Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

DECLARATION

This internship report contains the tasks that I performed in my internship period in the organization
of Ethiopian construction design and supervision Works Corporation, Water and Energy Sector. I
declare that all of the necessary contents and requirements have been meet. This final report for the
internship program has been submitted to the department of Hydraulic and Water Resources
Engineering School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hachalu Hundessa campus, Ambo
university.

Student Name: Tsion Workineh Signature_________________

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Internship student would like to thank Ethiopian Construction Design & Supervision Works
Corporation (ECDSWS) Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector (WEDSWS) for
giving me the opportunity to practice at the company with all the staff who helped me during my
stay and provided necessary documents for preparing this report.

My next gratitude goes to Mrs. Helen Arega who works in the human resource department for her
warm welcome when we applied.

I would like to thank the whole Dam and Hydropower team at WEDSWS.

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

1 EXCUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is an outcome of the exercise conducted during my internship period in Ethiopian
construction design and supervision Works Corporation, at the Water and Energy Design sectors
and also describes background of the hosting company including history, objectives of the
company, main product service and overall organization flow of the company. Bilate dam is an
embankment type of earth fill and zoned type of temporary storage headwork used to store water
during period of surplus water supply at rainy season to irrigate 10,000ha command area. The
intern student provide protection work at and downstream by placing sand filter, sand core at the
downstream to prevent erosion due to wave action. Finally, upstream and downstream safety
factor, total seepage flow in the dam using Geo studio was checked. The intern student overall
benefit gained from internship, in terms of improving the practical skills, interpersonal
communication skills, team playing skills, leadership skills, upgrading theoretical knowledge and
work ethics and also challenges which the intern student have faced during my internship time and
taking measurements to overcome these challenges. Finally, the report includes the conclusions
and recommendations.

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

Table of Contents
Declaration
Acknowlegdments
Executive Summary ……………………………………………………...….……………………...III
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………….….IV
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………….………………….V
Acronmys………………………………………………………………………………………..…..i

1 EXCUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................iii

List of Figures.............................................................................................................................viii

ACRONYMS......................................................................................................................................x

CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................13

1.4 Survey Engineering and Geo spatial.....................................................................................14

1.5 Mission and Vision of the Company.....................................................................................14

 Vision................................................................................................................................14

 Mission.............................................................................................................................14

 Main client, customer or user...........................................................................................16

CHAPTER TWO..............................................................................................................................17

2. Overall Experience.......................................................................................................................17

2.1 How the intern student get into the Company....................................................................17

2.2 Section of the company we were working in........................................................................17

2.3 Work and tasks I have been executing.................................................................................17

2.4 Work flow in the section........................................................................................................17

2.5 Major tasks performed..........................................................................................................18

2.6 Materials and Methodology..................................................................................................18

2.6.1 Materials............................................................................................................................18

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

2.6.2 Methodology.....................................................................................................................18

2.7 Importance and requirements of the internship.................................................................19

2.8 Major activities conducted during the internship................................................................19

2.9 Site Visit................................................................................................................................19

 Location of Gefersa Catchment........................................................................................20

 Topography........................................................................................................................20

 Climate................................................................................................................................20

 Hydrology...........................................................................................................................20

CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................................25

3. Assessment of Internship.............................................................................................................25

3.1 Objectives of the engineering task that I performed...............................................................25

 Scope of the Work............................................................................................................26

3.2 Bilate Dam..............................................................................................................................26

3.2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................26

3.2.2 Background........................................................................................................................26

3.2.3 Location.............................................................................................................................28

3.2.4 Hydraulic calculation.........................................................................................................30

3.2.5 Site Selection Criteria of Bilate Dam.................................................................................30

3.3 Procedure for design of embankment dam and Hydraulic computation of dam and related
structure.....................................................................................................................................31

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

...............35

Figure 13: Fetch length at full reservoir level...........................................................................35

Table 2: Effective fetch length computation for minimum free board at (MWL).................35

3.3.2 Dam Crest Width...............................................................................................................37

The dam crest width is governed by the working space required at the top of the dam for
transport during the construction of the dam and traffic across the dam after construction
completion and requirement for future needs like public highway. And according to the
Japanese code of 1957 specifies crest width as W=9.49 meters...............................................37

3.3.3 Embankment side slope....................................................................................................37

 Base width of the dam.........................................................................................................38

3.3.3 Data required for stability analysis...................................................................................38

3.3.6 Dam type, Protection and Stability...................................................................................39

3.3.7 Zoning of dam section.........................................................................................................40

 Bilate dam stability check using Geo Studio Software........................................................40

3.4 Overall Benefits Gained from Internship................................................................................42

3.4.1 In terms of upgrading theoretical knowledge...................................................................42

3.4.2 Improving practical skills...................................................................................................42

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

3.4.2 Improving communication skills.......................................................................................42

3.4.3 Iimproving team playing skills...........................................................................................43

3.4.4 In terms of understanding about work ethics related issue............................................43

3.4.5 Improve leadership.............................................................................................................43

3.4.6 Improving Entrepreneurship skills..................................................................................43

CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................1

4. Conclusion and Recommendations....................................................................................1

4.1 Conclussions.............................................................................................................................1

4.2 Recommendations....................................................................................................................2

REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................3

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

List of Figures

Figure 1: Organizational Structure……………………………………..…………………………….3

Figure 2: Specific boundary for rough dataMicrosoft office...............................................................8

Figure 3:Topographic map of Bilate dam..........................................................................................13

Figure 4: Proposed dam site of Bilate dam........................................................................................15

Figure 5: Area capacity curve............................................................................................................16

Figure 6: Fetch length at full reservior level......................................................................................17

Figure 7: Fetch length at MWL..........................................................................................................18

Figure 8: Zooned dam section with its protection work.....................................................................22

Figure 9: Bilate dam downstream slope safety factor........................................................................22

Figure 10:Total seepage water that pass through the body of the dam..............................................23

Figure 11:Gefersa dam………………………………………………………..…………………….30

Figure 12:Gefersa dam intake tower ……………………………………………………………….31

Figure 13:Side channel and draining filter of spillway………………….……...…………………..31

Figure 14:Gefersa dam control house…………………………………………..…………………..32

Figure 15: Downstream and Upstream Rip Rap………………………….………………………...32

Figure 16: Gefersa dam crest length and pizometer hole………………….……………………….33

Figure 17: Cracks on Gefersa Dam…………………………………………………………………33

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

Figure 18:Gefersa Dam spillway……………………………………………………………………34

Figure 19: Gefersa Sedimentation Tank…...………………………………………………………..34

List of Tables

Table 1: Capacity- Area Elevation Reservoir CURVE OF Bilate DAM.........................................16

Table 2: Effective fetch length computation for minimum free board at (MWL)............................18

Table 3: Effective fetch length computation for normal free board at (NWL).................................18

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

ACRONYMS
ASL……………………….……. Above sea level
AAWSA ...……………………... Addis Ababa water and sewerage authority
AU.................................................Ambo University
CBL………….…………………. Canal bed level
DHS................................................Diversion head structures
ECDSWC.......................................Ethiopian construction design and supervision work corporation
FB...................................................Freeboard
HFL................................................Highest flood level
SHS.................................................Storage headwork
TBL.................................................Top bank level
WEDSWS…………………………Water and energy design and supervision works
WS.....................................................Water surface

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 General Introduction

The internship is conducted in Ethiopian construction design and supervision work Corporation. Internship
programs can provide them with an early opportunity to gauge the talents of a new generation of workers and in
many cases, sell themselves as a quality place for students to begin their careers after they graduate.

1.1 Background of the ECDSWC

The Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation (ECDSWC) have been established as a
federal government public enterprise by council of Ministers Regulation No. 365/2015 at 2015 and it is located
along Meganagna to Bole ring former imperial hotel. ECDSWC is multi-disciplined engineering firm and
provides professional service in study, Design, Construction Supervision and Management of water
infrastructures (dam, irrigation infrastructures, water supply, hydropower, sewage, flood control, and river basin
integrated development master plans), Transport Infrastructures (road, highway, railway, bridge, and air field)
Building and Urban Development.

1.2 Major Services of the Corporation

The Ethiopian construction design and supervision works corporation (ECDSWC) provides a full range of
multidisciplinary professional services related to infrastructure development works, via, study, design
construction supervision & management of water, transport, building and urban infrastructure development. In
addition, surveying, geotechnical investigation and Geo technical engineering and laboratory services are main
service of the corporation provides.

A. Water sector

ECDSWC provides services for water resource projects in the following key areas; dams and reservoirs,
irrigation, drainage, water supply including water storage facilities and water treatment and distribution
facilities.

B. Energy Sector

ECDSWC provides engineering services for hydropower, wind and Geo technical energy projects.

C. Urban planning & Building Sector

Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

This sector provides Engineering Consultancy and planning services related to building work, urban and
regional planning and Architectural works.

D. Transportation design and supervision sector

This business unit provides professional services for the design & construction supervision of roads, highways,
bridges, air fields, & railways.

1.3 Site Investigation & Underground water

ECDSWC strives to provide such professional services as geological & Geo technical engineering; Water
conveyance; waterways railways and vehicular tunnels and other underground works.

1.4 Survey Engineering and Geo spatial

ECDSWC undertakes researches and development to assist in design & construction technology transfer to
promote innovation and contribute to advances in technology; provides targeted and focused training to enhance
expertise and skill of its employs and provides material inspection and high quality laboratory services.

1.5 Mission and Vision of the Company

 Vision

To become knowledge based, dependable, innovative and world class consulting firm by 2025.

 Mission

To provide study, design, and supervision and contract administrative services in transport, water, building and
related engineering works with efficient and Effective professional services.

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

Figure 1: Organizational Structure (source: ECDSWC human resource)

 Section of the Company

The department we have been working is hydropower & dam core process in sub section of dam and head work.
This section design different types of dams, weir and barrage, outlet works and pumps energy dissipaters.

 Staff job Description

The staff we employed is Dam and Head work sub process unit. The staff has detail classification of job that
listed below.

 Dam and head work sub process manager; responsible for planning, organizing, supervising and
controlling the activities of the design process.
 Head work team leader Lead the study, design and construction supervision of head works.
 Senior hydraulic engineer: The Associate Hydraulic Engineer works under the hydraulic engineering
team that designs hydraulic structures, spillways & energy dissipaters in hydropower plants, irrigation &
drainage projects, & water treatment plants.

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

 Structural design team leader: Plan, organize, supervise, coordinate and control the overall activity of
the irrigation construction supervision process.
 Senior civil engineer, Dam engineer two, Hydraulic engineer two, Civil engineering two, Senior
structural engineer, Senior foundation engineer, Structural engineer two, Foundation engineer two,
Structural engineer two, and Senior Geotechnical engineer.

 Main client, customer or user

 Minister of water, irrigation and electricity (MOWIE).

 National regional state, bureaus, authority and enterprises.
 Addis Ababa water and sewerage authority (AAWSA.)
 Ethiopian Construction Corporation and Ethiopian electric power.
 Addis Ababa housing development project office and Ethiopian road authority


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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

CHAPTER TWO

2. Overall Experience
2.1 How the intern student get into the Company

Internship program have a goal to give an opportunity to those students work in the hosting company. First l
tried to find out the hosting company which request us voluntarily. After we gathered information about
ECDSWC, we prepared a request letter to submit to the company and got accepted immediately. I have gained a
chance to get hydropower and dam core process in sub-section of dam and headwork design sector to provide
experience and practical knowledge.

2.2 Section of the company we were working in

The company has a lot of sections to give practical design for internship students such as hydropower and
headwork design team, irrigation design team, water supply design team, hydrology design team and so on,
during my four-month duration of internship time l was working in hydropower and headwork design team in
the office.

2.3 Work and tasks I have been executing

Throughout our internship time we have been working in the office about headwork design (diversion and
storage structures) using software and we analyze the general concept of headwork design and determine the
type of headwork which we design based on different engineering techniques.

2.4 Work flow in the section

During the progression of the project work have sort of chain between our group to qualified engineer, fast
reliable IT department in the office to whom give us necessary data, document, software installation if we need
and the engineers guide the intern student and give frequent correction on what we missed. We have been
working on head work specifically on designing dam. Our internship activity started with refreshment of the
theoretical knowledge with the assistance of our supervisor. In order to assist me were given a task assignment
on a real project. We were struggling hard in order to use and apply software like AutoCAD, Eagle point,
Global Mapper as they are deemed necessary.

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

Due to its relevance to our internship the organization structure (only processes) of the Water and energy
design and supervision works sector. There are sub-process and teams in the processes where appropriate.

2.5 Major tasks performed

When I start internship program in the first time in the week, the design team leader gave me awareness and
orientation how to get practical knowledge related with headwork design. After I learn and refer general
concept of headwork design using headwork design manual and different document in the library.

2.6 Materials and Methodology

2.6.1 Materials

Since there are two opportunities in the company (office work and site), we were working in the office using
preliminary documents having collected data at the site like

 Survey data (30m*30m)

 Duty of each month
 Hydrology data

2.6.2 Methodology

There are also important soft wares for design that are essential for design of head work structures. These are:

 Microsoft office (Excel and word)

 AutoCAD 2007
 Eagle point
 Geo studio 2012
Microsoft office
 Excel
This software is used to create the template. In case of rough data should be export to this software then save in
the form of csv because all the data of excel for the design export to the auto CAD, then the auto cad read in the
form of csv. And also I used this software for numerical calculation, concatenate (this means joins several text
strings into one text strings).

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 Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

 Word

I used this software for writing my report and insert pictures.

 Auto CAD & Eagle point

These are interrelated software; this means all the exported data in the excel can be converted to image in the auto
cad then generate the contour line and triangulate the point by eagle point software which is related with auto cad.
 Geo studio
In the intern student case this software is used for checking the inserted data. The use of geo studio in our
project to check stability of slope at the U/S and D/S of the dam (factor of safety) and to check amount of
seepage pass through in the dam body.

2.7 Importance and requirements of the internship

 To improve students their practical knowledge.

 To introduce the student with works what have been done on the office.
 To analyze the student what they have been learned.
 To introduce the student with different company for their increasing interpersonal, communication &
leadership skill.

2.8 Major activities conducted during the internship

The major activities conducted during the internship period are: -

 Theoretical training
 Practical training
 Reading
 Software learning

2.9 Site Visit

Even if I was working in a design office our trainers created an opportunity for us to visit sites in order to
interconnect what we have been learning theoretically with the real site. So, I had the opportunity to visit the
following sites which are included in this report with their photographs presented below. These are:

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

✓Gefersa I and II Dams

✓Gefersa Water Supply Project

 Location of Gefersa Catchment

Gefersa reservoir is located 18 km west of Addis Ababa in West Shewa Zone, within Oromiya Region. Addis
Ababa Water and Sewage Authority (AAWSA) have administrative control of the area. It is located between
UTM grids 453,000 Km to 466,000 Km East and 997,000 m to 1,010,000m north. The reservoir is in a shallow
basin about 10 km wide, stretching between the Wechacha and Entoto mountains with a catchment area of
5,500 ha in awash basin.

 Topography

The altitude of the catchment area ranges from 2,580 to 2,940m-amsl. The major physio-graphic Units in this
area are undulating plains, valleys, steep stream banks, hills and mountains.

 Climate

The Gefersa catchment is located in a relatively high rainfall area with an annual rainfall of around 1,200 to
1,300 mm. There are two seasonal patterns in the region of Addis Ababa. The weather is relatively cool in the
wet season of July to September when the main rain falls, while it rains less sat eason of October to June which
has warmer temperatures.

 Hydrology

The Gefersa River and its feeder streams are part of the Akaki river catchment. Most parts of the Akaki river
basin are characterized by undulating topography steeper in the North, moderate in the middle and West; and
relatively gentle and flat-laying in the South. In the South West, a flat grassland plain covered with thick black
cotton soil covers the East of Addis Ababa –Jimma Road and it is swampy and extends in the Southeast
direction. The catchment has been highly eroded by little Akaki river and its tributaries but in the Northern and
Western parts the removal of topsoil is reduced due to the Eculpatus tree that covers the area. Groundwater in
this basin occurs in confined, unconfined and or semi-confined condition.

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

Figure 2: Gefersa 1 dam (Source: Own Survey, 2022)

Figure 3: Gefersa 1 dam intake tower (Source: Own Survey, 2022)

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

 Gefersa I Dam

Gefersa I dam is a homogeneous embankment dam with a height of 19m. The first phase was constructed in
1960’s and the second phase in 2000 EC. Its objective is to supply silt free water to Gefersa II dam located on
downstream.

Figure 4: Side channel spillway and Drain Filter of spillway of Gefersa I Dam respectively

Figure 5: Gefersa I Dam control house

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

The main function of Rip rap is protecting the dam from erosion like wind, wave and hydro dynamic wave in
case of upstream slope while in case of downstream slope it prevents erosion and run off. The protection needed
on d/s face will be governed by the extent of exposure to runoff, wind, general weathering, and tail water
washing.

Figure 6: Downstream (A) And Upstream (B) Rip Rap Respectively

The piezometric head found at the crest of these zoned embankment dam is used to test if the filter is indeed
working by taking sample of water from the seepage and testing it.

Figure 6: Gefersa Dam I Crest Length and the Piezometer Hole

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

Generally, as of right now the Gefersa dam I is not in operation since there is a lot of silt accumulation and the
storage is low and has a poor maintenance which can be seen through very clearly with cracks on side wall of
the spill way and on the control section which is ogee shaped small weir.

Figure 7: Cracks on Gefersa Dam I

 GEFERSA II DAM

Gefersa II Dam is a concrete gravity dam that has a height of 18m that retains about 11,000,000m 3 of water. The
first dam was constructed in 1947 EC with a height of 9m then in 1954 EC it was rehabilitate to a height of 15m
by heightening the dam. Finally, in 2000 EC it was again heightened to 18m. The purpose of the dam is for
water supply.

Figure 8: Gefersa II Dam Spillway (Gated Type)

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

CHAPTER THREE

3. Assessment of Internship
3.1 Objectives of the engineering task that I performed

The objective of the feasibility study and detail design of headwork is to make an engineering design of dam
and its appurtenant structures for an irrigation development of about 10,000 ha net irrigation command area.
The study and design include the following activities:

 Desk study
 Field survey and investigation works.
 Preliminary engineering design at feasibility level
 Detail engineering design
 Preparation of BOQ and Cost estimation
 Specification and Tender document preparation

 Scope of the Work

The major activities of the proposed consultancy assignment are to be focused on thorough review previous
studies (if any) and, carry out feasibility study and detail design of dam. Reviews and updating of previous
studies will be the bases for the feasibility study and detail design undertaking. The below listed scope of works
were commenced at this feasibility study stage and will be addressed deeper during the detailed design which is
basically beyond the scope of the current feasibility level design report.

 Review and update studies made concerning the proposed dam for irrigation in the previous studies;
 Conduct survey and investigation works at the dam and reservoir area;
 Carry out feasibility level design works and cost estimate for the dam, and its appurtenant structures;
 Carry out detail study and design the most effective and reliable dam and cost estimates for the proposed
project;
 Realize that project designs are in favor of the desired social, economic, environmental etc. objectives
set for the project; and
 Prepare Bill of Quantities, Specification and Tender Documents for the execution of the project.

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3.2 Bilate Dam

3.2.1 Introduction
In general, hydraulic structures are those structures which are in contact with water. Dam can be defined as an
obstruction or barrier built across a stream or a river. A dam can be concrete (Arch dam, gravity dam and
buttress dam). Embankment dams are those dams which are built of naturally available materials excavated or
obtained close to the dam site. They are built of soil or rock fill or both. As soil and rock fill are non-rigid
Materials, the embankment dams are also called non-rigid dams.

3.2.2 Background

The major challenge for effective and efficient utilization of water resource for agriculture or power generation
or both is the temporal variation of the resource. There is no doubt that regulating the temporal available water
resource plays a central role in any development activities. Moreover, most of the developed world was brought
to food self-sufficiency status by controlling and utilizing their water resource. Therefore, the proper and timely
utilization of water resource by constructing storage reservoir or dam and its conveyances is vital for the
economic development of the country. Construction of storage reservoir or dams is considered as basic
infrastructure investment elsewhere.

Dams are structures controlling the flow of a river by completely blocking the valley of a given river or
drainage system. Through the blockage, storage is formed, which can be utilized for various water resources
development or flood control purposes. The rain based regional crop production and agriculture is hindered
infrastructures deficit and dominated by traditional abstraction and utilization ways. The federal Government
has been exerting efforts to expand irrigation development and increase agricultural production.

As part of this effort the Irrigation Development and Scheme Administration Agency of the region has assigned
Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector (WEDSWS) of Ethiopian Construction Design and
Supervision Works Corporation (ECDSWC) to undertake the feasibility Study and Detail Design of Bilate Dam
and Irrigation Projects.

Previous work carried out for Bilate irrigation project is reviewed and it is found that two dam sites were
explored before the present dam site at Dendo was taken up in hand for investigation. The sites were namely
Boyo Swamp Dam site and Ropi dam. The construction of Boyo dam commenced in 1986, but it was stopped
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due to resistance from local people as their farm and grazing land were to be flooded by the reservoir’s stored
water. In case of Ropi dam site, the site was geologically found not suitable. It was found not possible to get the
abutments stabilized and as such outflanking of the reservoir was apprehended. The site was therefore rejected.

The Dendo site was then found to be the most suitable dam site considering topography of the area and other
physical characteristics. Two possible dam sites were tentatively identified from Topo- sheet. One was in little
upstream of the confluence point with river Cherake and other one is in the downstream of the confluence point.
The upstream site was found not suitable apparently due to less storage availability. But the downstream site is
found to provide much more storage with lesser dam height. As such this site is taken up in hand for detailed
investigation.

The important characteristic of river Bilate is that it carries large quantity of sediment from its catchment. The
total sediment load likely to get trapped in the reservoir of the dam at the end of 50 years of operation with 95%
trap efficiency as estimated is 104.71 MCM and that will fill the reservoir completely up to El 1576m i.e. 25m
above deepest river bed of El. 551 as per latest survey. In view of the above, only the storage above 1578.0 m
minimum operating level can be utilized to meet the Irrigation demand and thus the dam height goes very high.

In the light of the fact stated above, as emphasized in the feasibility report, it is reiterated again that it would
have been definitely better if it would have been made possible to arrest certain quantity of sediment
somewhere in the upper reaches before it enters into the dam’s reservoir so as to keep the dam height low and to
make maximum utilization of reservoir capacity without losing so much towards dead storage.

This design report is prepared in accordance with the terms of reference and it presents the approaches and
methodology that are followed in the detail design of BILATE dam and appurtunant structures.

3.2.3 Location

The Dendo dam site is located in Oromia and Southern National Nationality People Region, accessed by 32km
dry weathered road from Alaba Kulito to Left abutment, and the right abutment and construction material site
are accessed through 58km gravel and dry weathered roads from Wolayita Sodo town. Alaba Kulito and
Wolayita Sodo are around 300km and 400km south of Addis Ababa respectively, which are connected through
asphalt roads. The dam site is bounded by geographic coordinate of 395800-399000E & 780200-782800N.

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The proposed dam is planned to be constructed across BILATE River. The river is found in the Bilate basin.
The purpose of BILATE dam is to impound water for irrigating about 10,000ha of land. Geographically, the
BILATE dam axis is situated at the UTM coordinate point of (396859E, 781485N).

7.7°

850000m
LEGEND

Asphalt road
Gravel/all Weathered road

Town
Catchment area
Lake
Lake
Lake Shala
Lake
Lake
Lake Shala
Shala
Shala
Shala
Lake

River


0 15 30

kilometres

18°

Dendo Lake
Lake
Lake Awasa
Lake
Lake
Lake Awasa
Awasa
Awasa

780000m
Dam site 16°
Awasa
LEGEND
14°
Project area
Major Basin Divide
Lakes
12°
0 200 400

kilometres
10°

8°

6°

4°
34° 36° 38° 40° 42° 44° 46° 48°

Lake
Abaya
710000m

6.3°
360000m 420000m 38.5°
37.7°
Fig 1.1 Llocation map of Dendo dam site

Figure 9: Topographic map of Bilate dam (Source: Bilate dam design work of WEDSWS)

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

3.2.4 Hydraulic calculation

The basic consideration in design of Embankment Dam has been to achieve safely consistent with economy.
For the dam to be safe and stable under various conditions of operation of the reservoir.it is essential that the
dam must satisfy the following basic requirements:
1. The slopes of the embankment must be stable during construction and under all conditions of reservoir
operation.
2. Seepage flow through the embankment, foundation, and abutments must be controlled so that no internal
erosion takes place. The amount of water lost through seepage must be controlled and exit gradient at
downstream toe of the dam. It should not be high enough to cause sloughing or piping action.
3. The upstream slope must be protected against erosion by wave action, and the crest and downstream
slope must be protected against erosion due to wind and rain.
4. The embankment must be safe against over topping during occurrence of the inflow design flood.
5. The adequate freeboard must be provided above Normal Pool Level (NPL) to guard against overtopping
by wave action. Freeboard must also take account in to the settlement of embankment.
6. The scheme of zoning of the dam must guarantee the dam’s safety with respect to stability, seepage and
cracking. Frequently, different sizing and shaping of the zone result in the same safety. The selection is
made with regard to the availability of materials and their most economic handling

3.2.5 Site Selection Criteria of Bilate Dam

 Suitable foundation
 For economy the length of the dam should be narrow small as possible and for given height store the
maximum volume of water
 The river valley at the dam site should be narrow
 The suitable site for the spillway
 Material required for the construction should be easily available
 The reservoir basin should be reasonable water tight this means the stored water not escape out through
it side walls and bad

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3.3 Procedure for design of embankment dam and Hydraulic computation of dam and
related structure

Step 1: In this step we generate contour, for generating contour line there are important collected data by
surveyor surrounding to the planned site by using eagle point and Auto cad software, after generating the
contour line draw the river by considering the contour elevation. In this case the collected data have different
tributary river then they are connected to one river away from the connected place align the site by considering
the large contour line with large storage capacity.

Figure 10: proposed dam site of Bilate dam

Step 2: Draw area capacity elevation, area and cumulative volume. All this data can be obtained from the
generated contour line. By taking the maximum contour elevation and the minimum contour elevation (RBL)
and then from the hydrologist obtain annual flow and the sediment storage for 50 years as a demand to get the
FSL of the dam, also take the area of each contour line starting from minimum to maximum contour line step by
step by touching Li, if there is similar elevation at different place, we can take the average area of every point
and multiply the area with the elevation difference to get the volume.

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Table 1: Capacity- Area Elevation Reservoir CURVE OF Bilate DAM

BILATE DAM RESERVIOR CAPACITY

Elevation Area Avr.Area Par.Volu Tot.Vol(m3) Tot.Vol(Mm3) Dam Height
1550 0 0 0 0 0.00 0
1552 26892.2437 13446.122 26892.2437 0 0.00 2
1554 205805.139 116348.69 232697.3827 232697.3827 0.23 4
1556 354864.0703 280334.6 560669.2093 793366.592 0.79 6
1558 885142.877 620003.47 1240006.947 2033373.539 2.03 8
1560 1349920.475 1117531.7 2235063.352 4268436.891 4.27 10
1562 2876581.353 2113250.9 4226501.828 8494938.719 8.49 12
1564 3619979.799 3248280.6 6496561.152 14991499.87 14.99 14
1566 4346878.234 3983429 7966858.033 22958357.9 22.96 16
1568 5318804.64 4832841.4 9665682.874 32624040.78 32.62 18
1570 6321571.358 5820188 11640376 44264416.78 44.26 20
1572 7061785.755 6691678.6 13383357.11 57647773.89 57.65 22
1574 7911895.58 7486840.7 14973681.33 72621455.22 72.62 24
1576 8786924.30 8349409.9 16698819.88 89320275.1 89.32 26
1578 9512180.85 9149552.6 18299105.15 107619380.3 107.62 28

1580 10292241.85 9902211.4 19804422.71 127423803 127.42 30

1582 11156535.58 10724389 21448777.43 148872580.4 148.87 32
1584 11940212.48 11548374 23096748.05 171969328.4 171.97 34
1586 12858134.28 12399173 24798346.76 196767675.2 196.77 36
1588 13827785.11 13342960 26685919.39 223453594.6 223.45 38
1590 15683607.67 14755696 29511392.78 252964987.4 252.96 40

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Figure 11: Area capacity curve

3.3.1 Free board calculation

Free board is the vertical distance between the horizontal crest of the embankment and the reservoir level.
Normal freeboard is the difference in the level between the crest and top of the embankment and normal
reservoir level. Minimum free board is the difference in the elevation between the crest of the demand the
maximum reservoir water surface that would result and spill way function as planned. Sufficient free board
must be provided so that there is no possibility what so ever of the embankment being over topped.

Step 3: Effective fetch length (Fe, km)

In reservoirs, fetches are limited by the land surrounding the body of water. The shorelines are irregular and an
effective fetch is calculated from:
i  420

R 0
i  cos 2  i
i  42
Fe  i  420

 cos  i
i  420

Where, Ri = length of radial i and αi = angle between the central radial from the dam and radial. For Gelaha small
dam, a trial-and-error approach has been used to select the critical position on the dam and direction of the central
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radial to give the maximum effective fetch. The radials spanning on 450 each side of the central radial was used to
compute the effective illustrated in figure below.

Figure 12: Calculation of Effective Fetch

1981 USBR the procedure for calculating free board there are two cases, select maximum length from the rest
length, this line is the 00 then bounded by 450 for both side and separate those line by 60 for both side this is
because for accuracy means to get different behavior of the surrounding line. The extended line must be found
for minimum free board MWL and for normal free board FSL the rest line should be cut because they are not
important, then read the length Xi, COS α of the separated angle in the radian form.

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Figure 13: Fetch length at full reservoir level

Table 2: Effective fetch length computation for minimum free board at (MWL)

Angle(α) In radian Cosα Xi in (km) Xicosα (km) Xicosα * cosα (km)

42 0.733 0.743 0.748 0.556 0.413

36 0.628 0.809 0.822 0.665 0.538
30 0.524 0.866 0.799 0.692 0.599
24 0.419 0.914 1.003 0.916 0.837
18 0.314 0.951 0.987 0.939 0.893
12 0.209 0.978 0.916 0.896 0.876
6 0.105 0.995 2.175 2.163 2.151
0 0 1.000 2.571 2.571 2.571
6 0.105 0.995 1.915 1.905 1.894
12 0.209 0.978 1.507 1.474 1.442
18 0.314 0.951 1.275 1.213 1.153
24 0.419 0.914 1.301 1.189 1.086
30 0.524 0.866 1.003 0.869 0.752
36 0.628 0.809 1.081 0.875 0.708
42 0.733 0.743 1.169 0.869 0.646
∑cosα 13.511 ∑Xi cosα * cosα 16.559
Fe = ∑Xi cosαcosα 1.226
∑cosα

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Figure 13: fetch length at MWL

Table 3: Effective fetch length computation for normal free board at (NWL)

Angle(α) In radian cosα Xi in (km) Xicosα Xicosα * cosα

(km) (km)

42 0.733 0.743 0.737 0.548 0.407

36 0.628 0.809 0.810 0.655 0.530
30 0.524 0.866 0.787 0.682 0.590
24 0.419 0.914 0.980 0.895 0.818
18 0.314 0.951 0.958 0.911 0.867
12 0.209 0.978 0.909 0.889 0.870
6 0.105 0.995 2.155 2.143 2.131
0 0 1.000 1.841 1.841 1.841
6 0.105 0.995 1.957 1.946 1.936
12 0.209 0.978 2.528 2.473 2.419
18 0.314 0.951 2.683 2.552 2.427
24 0.419 0.914 2.839 2.594 2.369
30 0.524 0.866 3.0968 2.682 2.323
36 0.628 0.809 3.176 2.569 2.079
42 0.733 0.743 3.077 2.287 1.699
∑cosα 13.511 ∑Xicosα * cosα 23.305
Fe = ∑Xi cosαcosα 1.725
∑cosα

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Source: freeboard computation according to USBR

Figu
re 15:Fetch length at full reservoir level

3.3.2 Dam Crest Width

The dam crest width is governed by the working space required at the top of the dam for transport during the
construction of the dam and traffic across the dam after construction completion and requirement for future
needs like public highway. And according to the Japanese code of 1957 specifies crest width as W=9.49
meters.

3.3.3 Embankment side slope

The design slopes of the upstream and downstream embankments may vary widely, depending on the character
of the materials available, foundation conditions and the height of the dam. The slopes also depend up on the
type of the dam (i.e., homogeneous, zoned or diaphragm). The upstream slope may vary from 2:1 to as flat as
4:1 for stability. A storage dam subjected to rapid drawdown of the reservoir should have an upstream zone
with permeability sufficient to dissipate pore water pressure exerted outwardly in the upstream part of the dam.
If only materials of low permeability are available, it is necessary to provide flat slope for the rapid drawdown
requirement. However, a steep slope may be provided if free draining sand and gravel are available to provide a
super imposed weight for holding down the fine material of low permeability.
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The upstream and downstream slope for sand and gravel with central clay core is: The upstream slope (H: V)
=3:1 and the downstream slope (H: V) =2.5:1

 Base width of the dam

Since the u/s and d/s slope is specified, it can be computing the base width of the dam easily. Based on the
Embankment slope the base width of the dam can be calculated by using theory of similarity triangles. For
upstream portion 1/3=40/b1, the value of b1=120m and for downstream portion, b2 1/2.5=40/b2, the value of
b2=100 m the total base width of the dam is upstream base + crest width+ d/s base B=40.5+7+27 m, 229.3m
where B is the base width of the dam.

3.3.3 Data required for stability analysis

 Tentative section of the dam

 Shear strength parameters (Cohesion, C and Angle of internal friction, Ø) for each zone of the dam
(for shell material, core material, foundation material, Filter material and Rock toe)
 Unit weight (Bulk unit weight, saturated unit weight and submerged unit weight) of the materials in
each zone.
 Top level of the dam, maximum water level (MWL), full reservoir level (FRL), low water level
(LWL) that is the level beyond which the reservoir will not be depleted and tail water level (TWL),
finalized on the basis of project requirements.

3.3.4 Critical conditions for slope stability

The most critical condition for the stability of the dam is:

1. Stability of d/s slope during steady seepage condition

2. Stability of u/s slope during sudden draw down condition for 3 days’
3. Stability of both slopes during slow drawdown for 60 days by using two conditions for draw down case
we used fast drawdown and slow drawdown

3.3.5 Slope stability analysis

The stability of an embankment depends on the pore developed either in the dam body or foundation,
characteristics of the foundation and fill materials, on the geometry of the embankment section, and additional
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factors such as presence of water, loading conditions etc. To do this the SLOPE/ W component of the GEOS
TUDIO software has been used. The SLOPE/W component of the software uses the limit equilibrium analysis
technique in the numeric. Limit equilibrium technique of numerical analysis tries to satisfy the equilibrium of
statics (Stability modeling with SLOPE/W2012 Version., 2012). The analysis in this slope stability
determination is the Spencer type. The Spencer type slope stability analysis tries to satisfy both the horizontal
and moment equilibrium of statistics.

The pore water pressure found in the Seep/Component is apparent for this analysis, to know the saturated part
of the demand foundation. The constitutive model for the material saturated or unsaturated.

3.3.6 Dam type, Protection and Stability

A zooned dam types were considered during the feasibility study due to considerations of the factors to be
considering for dam type selection as indicated in design criteria. From hydrological Analysis the dam height
corresponding to the full reservoir level is about 40m and the calculated freeboard is about 1.9m. Freeboard is
estimated based on the wind speed that occur due to the fetch length of the reservoir.

 Bilate dam slope protection work

 Upstream slope protection

There is no problem that found in the upstream or it is not that much critical.
 Downstream slope protection

The downstream slope of earthen dam is protected against the erosive action of rain and its run-off by providing
3m horizontal beams at a suitable interval.

3.3.7 Zoning of dam section

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The dam section has been mainly divided into zones namely, the central impervious core and shell material. The
filters have been proposed on the upstream and downstream face of the impervious core. Bilate dam section is
designed to include four different zones with material description as follows:

 Zone 1-clay core

 Zone 2 u/s gravel
 Zone 2 D/s gravel
 Zone 3 fine sand
 Zone 4 coarse sand

40 zone 1;core clay

35
Elevation

30

25

20

15 zone 2;gravel
zone 2;gravel zone 1;core clay

10
zone 4;coarse sand
zone 3;fine sand
5

-5

-10 foundation foundation

-15

-20
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290

Distance

Figure 16: Zooned dam section with its protection work

 Bilate dam stability check using Geo Studio Software

Geo Studio: - Is one types of engineering software used to analysis

1. Slope Safety Factors for upstream and downstream of the dam
2. Total Seepage that passes in the body of the dam and the foundation.

Downstream slope stability check

Bilate dam is designed at the downstream slope by 2.5H: 1V based on the dam height is 40m.The downstream
slope safety factor is greater than 1.5(i.e. 1.557) throughout 50yrs life span of the dam.
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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

1 .9 54

40

35
E le va tio n

30

25

20

15

10

-5

-10

-15

-20
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290

Distance

Figure 16: Bilate dam downstream slope safety factor Tot

40

35
Elevation

30

25

20
7 .1 21 5e-00 6 m ³/s ec

15

10

-5

-10

-15

-20
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290

Distance

Figure 17: Total seepage water that pass through the body of the dam

Total Seepage analysis Used to determine total quantity of water pass through the body of the dam and
foundation, so 7.1215e-006 water is lost.

3.4 Overall Benefits Gained from Internship

Internship program provide an opportunity for those students to learn or practice in the hosting company during
the time of internship. This aim of sharing and gaining a practical skill in the ECDSWC, allowed me to practice
a real design practically what I have learnt in the class in the previous years.

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Internship program assist skill development by integrating between the theoretical learning and practical real
design in the engineering. I gained a lot of benefits during our internship time, for instance: job experience,
personal skills, leadership, etc.

3.4.1 In terms of upgrading theoretical knowledge

Internship program provide an opportunity to expand and introduce with different software and practical skills
on my stay in the design sectors of hydropower and headwork design team staff.

3.4.2 Improving practical skills

For seven semesters what l have been learning in the class mostly was theoretical and It slightly resulted
confusion up to the time l joined internship. In my four-month internship time, I gained practical knowledge and
skills in the hydropower and headwork design team staff these are:

 The ability to identify who is client (owner), contractor and designer with their role of the project
 The ability to design, plan and evaluates the project
 Effective assessment management of risk, resource and time
 Team work ability
 Process and method to design of earth work structures

3.4.2 Improving communication skills

Communications have a great role, to assist how to follow the sequence and principles in the company to learn
and share skills from employees who work in the staff harmoniously together to achieve personal and
organizational goal. So, I try to understand other’s opinion or feelings by being a positive thinker which helped
me gain a lot of skills and experience in the office like: exchange new ideas, knowledge and interpersonal
communication.

Based on this, I have learned how to communicate with leaders and stake holders in our design sectors and
related staff member and also, I have learned how to handle people in the office.

3.4.3 Iimproving team playing skills

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

Most of the tasks I have completed were assigned as group duty. My teammate participation was very well
throughout the time of our mission. This coordination increases my personal confidence, creates good work
ethics and develops our friendship, so we were able to solve the problems that we faced easily.

3.4.4 In terms of understanding about work ethics related issue

I have developed awareness about the value of time, transparency and carefulness in the working time in the
company. These are very important work ethics which alarmed me about how to arrive punctually and to stay
active without boring in the company even when there was uncomfortable situation like bad weather condition
and shortage of transport access.

3.4.5 Improve leadership

A central attributed of good manager is the ability to create an environment in which people are motivated to act
for achievement of the organizational goal. In our company, ECDSWC from higher level manager up to the
lower educational level and leaders are involved in the work, from this initiation of their struggle motivation to
knowing their work experience and wish how to assign me in terms of them for future. In terms of leadership
our experience within the organization has taught me the attributes of good leadership by decision making,
flexibility, commitment, and problem solving.

3.4.6 Improving Entrepreneurship skills

Some of the benefits gained from my internship experience regarding the improvement of Entrepreneurship
skills:

 It helped me utilize work opportunity.

 It helped me to communicate and express my opinion and feelings effectively.
 It also helped be realize the benefit of a great team work.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4. Conclusion and Recommendations

4.1 Conclussions

During my four month of internship period l learnt many practical knowledge about headwork
structure (selection criteria of dam, procedure for design of dam and critical condition for slope
stability.) and design headwork structures using different types of software like Eagle point, Global
Mapper, Geo studio, Excel and AutoCAD. Using this application software, we designed each
section of the structures and checked stability of the headwork. I also had the opportunity to visit
the Gefersa dam which helped me to interconnect what I've been learning with a real site. My
experience in the ECDSWC was tremendous as I got to develop skills like; team playing skills,
entrepreneurship skills, practical skills, communication skills, and it also brought an understanding to
leadership and work ethics.

The challenges I have faced during my internship period helped me realize the chance for my future
career and increased my ability to solving problems and difficulties.

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4.2 Recommendations

The following points are recommended to all concerned bodies in order to improve for future intern
students.

 Finding hosting company was difficult and consumed times, money and other unnecessary
challenge faced at different company. So, it is better if the University communicates with
the hosting company and give a chance for the intern students.
 It is good, if the department gives the software courses like Eagle point, Auto CAD, GIS,
Excel Spread sheet and Geo studio before the internship period.

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

REFERENCES

Design of small dams (1987) Washington, Dc United States Department of The Interior Bureau
of Reclamation.
Garage (2007.) Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures Santosh Kumar Garg.
Hal crow, 1998, Hal crow-ULG, William and Partners 1988. Weir design manual. Baluchistan
minor irrigation and agricultural development project. Government of Baluchistan.
Headwork Design Manual from (ECDSWC, year).
Hydraulic Design of Spillways, (16 January 1990) Washington, U.S Army Corps of Engineers.
Novak, P. A. I.B. Moffat, C. Nalluri and R. Narayanan 2007.Hydraulic structure.
4thed.Taylor& Francis. New York, USA.
Smith, C. D. 1995. Hydraulic Structures. University of Saskatchewan.7thed. Saskatoon, Canada.

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Design of Headwork Structures Internship Final Report 2022

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