EXPERIMENT:01
Aim: To identify the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt.
Materials required: NaOH, Nessler’s reagent, beaker, test tube, dropper, burner.
Characteristics of salt:
1. Physical appearance: White crystalline solid.
2. Colour: White
3. Odour: No specific smell.
4. Solubility: soluble in water.
Acidic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
-
Salt + HNO3 + AgNO3 solution White ppt was formed Cl confirmed.
which was soluble in aq.
NH3.
Basic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat Smell of ammonia was Zero group may be present.
observed.
Confirmatory:
Salt + NaOH + heat. It turned brown NH4+ confirmed.
Cotton dipped in Nessler’s
reagent was brought to the
mouth of the test tube.
RESULT: The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: Cl-
Basic Radical: NH4+
REACTIONS INVOLVED
Acidic radical:
Cl- (aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(s)↓ + NO3- (aq)
white ppt.
Basic radical:
NH4+ (aq) + NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + NH3 ↑ (g)
NH2
NH2 Hg
K2HgI4 + 2NH3 → Hg --H20→ O + NH4I
I Hg
I
EXPERIMENT:02
Aim: To identify the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt.
Materials required: NaOH, Nessler’s reagent, BaCl2, beaker, test tube, dropper, burner.
Characteristics of salt:
1. Physical appearance: White crystalline solid.
2. Colour: White
3. Odour: No specific smell.
4. Solubility: soluble in water.
Acidic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
2-
Salt + dil HCl + BaCl2 White ppt of BaSO4 was SO4 confirmed.
formed which was insoluble
in conc. HNO3
Basic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat Smell of ammonia was Zero group may be present.
observed.
Confirmatory:
Salt + NaOH + heat. It turned brown NH4+ confirmed.
Cotton dipped in Nessler’s
reagent was brought to the
mouth of the test tube.
RESULT: The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: SO42-
Basic Radical: NH4+
REACTIONS INVOLVED
Acidic radical:
SO42- (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2Cl-(aq)
white ppt.
Basic radical:
NH4+ (aq) + NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + NH3 ↑ (g)
NH2
NH2 Hg
K2HgI4 + 2NH3 → Hg --H20→ O + NH4I
I Hg
I
EXPERIMENT:03
Aim: To identify the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt.
Materials required: NaOH, Nessler’s reagent, lime water, beaker, test tube, dropper,
burner.
Characteristics of salt:
5. Physical appearance: White crystalline solid.
6. Colour: White
7. Odour: No specific smell.
8. Solubility: soluble in water.
Acidic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
2-
Preliminary test: Brisk effervescence was CO3 may be present.
Salt + dil. HCl obtained due to evolution
of CO2 gas.
Confirmatory test:
The gas was passed through Lime water turned milky. CO32- confirmed.
lime water.
Basic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat Smell of ammonia was Zero group may be present.
observed.
Confirmatory:
Salt + NaOH + heat. It turned brown NH4+ confirmed.
Cotton dipped in Nessler’s
reagent was brought to the
mouth of the test tube.
RESULT: The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: CO32-
Basic Radical: NH4+
REACTIONS INVOLVED
Acidic radical:
CO32- + HCl → CO2 (g) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Basic radical:
NH4+ (aq) + NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + NH3 ↑ (g)
NH2
NH2 Hg
K2HgI4 + 2NH3 → Hg --H20→ O + NH4I
I Hg
I
EXPERIMENT:04
Aim: To identify the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt.
Materials required: oxalic acid, FeCl3 solution, NaOH, KI, K2Cr2O4, beaker, test tube, dropper,
burner.
Characteristics of salt:
5. Physical appearance: White crystalline solid.
6. Colour: White
7. Odour: pleasant smell.
8. Solubility: soluble in water.
Acidic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
-
Preliminary test: Smell of vinegar was CH3COO may be present.
Salt + H2O + oxalic acid. observed.
Rub the paste. Brisk effervescence was
observed due to CO2.
Confirmatory test:
Salt + dil. HCl + neutral Buff coloured ppt. of ferric CH3COO- confirmed.
FeCL3 solution. acetate was observed.
Basic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No smell of ammonia was Zero group absent.
observed.
Salt + dil. HCl White residue was obtained First group may be present.
Confirmatory:
white residue was dissolved Pb+2 confirmed.
and divided into two test
tubes A and B
Test tube A: Yellow ppt was obtained.
KI was added.
Test tube B: Yellow ppt. was obtained.
K2CrO4 was added.
RESULT: The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: CH3COO-
Basic Radical: Pb2+
REACTIONS INVOLVED
Acidic radical:
(COOH)2 + CH3COO- → CH3COOH + (COO-)2 I
acetic acid
3CH3COO-(aq) + FeCl3(aq) → Fe(CH3COO)3(aq) + 3Cl-
buff coloured ppt.
Basic radical:
Pb2+(aq) + HCl(aq) → PbCl2 (s) + 2H-(aq)
PbCl2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) → PbCrO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
PbCl2(aq) + KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + KCl(aq)
EXPERIMENT:05
Aim: To identify the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt.
Materials required: lime water, NaOH, KI, K2Cr2O4, beaker, test tube, dropper, burner.
Characteristics of salt:
1. Physical appearance: White crystalline solid.
2. Colour: White
3. Odour: No specific odour.
4. Solubility: soluble in water.
Acidic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
2-
Preliminary test: Brisk effervescence was CO3 may be present.
Salt + dil. HCl obtained due to evolution
of CO2 gas.
Confirmatory test:
The gas was passed through Lime water turned milky. CO32- confirmed.
lime water.
Basic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No smell of ammonia was Zero group absent.
observed.
Salt + dil. HCl White residue was obtained First group may be present.
Confirmatory:
white residue was dissolved Pb+2 confirmed.
and divided into two test
tubes A and B
Test tube A: Yellow ppt was obtained.
KI was added.
Test tube B: Yellow ppt. was obtained.
K2CrO4 was added.
RESULT: The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: CO32-
Basic Radical: Pb2+
REACTIONS INVOLVED
Acidic radical:
CO32- + HCl → CO2 (g) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Basic radical:
Pb2+(aq) + HCl(aq) → PbCl2 (s) + 2H-(aq)
PbCl2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) → PbCrO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
PbCl2(aq) + KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + KCl(aq)
EXPERIMENT:06
Aim: To identify the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt.
Materials required: H2SO4, freshly prepared FeSO4, KI, K2Cr2O4, beaker, test tube, dropper,
burner.
Characteristics of salt:
1. Physical appearance: White crystalline solid.
2. Colour: White
3. Odour: No specific odour.
4. Solubility: soluble in water.
Acidic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
-
Preliminary test: Dark brown fumes due to NO may be present.
3
Salt + conc. H2SO4 + Cu formation of NO2 gas.
turnings + heat
Confirmatory test:
Salt + dil. H2SO4 + freshly A dark brown ring was NO3- confirmed.
prepared FeSO4 solution + formed at the junction of
conc. H2SO4 added against the salt and the acid.
the walls of the test tube.
Basic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No smell of ammonia was Zero group absent.
observed.
Salt + dil. HCl White residue was obtained First group may be present.
Confirmatory:
white residue was dissolved Pb+2 confirmed.
and divided into two test
tubes A and B
Test tube A: Yellow ppt was obtained.
KI was added.
Test tube B: Yellow ppt. was obtained.
K2CrO4 was added.
RESULT: The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: NO3-
Basic Radical: Pb2+
REACTIONS INVOLVED
Acidic radical:
NO3- + H2SO4 → SO42- + HNO3
HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3) + NO2 + 2H2O
brown fumes
2NO3- + H2SO3 → SO42- + 2HNO3
FeSO4(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) → 3Fe(SO4) (aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2NO(g)
FeSO4(aq) + NO(g) → FeSO4.NO
Basic radical:
Pb2+(aq) + HCl(aq) → PbCl2 (s) + 2H-(aq)
PbCl2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) → PbCrO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
PbCl2(aq) + KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + KCl(aq)
EXPERIMENT:07
Aim: To identify the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt.
Materials required: lime water, H2S gas, K4[Fe(CN)6] beaker, test tube, dropper, burner.
Characteristics of salt:
1. Physical appearance: White powdered solid.
2. Colour: White
3. Odour: No specific odour.
4. Solubility: Insoluble in water.
Acidic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
2-
Preliminary test: Brisk effervescence was CO3 may be present.
Salt + dil. HCl obtained due to evolution
of CO2 gas.
Confirmatory test:
The gas was passed through Lime water turned milky. CO32- confirmed.
lime water.
Basic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No smell of ammonia was Zero group absent.
observed.
Salt + dil. HCl No residue was obtained. First group absent.
H2S gas was passed through Yellow ppt. was obtained. Second group may be
this solution. present.
Confirmatory:
white ppt. was dissolved in Bluish white ppt was Cd+2 confirmed.
HCl and few drops of obtained.
K4[Fe(CN)6] was added.
RESULT: The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: CO32-
Basic Radical: Cd2+
REACTIONS INVOLVED
Acidic radical:
CO32- + HCl → CO2 (g) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Basic radical:
Cd2+(aq) + H2S (g) → CdS(s) + 2H+(aq)
EXPERIMENT:08
Aim: To identify the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt.
Materials required: 50% HNO3, NH4OH, K4[Fe(CN)6], BaCl2, beaker, test tube, dropper,
burner.
Characteristics of salt:
1. Physical appearance: Blue crystalline solid.
2. Colour: Blue
3. Odour: No specific smell.
4. Solubility: soluble in water.
Acidic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
2-
Salt + dil HCl + BaCl2 White ppt of BaSO4 was SO4 confirmed.
formed which was insoluble
in conc. HNO3
Basic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No smell of ammonia was Zero group absent.
observed.
Salt + dil. HCl No residue was obtained. First group absent.
H2S gas was passed through Black ppt. was obtained. Second group may be
this solution. present.
Confirmatory:
a. Black ppt. was dissolved Deep blue solution was Cu+2 confirmed.
in 50% HNO3. Boil off H2S. obtained.
cooled and then excess of
NH4OH was added.
b. Deep blue solution + Chocolate brown ppt. was Cu+2 confirmed.
acetic acid + K4[Fe(CN)6] was formed.
added.
RESULT: The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: SO42-
Basic Radical: Cu2+
REACTIONS INVOLVED
Acidic radical:
SO42- (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2Cl-(aq)
white ppt.
Basic radical:
Cu2+ + H2S(g) → CuS(s) + 2H+(aq)
Cu2+(aq) + HNO3 → Cu(NO3) (aq) + 2NO + 4H2O
Cu(NO3) (aq) + NH4OH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NH4NO3(aq)
Cu(NO3) (aq) + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Cu[Fe(CN)6] + 4KNO3(aq)
EXPERIMENT:09
Aim: To identify the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt.
Materials required: 50% HNO3, NH4OH, H2S, K4[Fe(CN)6], BaCl2, beaker, test tube, dropper,
burner.
Characteristics of salt:
1. Physical appearance: White lustrous crystalline solid.
2. Colour: White
3. Odour: No specific smell.
4. Solubility: soluble in water.
Acidic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
2-
Salt + dil HCl + BaCl2 White ppt of BaSO4 was SO4 confirmed.
formed which was insoluble
in conc. HNO3
Basic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No smell of ammonia was Zero group absent.
observed.
Salt + dil. HCl No residue was obtained. First group absent.
H2S gas was passed through No ppt. was obtained. Second group absent.
this solution.
Solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH Gelatinous white ppt. was Third group may be present.
obtained.
Confirmatory:
ppt. was dissolved in dil HCl. Blue ppt. was formed. Al+3confirmed.
Dissolved solution + blue
litmus solution + NH4OH .
RESULT: The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: SO42-
Basic Radical: Al3+
REACTIONS INVOLVED
Acidic radical:
SO42- (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2Cl-(aq)
white ppt.
Basic radical:
Al3+ + 3NH4OH (aq) → Al(OH)3 (s) + 3NH4+
Al(OH)3 (s) + 3HCl (aq) → AlCl3 (aq) + 2H2O(l)
AlCl3 (aq) + 3NH4OH (aq) → Al(OH)3 (aq) + 3NH4Cl (aq)
EXPERIMENT:10
Aim: To identify the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt.
Materials required: lime water, NaOH, H2S, beaker, test tube, dropper, burner.
Characteristics of salt:
1. Physical appearance: White crystalline solid.
2. Colour: White
3. Odour: No specific odour.
4. Solubility: Insoluble in water.
Acidic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
2-
Preliminary test: Brisk effervescence was CO3 may be present.
Salt + dil. HCl obtained due to evolution
of CO2 gas.
Confirmatory test:
The gas was passed through Lime water turned milky. CO32- confirmed.
lime water.
Basic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No smell of ammonia was Zero group absent.
observed.
Salt + dil. HCl No residue was obtained. First group absent.
H2S gas was passed through No ppt. was obtained. Second group absent.
this solution.
Solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No ppt. was obtained. Third group absent.
H2S gas was passed through White ppt. was formed. Fourth group may be
this solution. present.
Confirmatory:
ppt. was dissolved in dil HCl. White ppt. was obtained Zn2+ confirmed.
Solution + NaOH. which dissolved in excess of
NaOH.
H2S was passed through the White ppt. reappeared.
solution.
RESULT: The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: CO32-
Basic Radical: Zn2+
REACTIONS INVOLVED
Acidic radical:
CO32- + HCl → CO2 (g) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Basic radical:
Zn2+ + H2S → ZnS(s) + 2H+
ZnS(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2 (s) + 2H+(aq) + S2-
ZnCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Zn(OH)2 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
EXPERIMENT:11
Aim: To identify the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt.
Materials required: lime water, NaOH, H2S, (NH4)2CO3, K2CrO4, NH4Cl, beaker, test tube,
dropper, burner.
Characteristics of salt:
1. Physical appearance: White powdered solid.
2. Colour: White
3. Odour: No specific odour.
4. Solubility: Insoluble in water.
Acidic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
2-
Preliminary test: Brisk effervescence was CO3 may be present.
Salt + dil. HCl obtained due to evolution
of CO2 gas.
Confirmatory test:
The gas was passed through Lime water turned milky. CO32- confirmed.
lime water.
Basic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No smell of ammonia was Zero group absent.
observed.
Salt + dil. HCl No residue was obtained. First group absent.
H2S gas was passed through No ppt. was obtained. Second group absent.
this solution.
Solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No ppt. was obtained. Third group absent.
H2S gas was passed through No ppt. was formed. Fourth group absent.
this solution.
Boiled off H2S. White ppt. was obtained. Fifth group may be present.
Solution + NH4CL + NH4OH +
(NH4)2CO3
Confirmatory: Yellow ppt. was obtained Ba2+ confirmed.
Solution was dissolved in
hot acetic acid + K2CrO4
solution.
RESULT: The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: CO32-
Basic Radical: Ba2+
REACTIONS INVOLVED
Acidic radical:
CO32- + HCl → CO2 (g) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Basic radical:
Ba2+ (aq) + (NH4)2CO3 (aq) → BaCO3 (s) + 2NH4+(aq)
white
BaCO3 (s) + 2CH3COOH(aq) → (CH3COO)2Ba + CO2 + H2O
(CH3COO)2Ba (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) → BaCrO4(s) + CH3COOK
yellow
EXPERIMENT:12
Aim: To identify the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt.
Materials required: lime water, NaOH, H2S, (NH4)2CO3, (NH4)2SO4 NH4Cl, beaker, test tube,
dropper, burner.
Characteristics of salt:
1. Physical appearance: White powdered solid.
2. Colour: White
3. Odour: No specific odour.
4. Solubility: Insoluble in water.
Acidic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
2-
Preliminary test: Brisk effervescence was CO3 may be present.
Salt + dil. HCl obtained due to evolution
of CO2 gas.
Confirmatory test:
The gas was passed through Lime water turned milky. CO32- confirmed.
lime water.
Basic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No smell of ammonia was Zero group absent.
observed.
Salt + dil. HCl No residue was obtained. First group absent.
H2S gas was passed through No ppt. was obtained. Second group absent.
this solution.
Solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No ppt. was obtained. Third group absent.
H2S gas was passed through No ppt. was formed. Fourth group absent.
this solution.
Boiled off H2S. White ppt. was obtained. Fifth group may be present.
Solution + NH4CL + NH4OH +
(NH4)2CO3
Confirmatory: white ppt. was obtained Sr2+ confirmed.
Solution was dissolved in
hot acetic acid + (NH4)2SO4
solution.
RESULT: The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: CO32-
Basic Radical: Sr2+
REACTIONS INVOLVED
Acidic radical:
CO32- + HCl → CO2 (g) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Basic radical:
Sr2+ (aq) + (NH4)2CO3 (aq) → SrCO3(s) + 2NH4+(aq)
white
SrCO3 (aq) + 2CH3COOH (aq) → (CH3COO)2Sr(aq) + CO2 + H2O
(CH3COO)2Sr + (NH4)2SO4 → SrSO4 (s) + 2CH3COONH4
white
EXPERIMENT:13
Aim: To identify the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given inorganic salt.
Materials required: lime water, NaOH, H2S, (NH4)2CO3, (NH4)2C2O4, NH4Cl, beaker, test tube,
dropper, burner.
Characteristics of salt:
1. Physical appearance: White powdered solid.
2. Colour: White
3. Odour: No specific odour.
4. Solubility: Insoluble in water.
Acidic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
2-
Preliminary test: Brisk effervescence was CO3 may be present.
Salt + dil. HCl obtained due to evolution
of CO2 gas.
Confirmatory test:
The gas was passed through Lime water turned milky. CO32- confirmed.
lime water.
Basic Radical:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Salt + NaOH + heat No smell of ammonia was Zero group absent.
observed.
Salt + dil. HCl No residue was obtained. First group absent.
H2S gas was passed through No ppt. was obtained. Second group absent.
this solution.
Solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No ppt. was obtained. Third group absent.
H2S gas was passed through No ppt. was formed. Fourth group absent.
this solution.
Boiled off H2S. White ppt. was obtained. Fifth group may be present.
Solution + NH4CL + NH4OH +
(NH4)2CO3
Confirmatory:
yellow ppt. was obtained Ca2+ confirmed.
Solution was dissolved in
hot acetic acid + (NH4)2C2O4
solution.
RESULT: The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: CO32-
Basic Radical: Ca2+
REACTIONS INVOLVED
Acidic radical:
CO32- + HCl → CO2 (g) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Basic radical:
Ca2+ (aq) + (NH4)2CO3 (aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2NH4+(aq)
white
CaCO3 (aq) + 2CH3COOH (aq) → (CH3COO)2Ca(aq) + CO2 + H2O
(CH3COO)2Ca (aq) + (NH4)2C2O4 → CaC2O4(s) + 2CH3COONH4
white
