LAB MANUAL- PHYSICS GRADE-12
SECTION-A
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. To determine resistivity of two / three wires by plotting a graph for potential difference versus
current.
2. To find resistance of a given wire / standard resistor using metre bridge.
3. To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a metre bridge.
4. To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer.
SECTION-B
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
5. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and
1/v.
6. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between angle of
incidence and angle of deviation.
7. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
8. To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
SECTION-A
LIST OF ACTIVITIES
1. To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a
power source.
2. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
3. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key,
ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct
the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
SECTION-B
LIST OF ACTIVITIES
4. To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.
5. Use of multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED and
check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order
6. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
PHYSICSLABMANUAL
Instructions
1. Keep this booklet safe upto your board practical exam.
2. Circuitdiagram.Tabularcolumn,Raydiagram,calculationstobedoneonleftpage.
3. Put pagenumbersontopright cornerofrightpage.
4. Aim.Apparatus.Formula.Procedure,sourcesoferror.precautions,resulttobew
rittenonrightpage.
5. Resultmustbeunderlinedwithblackpen.
6. Writeallthereadingsinthetabularcolumnwithbluepen.
7. Dothecalculationsneatlywithpenonleftpage.
8. Graphmustbeplottedinthegraphsheetprovidedinendofrecordnotebook.
9. Scaleofthegraphmustbeproperlywritten.
10. Leaveminimum2paperaftercompleting12experimentsandwritetheactivitiessepar
ately.
11. Indexmustbewrittenandcompletedwiththepageno.andgivendates.
12. Completetheindexalongwiththedatesgivenandpagenumbers
1.OHM’S LAW- DETERMINATION OF RESISTIVITY OF
THE WIRES
AIM: R
To determine resistance per unit length of a given wire by plotting
agraph ofpotentialdifferenceversuscurrent.
APPARATUS: R
A wire of unknown resistance, battery eliminator ,
voltmeter milliammeter, rheostat, plug key, connecting
wires .
FORMULA: R
1. The resistance of the given wire is,
R= V/I ()
Where,
V= potential difference (V)
I= current through the wire (A)
2. The resistivity of the given wire is
= RA/l (m)
Where,
R= resistance of the given wire ()
l= length of the wire (m)
A= area of the wire (m2)
A= πr2 (m2)
r= radius of the wire (m)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: L
E= BATTERY ELIMINATOR K= KEY Rh= RHEOSTAT V= VOLTMETER
R= UNKNOWN RESISTANCE A= milli ammeter
MODEL GRAPH: L
1/slope = BC/AB = R
PROCEDURE: R
1.
Cleantheendsoftheconnectingwireswiththehelpofsandpaperinordertoremoveanyinsulat
ingcoatingonthem.
2. Connectvariouscomponents-
resistance,rheostat,battery,key,voltmeterandammeterasshowninFig.
3. Notewhetherpointersinmilliammeterandvoltmetercoincidewiththezeromarkon the
measuring scale. If it is not so,adjustthepointertocoincidewiththezeromark by
adjusting the screw providednearthebaseoftheneedleusingascrewdriver
4. Note the rangeand least count of the given voltmeter and milliammeter.
5. InsertthekeyKandslidetherheostat contacttooneofitsextremeends,sothat current
passing through the resistancewireisminimum.
6. Note the milliammeter and voltmeter r e a d i n g .
7. Remove the key K and allow the wire to cool, if heated.
Againinsertthekey.Shifttherheostatcontactslightlytoincreasetheappliedvoltage.Noteth
emilliammeterandvoltmeterreading.
8.
Repeatstep7forfourdifferentsettingsoftherheostat.Recordyourobservationsinatabular
form.
LEAST COUNT- SCREW GAUGE: R
Leave some space
Precaution: R
1) Clean the connecting wires and the connecting points of voltmeter, ammeter,
battery properly.
2) All connectios should be neat and tight.
TABLE-1: L
TO DETERMINE THE RESISTANCE OF THE GIVEN WIRE:
S:NO VOLTAGE V(V) CURRENT I(A)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TABLE-2: L
TO DETERMINE THE RADIUS OF THE WIRE USING SCREW GAUGE:
Least count= 0.0110-3 m Zero error= ________(div)
Zero correction= _______10-3 m
S:NO PITCH SCALE Head scale Observed reading CORRECTED
READING coincidence OR= PSR +(HSCLC) READING
PSR 10-3 m HSC (div) 10-3 m CR= OR ZC
10-3 m
1
2
3
4
5
Mean (d)= ______________10-3 m
Radius= d/2 = ____________10-3 m
OBSERVATION: L
1. The length of the given wire (l)= ______________(m)
2. The area of the wire (A)= _______________ (m2)
Calculation: L
The resistivity of the given wire is
= RA/l (m)
RESULT: R( AT THE END OF THE PAGE)
1. The resistance of the given wire by the graph is (R)= _______________()
2. The resistivity or the specific resistance of the wire is ()= ___________(m)
2.MeterBridge-Determination of resistance of a wire
Aim: R
To find the resistance of the given wire using meterbridge
APPARARUS: R
Meter bridge, galvanometer, oneway key, resistance box, Battery Eliminator, jockey,
unknown resistance wire, connecting wires.
FORMULA: R
The resistance of the given wire is,
S= (100-l/l)*R ()
Where,
S= unknown resistance()
R= known resistance()
l= Balancing length (m)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: L
S= UNKNOWN RESISTANCE R= KNOWN RESISTANCE G= GALVANOMETER
J= JOCKEY E= BATTERY K= KEY ABC= METER BRIDGE
Procedure: R
a) Make the connections as shown in figure. Take out suitable resistance it
from the resistance box.
b) Touch the jockey at point A; see that there is deflection on galvanometer on one
side. Touch the jockey now on the point C of the wire. The deflection in
galvanometer should be on the other side. If it is so, connections are correct. If the
deflection is one-sided, adjust R till the deflection is reversed.
c) If the deflections are on both sides, start sliding the jockey on the wire from end
A towards C.
d) Note the point where the galvanometer shows zero deflection. This is called
balance point.
e) Note the length AD and call it as balancing length (100—1).
f) From
formula Knowing R and l, S can be found .Repeat the above procedure
,
For S five different values of R
TABLE: L
CALCULATION: L
Leave some space
Precaution: R
1. CleantheconnectingwiresandtheconnectingpointsofMeterBridgeproperly.
2. All connections should be neat and tight
Result: R
The resistance of the given wire is S=
03.Meterbridge-Combination of resistances(Series)
Aim: R
To verify the law of combination (series) of resistances using a meterbridge.
APPARATUS: R
Meterbridge, galvanometer, oneway key, a resistance box, battery eliminator, jockey,
two unknown resistance wires and connecting wires.
FORMULA: R
1. The unknown resistance is
R= (100-l/l)*S ()
Where,
S = known resistance()
l= Balancing length (m)
2. The effective resistance connected in series is
R= R1+ R2+ R3 ()
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: L
BT K
S= UNKNOWN RESISTANCE R= KNOWN RESISTANCE G= GALVANOMETER J= JOCKEY
BT= BATTERY K= KEY ABC= METER BRIDGE
TABLE: L
Procedure: R
a)
Measure the unknown resistances R1 and R2 using meter bridge experiment.
b)
Connect two resistances R 1 and R2 in series.
c)
Check for deflection on both sides by touching the jockey at both ends of meter bridge
wire.
d)
Proceed in the same way assign meter bridge experiment. Take at least four sets
of observations.
e) Compare the measured values of effective resistances using meter bridge with
calculated values.
Precautions: R
1) Clean the connecting wires and the connecting points of meter bridge properly.
2) AlI connections should be neat and tight.
3) Balance point should lie between 40cm and 60cm.
4) Move the jockey gently in the wire and do not keep the jockey and the wire in
contact for along time.
5) Hold the jockey perpendicular to the wire of meter bridge.
CALCULATION: L
RESULT: R
1. The value of individual resistance
R1= ()
R2= ()
R3= ()
2. The effective resistance connected in series is
R= __________________()
3. The difference is R= ___________________()
4. SONOMETER- FREQUENCY OF THE AC MAINS
AIM: R
To determine the frequency of alternating current using a
sonometer and an electromagnet.
APPARATUS : R
A sonometer with a soft iron wires stretched over it , an
electromagnet, a step-down transformer, slotted 1/2 kg weights
hanger, a physical balance, two sharp edge wedges and a weight
box.
FORMULA: R
The frequency n of the AC mains us9ming sonometer is
Where,
l= resonating length of a string (m)
T=the tension in the wire( N )
m=linear density of the wire ( kg/ m)
m = πr2ρ ( kg/ m)
r= radius of the wire (m)
ρ = Density of the given material of the wire ( kg/m 3)
DIAGRAM: L
PROCEDURE: L
1. Set up the sonometer and stretch the wire AB by placing a load of ½kg
on the hanger.
2. Support the electro magnet in a stand and connect it to the
secondary of a step down transformer. Adjust its position, such that its one
pole lies close to the middle of the sonometer wire.
3.Switch on the alternating current supply and adjust the length of
vibrating portion of AB by sliding the wedge . Make this adjustment until the
amplitude of the vibrating string is maximum.
4.Measure the vibrating length and note the tension in the string.
5. Increase the load in steps of ½kg and Each time find the vibrating length.
6. Switch off the ac supply. Untie the wire of the sonometer from its peg and
find its mass in a physical balance. Calculate mass of 100 cm sonometer
wire. Hence find The mass per unit length for the wire.
LEAST COUNT- SCREW GAUGE: R
LEAVE SOME SPACE
TABLE-1: L
TABLE-2: L
TO DETERMINE THE RADIUS OF THE WIRE USING SCREW GAUGE:
Least count= 0.0110-3 m Zero error= ________(div)
Zero correction= _______10-3 m
S:NO PITCH SCALE Head scale Observed CORRECTED
READING coincidence reading READING
PSR 10-3 m HSC (div) OR= PSR + CR= OR ZC
(HSCLC) 10-3 m
10-3 m
1
2
3
4
5
Mean (d)= ______________10-3 m
Radius= d/2 = ____________10-3 m
OBSERVATIONS: L
1. The radius of the wire (r)=
2. Linear density of the wire (m)= πr2ρ ( kg/ m)
m=
CALCULATION: L
The frequency n of the AC mains us9ming sonometer is
PRECAUTIONS:
RESULT: R
The frequencyof the AC mains using the sonometer is n= ____________________ Hz
eachtimefindthevibratinglength.
