ne ~ . ] 7 — 4 Tnsivu ction so . An ihederiedio ns i a : Set —fodes that the Compnder a ——. anden Stand: Ko Coy ——-The internal “One anizadion a System pears a “the _s nee 4, . : ——MmiCry operatians 1t> etna MS an ae ———+S4oved in genisteys. — ——A_Compuien ingiouetion je hee that Specifies gq fquence shania ben — ter the Com putes Tre tert uekinn fede, = ——Tagetnes nates dale oa Sto i in = £&__fomputen yeads cath instwueton ty, oo wrepisleess Places tt Condy oo aia ay pes ot Instructions : : a 1. Data _tranctey instru Hon 1 Data hang. trom one place es the Compute 16 ano they tvith out chad a the data Conlained: _pvage Mov RR, LD R ee 7 : Insavurtions move dadaexat'on name and destination. _ TS te destination, 7 ha tT anctey Word - "4 ot one _ ——{ to destination, | — a ty PUSH | aang der ord afm sourte 2 —_ fOr ol the stare: pop / Set ten werd trom dep op Sto inadion- i ' TOC 40 al 8 dinadion- | Avithmadia ae ns 4tucion:- i the tour basic Grithemat'e apen Addi Hon t Sablraciion, Bia ADD, ADD with ong ag MuUliphieation and di fe. Wikyon. Cammy, negate (2'8 Cermpemsnf ——Shanges Svan oy of dpetand) | imeremond and decrement (Tneveage | Decrease oo Valu by +) a TS nshucton *yPee hie test and branch instructions. , ie:= === — — — Teed _ingtiaedions _ase sed tn_tecs the ra, See O_dato pid or ibe Status at 9 oo Compute dinn : : lh © instsuction — Change. thes “in which pragrams. axa eneuieg DM | Fump Lbrareh) ) | Uncenditinnal tana eS ih = a Oddye . Tum p (conditional) Test Spe citied rn ee Curent py a a Contr) indpamse a Condidibn T8S4 Specified Condy = it 4dyue increment tA eee SKIP _neyt MS truedy | ee | St ae _ i At Instruction foxmad : - DD - A rere 4 | Yanlety a ee tore rims —____t dyad o+ an ee depicted ID a. ulan fox, Sy ANG 4 Ap eh Ot tnstyueihn ob the peat ee -— tAédnursion 15" ub wall bids. Ot the Tecate ae ; _AxDUpe Called. dields. The most Commot” aa —— - ma address bata oP EOFS —» op ewatin eeu Kena red? — vis mode me Bhar tye 0 addvessi mys Stee e aga tn sctructian to imaits are - a . st OPcode Operand 7) a Address we +— a A Gp_ppecadtan Code ie\d that Specitves the i Le dion lo be Ron ay me cl - eS Tar field tne i os oA mode tietd 4naq SPCR the wa ithe pperand is desenmined. . + ts , 7 > 2 \ypes of -addyess -nymad f- —Number of addyece fields in the instruction i —,-fe1me tof a fomputen depends on he internal ~—erganization of its reg istens. —+Mosd Com pudevs. fall_inte one of three types 04 Py oxgani ation. —_ 0} . —7 4 Too toma 4 in tht S_typec} Computer uses one Mddvess tpetd. ~< 7)fxax ADD X_ Ace AC 4 w(t SO heresal vegiciey Organization ta Nl h | : = 7 : ‘Stay {dor mad in this. Ly ps of Compuler needs tia, y iby tree register address Welds: for three address Pela Etats ADD Rak Ra —— aE Rio Rete — — —=—— —~ Ue oe . —__| | foy fe _addne ss. “field oe Exar ADO Ri, Ry = _ — ~ Re Re, ae oS ae ee a is Oni istey Toadies a and. Rr ne Need 4p + ed be" sperign ed in thts instxuedttop. —____it Exate t= Mov Ry Re 2 ee ee | —. i Re] RS =k a ——|itide to —Spechdy | The Seumce and ee Th estinadvtan. I Era ts ADD. RQ LX Trans4er_ty pe instunctione need ture add Ri <— RM tx] 7 hag two address fields, phe for ‘odeu And the Othen fon the memory addyess t- ogComputers width Sine nization would nove push ond Pep _—— gjeucHons: - “Tongs —— _ Push X — The _ingdqucdion “will Pu sh HU Sh the pment A the 4op of pe ciocr. inctauetions da Dot need On top 6 —s “ea A08 r ino fompusey fonsict at on DpenGtinn 9 \ 2—paly uiith ne addye cs rela ——__~. y X= (A+B) lceD) $4 Three addres _ instruction: Aon Ria, ® Ry — {in} +H (8) ADD Ro. C.D Rp, — mic] sup] ; —_ MUL x, 8, Ro Mix} Pe e, _ — Thin to add yess in Styuctaont ae ~ Moy _R, LA Rata nt) PADD. Ra BR Re” “Mov Re eR SMe Ae RD i Ry *7R, ante] | . _ tls sg RR RR ee i Mov oe . Mix) <—se 2, LohD T AC— mrp) Pe Zo ni Te Ac & Re | mf “ piv I, = oo. address inst ouchon:) AE aL Tits SUE Ee eee aed pus BD mse Dp nes push F Tos ee oN "a ~* ptt; Tos <=p+ Hi mut 2 C oA, Wes" & os 6 * (pte) Sn ——PUSF_ A oe _ BC 4 (te) : fut a Ws & Ale +cinvey] PUSH Tos 4G tus “ eect 0S SH Me RO Tose Eg Lee} a ADD Ee Tos — Gry ett i Posa © pg ep lesen re fee TOS Eby ~ pee eee ae ai ee + POP X_ Mix] & Tos i LO ee OST * sate Et ~~ aea Aen, | ae -eene : ——Ht{_», astiee # (pref) — i . CE + USing threes tuwo+ One and tevo addvee — Tasttucdon a i, oo a — + Three addvess instauedion. |. Mut Re a R, —~ “[o]* Hel > : Sig Ge fe Mel “Tr ght ee fet pees ¢ Rn We see _ 4 SOB, Pa Als ADD Rg ae ; {mor eg nk Pg <— Hts Mfc] i ADD Ry .fyq Py re) + Ry a | Div X, Ry Py __ iy) <3 €s | ao - —| — — Fs aa Tuo addvess, “insdruetion. Mh a = ee | # SUB Qi) § Ra — %- IF] ——— MUU Ric __*i S= Micls RQ, i. “| 8B Mov Rr, 8 R, +m {ay a f&, + 28, -nts] APD RL, Re a i ec MOV Ry Rs —4ty _ MUL Ra, kk R, Hamel ne Ra Re — Rath] al . OW RK, Ra RoR neve erwpe” J or? (Spare AN address tnctruetion * one oo i ron? D bah OR ae | ol € _ _ _Ae “Ae * cx mee boon FA eT ne: an eras a _- + g1oRE 1 MCT} &~ Ac _ bend A AG << ® Moy _ + SuB_ BR - Ac <— Ac~ (Bj . * Apb T Ac < Ac +nhf[7] i ir Ady th . cyoRE Ty M{LJ = Ae : 0 AC & Mwy ‘~ 7 Mul Ke AC ACKM(K] * Apo AC ACH MEH] a vod AT Reece bE YI ~ steke te tsp ene OOS ATR _ PIM Tae © Ree [= “STORE| x 7 ntyd <= ac. tS Zero address instruchon. et PUSH A _ Ts “pushy o Tes Ho ~ PUSH H . Tos Hy ae — ADD Tos <— Ham Mul _ Tes —— Ex CAG) a pw _ Tos — alotex tr4es] praca ~ — POP x a hty 7] — Tos ~ gt - Fi Convers th€ th Noust Oethe made ©xXpre scans trom ingiz 2 : Ax Bac ¥p4egr on “UL Ax [B4+¢ & lbs 6) : Flot) - “fvaluaye the amitmedio cs eX . 04 Be [eKDF+EX ESA hy Zevo Addwess insdructon. saat oe ~ as ha (Bone cra te 4a¥ > ABCDK EF HTH4 * 4 | ; - Pustt A Tose A * i Push B Ths < R Pus ¢ Tos —¢ — PUSH D Tse Mul Tas CH fy PUSH ie Tos —E _j_pusn £ Tes <—F PUSH bh Tos Hh 4 ADD Tes Fah : f mut Tos & ELP+ 4G) > ia Eaescnss 4 ADD Tes <— CH DEEL REY Mut Tos <— Bice ptetes oll — ———Ane_ Tos & atplex pee LAL | Pop y RT eee, acer,AR RASA 7M La ban | TR nserver +6 yy fe raprornetny Cor | ZA Inet auction Cycle t 4 feleh and decode 4- To 7 ; j rh! Pl Poss a * . <_ Tk| 7 ) opis) . a Dg nu Dy “ De tode ER (12-14) Peete |oyis) sy L ie U4. eS)Th +he hosic Cam puter oath incety, uate Annsigt ot she tal! 2 Seti, i ~ __)) Fearn the iNetrne Hon yam memory - ")) Decode, the ins trueion - \ W)] Read the Ctdegitive addres? dynam ens t+ she ineatenetion hay an indizest aa tu c — eee ses lc ssi ¥ ——j_____| | Decedg the tnigavucson | T ‘ | Execute the instruaon.| 1 ns nn ee™ eich. ‘and decodes - - . 7 Bi Jhitatyte tho PILI aM “Counter! a A790) is “leaded —taith. the advecs of i firgt > pginuction — Cee te the sequence. ¢ourte~ 7 $e) _ts —cleasied 4o Zexoy Provids j seo 0 deceded ~._ aor ‘ BS Tos Ad fey cl - timing —2 eg haf £0Ch 6 Inet . “pulse S__INeve mended by One So thal ane ning Signal gem Ze Leon Ce iat _1 rae “ho AR = Pc lal Te: TR <— Mar] Pempea, ee TT Te ct Dow wees Da << _ Decode Ig (1-14) , a TT Ag fr rply. 4a) Tete] Th, x #4 To $= a Onig AR is Connected 40 the address ~ ioputs of memory sit is Dece sSary to vansdey — “ne address +rom: PC 4o ABe ducing the a TER Aansltinassactated th Yeeg Spal i Ty + Ae To ee the data Path forthe Ot PC to AR - we must | - —Lusiag Sipnal Tote achieve the fellas ate ~~Conne Stion! = Big ee - a te 1 & she ey ot PC Onto “the bus by, Smaling the bah’ Seleatton Inputs _So $1 es os ~Lo Loy : a| oS i ( Doin Ib = WT Trans dey the Contain mt “ rrr ‘to b Ht . the LD pa Nir pus —___—____| €nabli ne AYR. hy o4 i‘ ——— — _ — The nevt toner taanddition intiates te ——.-Nanstey trom Pc to AR Since y - ————_The_ins-muction read nine i hy, = —1stmen_placed inthe ing ‘euction —” egicden (TR) wish sthe ¢loey “spit Tathetana tori th ming cigoee TL _ the Same time pe ic! ind emented ; : de prepare it +ox the addyesc of "2 next Inedruodian in dhe Prog am. 1 Enable the vend bn peck ot ihe mory, Wl Place He Manton A+ memery ants bus buy Malang So Su, So (1 = - mi Trans 4ex tho Vonaens Ot the buh sh | Cnabling pho LD Lead) Phput 7 Ww) Trerement Pe by Snabting TN Cinpu y i Teg isten) Input of Pe, = 1 The” next e¢ look _transdiHon “intiates te “1 Tead and _intvemens operation Since bt - 4 = . a 2 at Tote a rare The operation ¢ode_ in rR i i —+ decoded, the _indineet bit is tyvansfem i v Ldthe. —hip- flop T and the address. pen oz Struetion is transdon to AR: — _ 4ping. “yedvence inttiundion _ ster _vetrence instruction sn 4 _ayp es _inctouctop vw serine they pes of Ins tuchoan ae = Direct address ” rs Indtre ck ont ies at Tre — na eR] — “yt . - - a oe i ° Dara a Bayless OPcode ity : e a Iro : os 3) Fe ty pe in struct ore, 5. ~— Dy at é I} OP tode mt” _ OP eYat an Tord an AR =—m[AR] ns a ; aa - a a| =f Hy t ( o- : Memory 1e4%ence instruction st: ————__ A memory redwence ingle ucdion Wes 42 bie to Speotty on addvess and 4 bit. lo “Specify ( the addrecting ronde I. Jy: dtrect address i: Traiyert addvece _ sith’ gO in athe left most bet (16) of the in penta An opetond teorn memory, i Not needed +he bras are ued * Ww be to. ° ‘ 1 trecuted. | | +t 1 Tlo Fy pe 0 Structon t° _ Siro ilo My an. arene = ee __ to memory ond IS_ecognites by the ppenotion tnde “11 mith oat tn the left most bit of the in sderuedian —ee . “ ; eee ¢ - 2 i Flow Chart foy tn ¢teruedian, Cyele go 1 7 - SAAT : : 1 see — ~ o (memory we{rence) + ‘ere, T/o Creeute AR Sta» so Li} a Hf fanetion a. mace ~ mart for memory fapectio, ° : cacerghair——ataars worn Po - purq memory aad har mor . Hee brad contro! Signolg tl ieee opetatansé : KF a : tT n Th64 yu O4or : . Detodey aL - | | om £41546, | - Seen | —— A p | yo \ v — ) Zana or ny ACY | KT Ro] Tas xor > /<— aia ie Conde if — oo eee] On buy iL ee gh SN ergenitattn of. Prat aa “oe Gopi eat The Instruction a App, Ral Pa). dov the ae but processor. THe inetxusaion —— the —Containg 04 isdey Ry and — {the — Cantatas pf Memory ‘tocation spectZ cegisiee Ba ond — atone “Yeeulls “in 4he Ri: The bo ge Lee Ce bud Instruction — Ss “XD pecessany to _Pe-form _ faa Gs Bi | ect Ge Incatron SCout 1 MAR in Read Vin Selecte ADD Zin a Zu PCin |, WIMEC ome —iRin Ro nus MARIa Read Ri out . Vin WINE s MDRoud electY, ppp, Zin 7 Cout_, Riin, END. 4 The - ngdquedion Ag dch openation i¢ snrtiaded b ; q lading the EOE. gt tho progam Conte ~ ing Mu Ag and activating Read Sr. nal Pe conten ave also loaded into’ Reagtsien Y aed Added _tuth Constant pumbey Y aderval'n 7 Selec 4. +035 Input of multiplexet- and Add tmaputh yt the ALU: The result is Stoved fn she 7 Year N+ O44G yecety) nf oa the Contents o-- Specidtied In caton ore Available in MD ve - 1 gisten z 6. MDR guts Se lent Y PDD and Zin Sion ove Gctiinted jo portorm addidian.at — 1 Contenas et} Yeqisien Y ond tho content or| HDR. The yesutd tn Stoved in’ the — . T Yee ey 7 + — oo_tondends of VOB S163 "7 ave transfered : —negi Sten Ras a yj Have wived in iacaeledtte ee _ Conse) step Counder Trstoucdi on Atco dex { Signate. Inthe handwired Como! unit. the Contre! nit se +ixed loa te Ciktuit +o tector interpret _ instrucato Signals. The 4r2ed logic Cireur Yneludes Combinational —esmouit e Yate the required Conde! \t that generates _ . patents foi _deredi ing_and tate ding — cfunctions = The, I inetsucsion sdepodey.. deendes. the. insdrucsio| n_loaded i 7% —~+tn the IR. TH TR fs an 8 pit Fegister then — ~Ansaaucaion Aereder. generates 28§ Sie ac6 finer, for each Instyuttion. , a According a6. Code tn ~| CAR | linevementer iz [ Conizy) memory Micro a acidsieuala cD BR AD NANA $e Sr Se = Mewopa » PES YTS Sequencer tor Contro| meer. _¢ ‘uote ; —— ———Fiast_mat tipleven_s dvess trom J oY - 40 Xn ' Sadvecs_yeaicien (cael,Miplever tesa the ealgs of a “gelee c1ec— ssa And the vesult of the test ts applred— an tpt tag iC CR _ 4, 5 ie ouipul trom CAR provides the addvess tor the aT a _tonit.e]_memory. | ta —ane— af the multi pley ey inpuris and to the oe Lousl ne —req isten SRR). 7 { other three | § +o multi pleyen n Co Tbe nput i wm be . _—bat Come dem the Addyose eld oo} Nhe precer| i mieto tntieuetion, dram the ol pnt “SRR cind _dvom an external Source the Hops the ingteuction el The Can dition field Of jhe Mero | insdxucdron select One of the Status bfus jn the second _Ltul-li plex en» -T4 the bit setecied 1s equal 4o Jt, a the ted tent asioie is equal dod. | ° he “alut Aegetnen aiid the tase b46 fore the Be | granch -fretd) Ugo aetna ngie — Cet The in. ae ina Panticulan sequenten __, | will ae ations that _. ane. dwatlable in unit and Central units(7 tae { i, SS othe _t Yo had 9 inputs eT, 1 ————Lond 3 outputs Se, S1 and Ls Vasu'abte Se $, Seleod ong of the Source 04816 5 94 tor (Ae Vayiable L enables the nad ———Lin put in she spR. tg —=ZSe| Pi Penaing t- Oe ————Bat- Aix eis Ch feat SAD on —| Yo te — Re At: Ro aw oer cyte _ Segmends =} 2/3 JH |s_[¢ 8 afaele qi te — - tf YT, [Ts | TY We Th 4 - pe Tels lwhelt _ | 3 _ TL Tal 13| Te Tt * fe TE) Tal Tal Te IE : +1 tt tt i i) pt The horize ntat axis displ the time in —_ tlaek cucte¢ and the voit axts gives the _ no_pumbe: The dt hows Six - —ingdrucdion Th th h Tes €¥ecuted In 4 Segments ITs insdaucdion Th is handled by Segment es Aytey she divest Clock pulse segment 2 is - sith Th wnt segment tis with 4 rare nee he oe uM In etrutdion * Cont in _thig, the fir 7 ~vingiauctien Is 1s Com pte isd atien the 4 ‘elbee 7 cycte . =ai i +The pipe Completes a instruction, J cinaic cycle: No matter haw mane ~ { thens Aion the System. once iy al 1o_pik {Ven is full it Hates ofly one elac Line 7 Lon ace. { ne o¢f dp Oba, ts x te—Pipelining 4: ——+t Lf adhere are Kk cp 4h _in¢lyucdions and time period of tte , A tn elt pe —_ _ : Lie ( (n- 1) ) tel. j ; . aw . In Non= pipelinin — ee T+ here are Kk con —.n_instyuctinng and dime perind ata, ane Cloce cuole is tp. then- | =e i sped up den flee Prpel inin } ied ') 1, Awi# th metic 7 ipelin ing se | Tnsteuct on pipelining’ eeA Anish metic. Pipelining 23 _ PL _ “An ene pl spent ae: aan t—spexation into Suh — opetatians | for executing. th the pipeline _-segm ents “pipeline ras Hie eue_saly fd im ound ih LA... a | Veory . _ to ‘maples n1_~floasy a BD oint Hons. Then tad oe at Computation NM Ate Setendteic, Problerns a ~The inputs of +leasing point mm adden . “pipeline a é - +P c std noymalized floating. punt decimal NumMbeng | X= Axio’ | Y= Bx 10” A_and B ave tose +t ractone that represent - Hao rect mantissa and @ and.bh dye the ~ ~&epenenis the tloating Point addition and J oe Subiracton Can be penctormed in foun — Seg-me nS - A 1). Corepare the @ yPanent- 7 "ay the manit 634 a Su) Add py Subtract the mandigg 3 “YD. Nosmalize “the yesuld. 7| >, {| at i | ent - : + pom Sete _—____——#- 2 a b fy B \ boo ae = Ce _ tt 7) EL _ _____ | A | ____— — | 4Seq meni Li] Compare Cxponenl| pape venc® a by Cubes aed len) Loe] _ : + eae as i b +a Segment orfeneese exponen] Ey A ees R i o™ —_— oT | : | . Ul Sty mem 8: Add ox Sub Segment 4% ee 1 | Spat | 1 a = | | O'9235%107 2 _ Oe | BSUS xX 10° a sw wwoksexi ge ss orton 89S X1OY _ ee | ne pepo ate ot | |