then anc BA sfump if one of them is low cue A Ba: Another variation of this instruction involves the ANDing of the CY flag bit with the complement ofthe source bit, lis format is “ANL C,/bit”, See the following example Example: Clear A if P2.1 is high and P2.2 is low; otherwise, make A = FFH. NOV A, #0FFH Nov C,P2.1 iget a copy of P2.1 bit ANL ¢, /P2.2 ;AND P2.1 with complement of P2.2 ONC BAL cLR A Ba: ( a) CINE dest-byte,source-byte,target Function: Compare and jump if not equal Flag) CY ‘The magnitudes of the source byte and destination byte are compared. If they are not equal, i address, jumps to the target Example: Keep monitoring P1 indefinitely forthe value of 99H. Get out only when PI has the value 99H, MOV P1,OFFH jmake Pi an input port BACK: © MOV. A,PL jread Pl * CONE A, #99, BACK jkeep monitoring Notice that C}NE jumps only for the not-equal value. To find out if itis greater or less after the comparison, we must check the CY flag. Notice also thatthe CJNE instruction affects the CY flag only, and after the jump tothe target address the carry lag indicates which value is greater, as shown here. In the following example, Pl is read and compared with value 65. Then: Dest piv ab) Function: Divide Flags: = CYand OV This instruction divides a byte accumulator by the byte in register B. It is assumed that both registers A and B con- tain an unsigned byte. After the division, the quotient will bein register A and the remainder in register B. If you dividehy zero (that is, set register B = 0 before the execution of “DIV AB"), the values in register A and B are undefined ang ,/ the OV flag is set to high to indicate an invalid result: Notice that CY is always 0 in this instruction, Example: NOV A, 435 Nov B,#10 DIV AB :As3 and B=S Example: Mov A, #97H MOV B, #128 DIV AB jA=B and Be7 Notice this instruction that the carry and OV flags are both cleared, unless we divide A by 0, in which case the result is invalid and OV = | to indicate the invalid condition. DJNZ byte, target Function: Decrement and jump if not zero Flags: None In this instruction a byte is decremented, and ifthe result is not zero it will jump to the target address. Example: Count from 1 to 20 and send the count to PL. CLR OA iRe0 Mov R2, #20 7R2=20 counter BACK: INC A NOV PLA DUNZ R2,BACK repeat if R2 not = zero The following two formats are supported by this instruction, Register: DJNZ Rntarget (where n=0 to 7) Example: DgNZ R3, HERE 2. Direct: DJNZ direct,target Notice that the target address can be no more than 128 bytes backward or 127 bytes forward, since it is a 2-byte instruction. For more on this see SJMP. iC byte Function: Increment Flags: None ‘This instruction adds 1 to the register or memory location specified by the operand. Note that CY is not affected even if value FF is incremented to 00. Ths instruction supports four addressing modes. Accumulator: INCA Example: INC A Register INCRn Example: INC RL or INC R5 i INC direct INC 30H vincr. byte in RAM loc. 30H 4 INC @Ri(i=00r1) INC GRO yiner. byte pointed to by RO 462, APPENDIX A.INCDPTR Function: Increment data pointer Flags: None This instruction increments the 16-bit register DPTR (data pointer) by 1. Notice that DPTR is the only 16-bit register that can be incremented. Also notice that there is no decrement version of this instruction, Example: MOV DPTR,#ISFFH ©; DPTR=16FFH INC DPTR snow DPTR=1700H JB bit,target also: JNB bit,target Function: Jump ifbit set Jump ifbit not set Flags: None These instructions are used to monitor a given bit and jump toa target address if a given bit is high or low. In the case of JB ifthe bitis high it will jump, while for JNB ifthe bit is low it wil jump. The given bit can be any ofthe bit. addressable bits of RAM, ports, or registers of the 8051. Example: Monitor bit P15 continously. When it becotnes low, send 55H to P2. SBTB P1.5 make P1.S an input bit HERE: JB P1.5,HERE istay here as long as P1.S=1 MOV 2, #55H psince P1.5=0 send 55H to P2 Example: See if register A has an even number. Iso, make it odd. JB ACC. 0,NEXT jump if it is odd oe A@+ mvc A jit is even, make it odd NEXT: 2. Example: Monitor bit P14 continously. When it becomes high, send 55H to P2. SETB PL.4 rmake Pl.4 an input bit HERE: NB P1.4,HERE rstay here as long as P1.4=0 MOV 2, #55H isince Pl.4=1 send 55H to P2 Example: See if register A has an even number, If not, make it even. NB ACC.0,NEXT ijump if DO is 0 (even) me A :D=1, make it even NEXT: \JBC bit target Function: Jump if bt is st and clear bit Flags’ None If the desired bit is high it will jump to the target address; at the same time the bit is cleared to zero Example: The following instruction will jump to label NEXT if D7 of register A is high; at the same time D7 is cleared to zero. JBC ACC.7,NEXT NOV P1,A APPENDIX A 463,Notice that the target address can be no more than 128 bytes backward or 127 bytes forward since it is a 2-byte instruction, For more on this see SMP. (Cd) JC target Function: Jump if CY =1. None ‘This instruction examines the CY flag; if itis high, it will jump to the target address. JMP @A+DPTR Function: Jump indirect ‘None The JMP instruction isan unconditional jump toa target address. The target address is provided by the total sum of register A and the DPTR register. ince this is not a widely used instruction we will bypass further discussion of it ) INBbittarget See JB and JNB. “D) INC target L Function: Jump if no carry (CY = 0) ) JNZ target Function: Jump if accumulator is not zero None This instruction examines the CY flag, and ifit is zero it will jump to the target address. Example: Find the total sum of the bytes F6H, 98H, and 8AH. Save the caries in register R3, cuR Nov ADD ox INC ADD ane INC ADD onc INC Notice that this is a 2-byte instruction and the target address cannot be farther than -128 to +127 bytes from the program counter. See J condition for more on this. None This instruction jumps if register A has a value other than zero.