Computer system.

A computer is an electronic machine that processes raw data to give information as output.An electronic device
that accepts data as input, and transforms it under the influence of a set of special instructions called Programs,
to produce the desired output (referred to as Information).

Input devices.

An input device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control
it.

1. Keyboard

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the computer. The
layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided
for performing additional functions.

2. Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size
box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding signals to
the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

3. Joystick

Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a stick
having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The
joystick can be moved in all four directions.

4. Light Pen

Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on
the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube.

5. Scanner

Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some information is
available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further manipulation.

6. Microphone

Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form.
The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for
mixing music.

Output Device?
An output device is a piece of computer hardware that receives data from a computer and then translates that
data into another form. That form may be audio, visual, textual, or hard copy such as a printed document.

1. Monitor
Function: A monitor consists of a screen, circuitry, a power supply, buttons to adjust screen settings, and a
casing that contains all of these components. A monitor displays data from a computer onto a screen so the user
can interact with the data via a digital interface.
2. Printers
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.
There are two types of printers −
 Impact Printers
 Non-Impact Printers

3. Speaker - Converts digital signals into audible sound waves.

4. Projector - A device that is used to project video output from the computer onto a wall or screen.

Processor:

A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a
computer. The CPU is seen as the main and most crucial integrated circuitry (IC) chip in a computer, as it is
responsible for interpreting most of computers commands. CPUs will perform most basic arithmetic, logic and
I/O operations, as well as allocate commands for other chips and components running in a computer.
The basic elements of a processor
The basic elements of a processor include:
 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which carries out arithmetic and logic operationson
the operands in instructions. 
 The floating point unit (FPU), also known as a math coprocessor or numeric coprocessor, a
specialized coprocessorthat manipulates numbers more quickly than the basic
microprocessor circuitry can.
 Registers, which hold instructions and other data. Registers supply operands to the ALU and store
the results of operations.
 L1 and L2cache memory. Their inclusion in the CPU saves time compared to having to get data
from random access memory (RAM).

Motherboard

A motherboard is one of the most essential parts of a computer

system. It holds together many of the crucial components of a
computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory
and connectors for input and output devices. The base of a
motherboard consists of a very firm sheet of non-conductive
material, typically some sort of rigid plastic. 

Block diagram of Mother Board

Memory
Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store,
retain, and later retrieve information. There are three major
processes involved in memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

A memory slot, memory socket, or RAM slot allows RAM (computer memory) to be inserted into the

computer. Most motherboards have two to four memory slots, which determine the type of RAM used with the
computer. The most common RAM types are SDRAM and DDR for desktop computers
and SODIMM for laptop computers, each having various types and speeds. The picture below is an example of
what memory slots may look like inside a desktop computer. In this picture, there are three open and available
slots for three memory sticks.
Casing
The computer case serves mainly as a way to physically mount and contain all the actual components inside a
computer, like the motherboard, hard drive, optical drive, floppy disk drive, etc. They typically come bundled
with a power supply.
Power supply
Abbreviated as PS or P/S, a power supply or PSU (power supply unit) is a hardware component of a computer
that supplies all other components with power. The power supply converts a 110-115 or 220-230 volt AC
(alternating current) into a steady low-voltage DC (direct current) usable by the computer and rated by the
number of watts it generates. The image shows an Antec True 330, a 330 Watt power supply.
Parts found inside a power supply
Below is a list of parts inside a power supply.
 A rectifier that converts AC (alternating current) into DC.
 A filter that smooths out the DC (direct current) coming from a rectifier.
 A transformer that controls the incoming voltage by stepping it up or down.
 A voltage regulator that controls the DC output, allowing the correct amount of power, volts or watts, to
be supplied to the computer hardware.

PCI
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is a local computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a
computer and is part of the PCI Local Bus standard. The PCI bus supports the functions found on a processor
bus but in a standardized format that is independent of any given processor's native bus. Devices connected to
the PCI bus appear to a bus master to be connected directly to its own bus and are assigned addresses in the
processor's address space.[4] It is a parallel bus, synchronous to a single bus clock.
storage device?

Storage devices are the computer hardware used to remember/store data.

There are many types of storage devices, each with their own benefits and drawbacks.

hard disk drive?

Hard disk drives are non-volatile magnetic storage devices capable of remembering vast amounts of data.
An electromagnet in the read/write head charges the disk’s surface with either a positive or negative charge, this
is how binary 1 or 0 is represented.

applications for hard disk drives

 Desktop computers
 Laptop computers
 TV and satellite recorders
 Servers and mainframes

optical storage discs?

CD, DVD and Blu-Ray drives are optical storage devices.

Binary data is stored as changes to the texture of the disc’s surface, sometimes thought of as microscopic pits
and bumps.

These ‘bumps’ are located on a continuous spiral track, starting at the centre of the disc.

Whilst the disc is rotating at a constant speed, a laser is pointed at the spiral track of ‘bumps’.

The laser will reflect/bounce off the disc surface in different directions depending upon whether a 1 or 0 has
been read.

Typical applications for optical media

 CD – Audio and small amounts of data

 DVD – Standard definition movies and data
 Blu-Ray – HD video and large amounts of data

Flash hard drive

Flash disks have no mechanical platters or access arms, but the term "disk" is used because the data are
accessed as if they were on a hard drive. The disk storage structure is emulated. The first flash disks were
housed in Type II PC Cards for expanding laptop storage
Slots and ports
Slots and ports are physical connection points that allow the hardware of a computer to be expanded. A port is a
socket. A slot is a dock for a printed circuit board. Slots are also called "expansion slots" because they allow the
computer to be expanded. The circuit board that fits into the slot is also called a "card." At the back of a desktop
computer, you will see a number of blocked letterbox-shaped openings. 

Input/Output Ports
In a typical motherboard layout, the input/output ports are positioned so they align with the back of the
computer chassis. The I/O ports on a motherboard typically include ports for a monitor, speakers, a microphone,
an Ethernet networking cable and multiple USB devices. Some motherboards may also include ports for legacy
devices, such as parallel ports for older printers.

CPU Socket
The Central Processing Unit of a computer connects to the CPU socket. The socket contains hundreds of metal
connectors for the metal pins or balls on the bottom of the processor. These connections supply power to the
processor and transport data to and from the computer's other components. You can only upgrade your
computer's processor with one that uses the same socket type.

RAM Slots
A motherboard has one or more slots -- typically positioned near the CPU socket -- for installing RAM
modules. A computer uses Random Access Memory as temporary storage to hold the program code for running
applications and open files. A computer with a large amount of RAM installed can run many programs
simultaneously without experiencing a decrease in performance.

Expansion Card Slots

A motherboard's expansion card slots allow you to add new components to a computer or upgrade the existing
components by installing add-on cards.

Computer hardware

Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the case, central processing unit, random
access memory, monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and
motherboard. By contrast, software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.

Software

Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function. A program is a

sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
There are two types of software −

 System Software
 Application Software

System Software
The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software is generally prepared by the
computer manufacturers. 
Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of a system software −

 Close to the system

  Fast in speed
 Difficult to design
 Difficult to understand

Application Software
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment.
All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the category of Application
software.
Examples of Application software are the following −

 Payroll Software
 Student Record Software
 Inventory Management Software
 Income Tax Software

Utility software

Utility software is software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer. It is used to
support the computer infrastructure - in contrast to application software, which is aimed at directly performing tasks
that benefit ordinary users

Types of Utility Software

1. Antivirus
A virus is a malicious software that enters the system along with a host program. Moreover, it multiplies with time
and makes several copies which in turn slows down and corrupts the system. 
2. File Management System
These utility software are used to manage files of the computer system. Since files are an important part of the
system as all the data is stored in the files. Therefore, this utility software help to browse, search, arrange, find
information, and quickly preview the files of the system.
3. Disk Cleanup Tool
This utility software helps to free up the disk space. In addition, the files which are no longer in use are removed
from the disk. Examples are Razer Cortex, Piriform CCleaner, etc.

Printers
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.
There are two types of printers −

 Impact Printers
 Non-Impact Printers
Impact Printers
Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then pressed on the
paper.
Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following −

 Very low consumable costs

 Very noisy
 Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
 There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image
Dot Matrix Printer
 In the market, one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer. These printers are
popular because of their ease of printing and economical price
Daisy Wheel
 Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters are like petals of Daisy (flower)
which is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for word-
processing in offices that require a few letters to be sent here and there with very nice quality.
Drum Printer
 This printer is like a drum in shape hence it is called drum printer. The surface of the drum is
divided into a number of tracks. Total tracks are equal to the size of the paper, i.e. for a paper
width of 132 characters, drum will have 132 tracks. 
Non-impact Printers
Non-impact printers print the characters without using the ribbon. These printers print a complete
page at a time, thus they are also called as Page Printers.
These printers are of two types −

 Laser Printers
 Inkjet Printers
Characteristics of Non-impact Printers

 Faster than impact printers

 They are not noisy
 High quality
 Supports many fonts and different character size
Laser Printers
These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the characters to
be printed on a page.
Inkjet Printers
Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively new technology. They print characters by
spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality output with presentable features.
Advantages

 High quality printing

 More reliable
Disadvantages
  Expensive as the cost per page is high
 Slow as compared to laser printer
Scanner
Scanner is an input device that accepts paper document as an input. Scanner is used to input data directly into
the computer from the source document without copying and typing the data. The input data to be scanned can
be a picture, a text or a mark on a paper. It is an optical input device and uses light as an input source to convert
an image into an electronic form that can be stored on the computer.
Types of scanner

A. Hand-held Scanners
Hand-held Scanners are portable and are placed over the document to be scanned. They consist of light emitting
diodes. The scanned documents are converted and stored as an image in the computer memory. 

B. Flat-bed Scanners
Flat-bed Scanners provide high quality scan in a single pass. It is a box shaped machine similar to a photocopy
machine and has a glass top and a lid that covers the glass. The document to be scanned is placed on the glass
top, which activates the light beam beneath the glass top and starts the scan from left to right. They are largely
used to scan full page documents.
uninterruptible power supply (UPS),
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS), also known as a battery backup, provides backup power when your regular
power source fails or voltage drops to an unacceptable level. A UPS allows for the safe, orderly shutdown of a
computer and connected equipment. The size and design of a UPS determine how long it will supply power.
Types
Standby is the most basic UPS topology. A standby UPS resorts to battery backup power in the event of common
power problems such as a blackout, voltage sag, or voltage surge. When incoming utility power drops below or
surges above safe voltage levels, the UPS switches to DC battery power and then inverts it to AC power to run
connected equipment. These models are designed for consumer electronics, entry-level computers, POS systems,
security systems, and other basic electronic equipment.

A line interactive UPS incorporates technology which allows it to correct minor power fluctuations (under-voltages
and over voltages) without switching to battery. This type of UPS has an autotransformer that regulates low voltages
(e.g., brownouts) and over voltages (e.g., swells) without having to switch to battery. Line interactive UPS models
are typically used for consumer electronics, PCs, gaming systems, home theater electronics, network equipment,
and entry-to-mid-range servers.

Internal and External Commands of Dos

External and internal command in dos are instructions to perform tasks on files and
directories very useful to Windows users. DOS internal and external commands are case
insensitive. And as you already know, file is the area where we store group of information or
data, and collection of group of files is called a directory.

Internal command
 An internal command is an MS-DOS command that is stored in the system memory and loaded
from the command.com or cmd.exe. The illustration shows how commands contained within
command.com are part of the command.com file. However, with the external commands, each
command is a separate file.
A. Call
B. CD
C. Chdir
D. Cls
E. Color
F. Copy
G. Ctty
H. Date
I. Del
J. Dir
External command
An external command is an MS-DOS command that is not included in command.com. External
commands are commonly external either because they require large requirements or are not
commonly used commands.
 Chkdsk
 Chkntfs
 Choice
 Cipher
 Clip
 Comp
 Compact
 Convert