Matter: Its Properties and Measurement

General Chemistry
Principles and Modern Applications
Petrucci • Harwood • Herring

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chemistry explains the properties and
behavior of chemicals
by helping us understand the
molecules that compose them.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 What Is Matter?
• Matter is defined as anything that
occupies space and has mass.
• Some types of matter—such as steel,
water, wood, and plastic—are easily
visible to our eyes.
• Other types of matter—such as air or
microscopic dust—are impossible to see
without magnification.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 What Is Matter?
Atoms and molecules
• All matter is ultimately
(sonuçta) composed of
atoms.
• (a) In some substances,
such as aluminum, the
atoms exist as
independent particles.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 What Is Matter?
• (b) In other
substances, such as
rubbing alcohol,
several atoms bond
together in well-
defined structures
called molecules.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Classifying Matter According to Its
State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
• The common states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.

• Water exists as ice (solid), water (liquid), and steam (gas).

• In ice, the water molecules are closely spaced and, although
they vibrate about a fixed point, they do not generally move
relative to one another.
• In liquid water, the water molecules are closely spaced but
are free to move around and past each other.
• In steam, water molecules are separated by large distances
and do not interact significantly with one another.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Macroscopic and microscopic views of matter
General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The properties of solids, liquids, and
gases.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Properties of Matter
• All substances have properties that we can use to identify them. For
example we can idenify a person by their face, their voice, height,
finger prints, DNA etc.. The more of these properties that we can
identify, the better we know the person.

• In a similar way matter has properties – and there are many of them.

• There are two basic types of properties that we can associate with
matter.

• These properties are called Physical properties and Chemical

properties:

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

• A physical property is one that a

substance displays without changing its
composition.

• A chemical property is one that a

substance displays only through changing
its composition.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

• The characteristic odor of gasoline is a
physical property—gasoline does not
change its composition when it exhibits its
odor.

• The flammability of gasoline is a

chemical property—gasoline does change
its composition when it burns.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Physical Properties
• A physical property
• The boiling point of
water.
• Boiling is a physical
change.
• When water boils, it turns
into a gas, but the water
molecules are the same
in both the liquid water
and the gaseous steam.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chemical Properties
• A chemical property:
• Rusting is a chemical change.
• When iron rusts, it turns from iron to iron oxide.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chemical Change
• Matter undergoes a chemical change when it
undergoes a chemical reaction.
• In a chemical reaction, the substances present
before the chemical change are called
reactants.
• The substances present after the change are
called products.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

• 1- Which of the following is a chemical reaction?
• a) Table salt is dissolved in water.
• b) Vinegar is separated into water and acetic acid.
• c) Stomach acid is neutralized with an antacid.
• d) Ice is converted into steam.
• e) Iodine is sublimed onto a glass surface.

• 2-The following are properties of sodium. Which combination

includes all the chemical properties?
a) It bursts into flames when placed in a chlorine atmosphere.
b) It has a melting point of 371 K.
c) It conducts electricity.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following separations cannot
be achieved using a physical process and,
therefore, requires a chemical process?

1. salt from sea water

2. water from honey
3. hydrogen from water
4. ice from water
5. fish from water

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Classifying Matter According to Its
Composition:

Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
• To summarize, as shown in figure
above:
• Matter may be a pure substance, or it may
be a mixture.
• A pure substance may be either an
element or a compound.
• A mixture may be either homogenous or
heterogeneous.
• Mixtures may be composed of two or more
elements, two or more compounds, or a
combination of both.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Elements
• Element: A pure substance that cannot be
broken down into simpler substances.

• No chemical transformation can

decompose an element into simpler
substances.

• All known elements are listed in the

periodic table .
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Elements
• Helium: A pure substance composed only of one
type of atom: helium atoms.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Common Elements

• Aluminum Al Beryllium Be iron Fe sodium Na

• İodine I Gold Au oxygen O argon Ar
• phosphorus P barium Ba hydrogenH platinum Pt
• Potassium K boron B silicon Si bromine Br
• Lead Pb silver Ag cadmium Cd lithium Li
• Calcium Ca strontium Sr carbon C sulfur S
• magnesium Mg chlorine Cl mercury Hg
• Manganese Mn chromium Cr neon Ne Tin Sn
• uranium U Copper Cu nickel Ni xenon Xe
• fluorine F nitrogenN zinc Zn helium He

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Compounds
• Compound: A pure substance composed of two
or more elements in fixed definite proportions.
• Compounds are more common than pure
elements.
• Most elements are chemically reactive and
combine with other elements to form compounds.
• Water, table salt, and sugar are examples of
compounds.
• Compounds can be decomposed into simpler
substances.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Compounds
• Water: A pure
substance
composed only
of water
molecules.
• Two elements
in fixed,
definite
proportions.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Molecular hydrogen (H2), molecular oxygen (O2)
and molecular nitrogen (N2) are not compounds
because each is composed of a single element.

Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane

(CH4) are compounds because each is made from more
than one element.

A mixture is composed of different subtances

that are not chemically united , but simply mixed
together. A mixture may be either a homogeneous mixture
(such as sweetened tea) or heterogeneous mixture (such as
hydrocarbon and water).

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

•A classification scheme for matter

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Separating Mixtures through
Physical Changes by Distillation

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Separating
Mixtures
through
Physical
Changes by
Filtration

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 The Basic Units of Measurement
The unit system for science measurements,
based on the metric system, is called the
International System of units (Système
International d’unités) or SI units.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prefi x Symbol Meaning Example
tera- T 1,000,000,000,000, or 1012 1 terameter (Tm) = 1 × 1012 m

giga- G 1,000,000,000, or 109 1 gigameter (Gm) = 1 × 109 m

mega- M 1,000,000, or 106 1 megameter (Mm) = 1 × 106 m

kilo- k 1,000, or 103 1 kilometer (km) = 1 × 103 m

deci- d 1/10, or 10–1 1 decimeter (dm) = 0.1 m

centi- c 1/100, or 10–2 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 m

milli- m 1/1,000, or 10–3 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001 m

micro- m 1/1,000,000, or 10–6 1 micrometer (mm) = 1 × 10-6

m

nano- n 1/1,000,000,000, or 10–9 1 nanometer (nm) = 1 × 10-9 m

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
pico- p 1/1,000,000,000,000, or 10–12 1 picometer (pm) = 1 × 10-12 m
 Basic Units of Measurement

• The kilogram is a measure of mass, which is

different from weight.
• The mass of an object is a measure of the
quantity of matter within it.
• The weight of an object is a measure of the
gravitational pull on that matter.
• Consequently, weight depends on gravity while
mass does not.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Mass
•Mass is the quantity
of matter in an object.
•Weight is the force of
gravity on an object

•W = g × m
•Weigth of object= acceleration gravity x mass of
object
•At the Earth's surface g= 9,8 m/s2

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Example: On the planet mercury, gravity is 0.376 times that
on Earth.

a) What would be the mass on mercury of a person who has a

mass of 62.5 kg on Earth?

b) What would be the weght on mercury of a person who

weight 124 pounds(lb) on earth?

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Derived Units
• A derived unit is formed from other units.

• Many units of volume, a measure of space, are derived

units.

• Any unit of length, when cubed (raised to the third

power), becomes a unit of volume.

• Cubic meters (m3), cubic centimeters (cm3), and cubic

millimeters (mm3) are all units of volume.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

__________________ – SI derived unit for volume
is cubic meter (m3)

1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3

1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3

1 mL = 1 cm3

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.7

 Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3
1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3

mass m
_______ = d= V
volume

A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5

g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?
m
d= V

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.7

 Temperature

Slide 37 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
•Formula to convert a Celsius scale temperature into degrees on
the Fahrenheit scale.

•t(F) = 9/5 t(oC) + 32

•Formula to convert a Fahrenheit scale temperature into

degrees on the Celsius scale.
•t(C) = F-32 F x 5/9

•Formula to convert a Celsius scale temperature into degrees

on the Kelvine scale.
•?K = 273.15 + oC

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

•Example A: A recipe in an American of cookbook calls for roasting
acut of meat at 350 oF. What is this temp. on Celcius scale?

•Example B: A particular automobile engine coolant an antifreeze

protection to a temp. of -22 oC. Will this coolant offer protection at
temp. as low as -15 oF?

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Significant Figures (Anlamlı rakamlar)

Determining the number of significant figures in a quantity

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Scientific Notation (Bilimsel Gösterim):
Writing Large and Small Numbers

• A number written in scientific notation has two parts.

• A decimal part: a number that is between 1 and 10.
• An exponential part: 10 raised to an exponent, n.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 To convert a number to scientific notation

• Move the decimal point to obtain a number between 1

and 10. Multiply that number (the decimal part) by 10
raised to the power that reflects the movement of the
decimal point.
568.762 0.00000772
move decimal left move decimal right
n>0 n<0
568.762 = 5.68762 x 102 0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 To convert a number
to scientific notation

• If the decimal point is moved to the left,

the exponent is positive.
• If the decimal is moved to the right, the
exponent is negative.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Significant Figures:
Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision

Pennies come in whole numbers, and a Our knowledge of the amount of gold
count of seven pennies means seven in a 10-g gold bar depends on how
whole pennies. precisely it was measured.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Precision

Reproducibility ∼ 0.1 g ∼ 0.0001 g

Precision low high

Slide 45 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scientific numbers are reported so that every digit
is certain except the last, which is estimated.

The first four digits are certain; the last digit is estimated.

The greater the precision of the measurement,

the greater the number of significant figures.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Counting significant figures in a correctly reported
measurement
•Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
•Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
•Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
•If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the decimal
point are significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
•If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the end and in
the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures
•Trailing zeros at the end of a number are ambiguos.
350 has two or three significant number. (3.5x102 or 3.50x102 )

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

How many significant figures are in each
number?
0.0035 two significant figures

1.080 four significant figures

2371 four significant figures

2.97×105 three significant figures

1 dozen = 12 unlimited significant figures

100.00 five significant figures

100,000 ambiguous (belirsiz)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 How many significant figures are in
each of the following measurements?
24 mL

3001 g

0.0320 m3

6.4 x 104 molecules

560 kg

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.8

How many significant figures are in each of the
following measurements?

a) 478 cm
b) 6.01 g

c) 0.825 m
d) 1.310 x 103
e) 0.043 kg
f) 7000 ml

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.8

 Significant Figures in Calculations
Rules for Rounding:

• When numbers are used in a calculation, the result is

rounded to reflect the significant figures of the data.

• For calculations involving multiple steps, round only

the final answer— do not round off between steps.
This prevents small rounding errors from affecting the
final answer.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Significant Figures in Calculations
Rules for Rounding:

• Use only the last (or leftmost) digit being dropped to

decide in which direction to round—ignore all digits to
the right of it.

• Round down if the last digit dropped is 4 or less; round

up if the last digit dropped is 5 or more.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

• 2.33 rounds to 2.3

• 2.37 rounds to 2.4

• 2.34 rounds to 2.3

• 2.35 rounds to 2.4

• To round 2.349 to two significant figures, only the 4 in the

hundredths place (2.349)determines which direction to
round –the 9 is irrelevant.

• 2.349 round to 2.3

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Significant Figures in Calculations

Multiplication and Division Rule:

The result of multiplication or division

carries the same number of significant
figures as the factor with the fewest
significant figures.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Significant Figures in Calculations
Multiplication and Division Rule:

The intermediate result (in blue) is rounded

to two significant figures to reflect the least
precisely(exactly) known factor (0.10),
which has two significant figures.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Significant Figures in Calculations
Multiplication and Division Rule:

The intermediate result (in blue) is rounded

to three significant figures to reflect the least
precisely known factor (6.10), which has
three significant figures.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Significant Figures in Calculations
Addition and Subtraction Rule:

In addition or subtraction
calculations, the result carries
the same number of decimal
places (ondalık basamak) as the
quantity carrying the fewest
decimal places.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Significant Figures in Calculations
Addition and Subtraction Rule:

We round the intermediate answer (in blue)

to two decimal places because the quantity
with the fewest decimal places (5.74) has
two decimal places.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Significant Figures in Calculations
Addition and Subtraction Rule:

We round the intermediate answer (in blue)

to one decimal place because the quantity
with the fewest decimal places (4.8) has one
decimal place.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Calculations Involving Both Multiplication/Division
and Addition/Subtraction

In calculations involving both multiplication/division

and addition/subtraction,
do the steps in parentheses first; determine the
correct number of significant figures in the
intermediate answer without rounding;
then do the remaining steps.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Calculations Involving Both Multiplication/Division
and Addition/Subtraction

In the calculation 3.489 × (5.67 – 2.3);

do the step in parentheses first. 5.67 – 2.3 = 3.37

Use the subtraction rule to determine that the intermediate
answer has only one significant decimal place.
To avoid small errors, it is best not to round at this point;
instead, underline the least significant figure as a reminder.

3.489 × 3.37 = 11.758 = 12

Use the multiplication rule to determine that the
intermediate answer (11.758) rounds to two significant figures
(12) because it is limited by the two significant figures in 3.37.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Factor-Label Method of Solving Problems

1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed

2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the
problem was solved correctly.

How many mL are in 1.63 L?

1 L = 1000 mL

1000 mL
1.63 L x = 1630 mL
1L
1L L2
1.63 L x = 0.001630
1000 mL mL
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.9
 The average density of a human brain
is 0.90 g cm-3. Which of the following is
the correct process to convert g cm-3 to
kg L-1?

g 1000 kg 1 cm3 kg
1. 0.90   = 0.90
cm3 1g 1000 L L

g 1 kg 10 cm3 -3 kg
2. 0.90   = 9.0  10
cm3 1000 g 1L L

g 1 kg 1000 cm3 kg
3. 0.90   = 0.90
cm3 1000 g 1L L

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The density of the earth is about 4 g ml-1.
Which of the following is the correct process
to convert g ml-1 to kg m-3?

g 1 kg 1  106 ml 3 kg
1. 4   = 4  10
ml 1000 g 1 m3 m3

g 1 kg 1000 ml kg
2. 4   = 4
ml 1000 g 1 m3 m3 From NASA files

g 1000 kg 1 ml 3 kg
3. 4   = 4  10
ml 1g 1  106 m3 m3

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following expresses the result of the
following calculation with the correct number of
significant figures?

31.621 cm x 10.22 cm x 2.793292 cm =

1. 9.027 x 102 cm
2. 9.0269 x 102 cm3
3. 9.027 x 102 cm3
4. 9.026 x 102 cm3
5. 9.0 x 102 cm3

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following expresses the result of the
following calculation with the correct number of
significant figures and appropriate units?

86.31246762 g cm-3 x 10.5 cm3 =

1. 906.3 g

2. 906.28091 g cm3

3. 906.2 g cm-6

4. 906.28 g

5. 906 g

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

A 31.1 g stone is placed into a graduated cylinder and
displaces 10.2 mL of water. Without using a
calculator, an estimate for the density of the stone is

1. ~3000 g mL-1
2. ~300 g mL-1

3. ~30 g mL-1
4. ~3 g mL-1

5. ~0.3 g mL-1

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Problem Solving
And Unit Conversions
• Getting to an equation to solve from a problem statement
requires critical thinking.
• No simple formula applies to every problem, yet you can
learn problem-solving strategies and begin to develop
some chemical intuition.
• Many of the problems can be thought of as unit
conversion problems, where you are given one or more
quantities and asked to convert them into different units.
• Other problems require the use of specific equations to
get to the information you are trying to find.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 We can diagram conversions using a
solution map.
• The solution map for converting from inches to
centimeters is:

• The solution map for converting from centimeters

to inches is:

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 General Problem-Solving Strategy

• Identify the starting point (the given information).

• Identify the end point (what you must find).
• Devise a way to get from the starting point to the end
point using what is given as well as what you already
know or can look up.
• You can use a solution map to diagram the steps
required to get from the starting point to the end point.
• In graphic form, we can represent this progression as
Given  Solution Map  Find

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 General Problem-Solving Strategy

• Sort. Begin by sorting the information in the problem.

• Strategize. Create a solution map—the series of steps
that will get you from the given information to the
information you are trying to find.
• Solve. Carry out mathematical operations (paying
attention to the rules for significant figures in
calculations) and cancel units as needed.
• Check.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Solving-Multistep
Unit Conversion Problems

• Each step in the solution map should have a

conversion factor with the units of the previous
step in the denominator and the units of the
following step in the numerator.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Density:
• The density of a substance is its mass divided by its
volume, d = m/V , and is usually reported in units of
grams per cubic centimeter or grams per milliliter.

• Density is a fundamental property of all substances

and generally differs from one substance to another.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 A Solution Map Involving
the Equation for Density
• In a problem involving an equation, the solution map
shows how the equation takes you from the given
quantities to the find quantity.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Density as a Conversion Factor

• We can use the density of a substance as a

conversion factor between the mass of the substance
and its volume.

• For a liquid substance with a density of 1.32 g/cm3,

what volume should be measured to deliver a mass of
68.4 g?

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Density as a Conversion Factor
Solution Map

Solution

Measure 51.8 mL to obtain 68.4 g of the liquid.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Example. How many centimeters are in 1.00 mile?

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.