Hill’s Chemistry for Changing Times

Fifteenth Edition

Lecture Outlines
Lecture 1
Chemistry

David Maynard,
California State University, San Bernardino

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Chemistry: The Study of Matter and Its
Changes
Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes.
Matter is anything that has mass and also volume.

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Science and Technology (1 of 2)
Science is the process of seeking an understanding of the
underlying principles of nature. It involves two facets:
technological (or factual) and philosophical (or
theoretical).

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Science and Technology (2 of 2)
Technology is the direct application of knowledge to solve
problems.
Science grew out of natural philosophy, or the
philosophical speculation about nature.
Chemistry is the discipline of science that deals with the
behavior of matter.

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Green and Sustainable Chemistry
Green chemistry uses materials and processes that are
intended to prevent or reduce pollution at its source.
Sustainable chemistry is designed to meet the needs of
the present generation without compromising the needs of
future generations.

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Science (4 of 5)
A scientific theory is a set of tested hypotheses that
explain natural phenomena. Scientific theories are the
best current explanation for natural phenomena. Theories
are always tentative and may change as observations of
nature change.

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Science (5 of 5)
Scientific models are tangible items or pictures used to
represent invisible processes.

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Molecular Modeling
Molecules are groups of two or more atoms held together
by chemical bonds.
Molecular models are three-dimensional representations of
molecules.

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Limitations of Science
Science is limited to studying that which is observable as
well as processes in which variables can be controlled.

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Chemistry: Its Central Role

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Solving Society’s Problems: Scientific
Research (1 of 2)
Applied research involves
studying a specific problem in
industry or the environment.
George Washington
Carver’s work with peanuts is
an example of applied
research. In his research, he
developed more than 300
products from peanuts.

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Solving Society’s Problems: Scientific
Research (2 of 2)
Basic research involves the
search for knowledge for its own
sake. The findings of basic
research may someday be applied
to a specific problem in industry or
the environment.
Gertrude Ellion’s work with
purines and their role in the cell is
an example of basic research.

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Mass and Weight
Mass is the measure of the
amount of matter in an
object.
Weight is the measure of
the gravitational force on
the matter in an object.

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Physical Properties (1 of 2)
Physical properties are those properties of a substance
that can be observed without changing the substance.

Examples are
• color.
• mass.
• weight.

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Physical Properties (2 of 2)
Table 1.2 Some Examples of Physical Properties

Property Examples

Temperature 0°C for ice water, 100°C for boiling water.

Mass A nickel weight 5 g. A penny weighs 2.5 g

Color Sulfur is yellow. Bromine is reddish-brown.

Taste Acids are sour. Bases are bitter.

Odor Benzyl acetate smells like jasmine. Hydrogen sulfide smells like
rotten eggs.
Boiling point Water boils at 100°C. Ethyl alcohol boils at 78.5°C.

Hardness Diamond is exceptionally hard. Sodium metal is soft.

3
Density 1.00 gramsfor
1.00g/mL per milliliter
water, 19.3forg/cm
water, 19.3
for grams per cubic centimeter for gold.
gold.

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Chemical Properties
Chemical properties are those properties of a substance
that can only be studied by forming new substances.
Table 1.3 Some Examples of Chemical Properties
Substance Typical Chemical Property

Iron rusts (combines with oxygen to form iron oxide).

Carbon burns (combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide).

Silver tarnishes (combines with sulfur to form silver sulfide).

Nitroglycerin explodes (decomposes to produce a mixture of gases).

Carbon monoxide is toxic (combines with hemoglobin, causing anoxia).

Neon is inert (does not react with anything).

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Physical Changes
Physical changes are changes in which the chemical
identity of the substance is not changed.
Examples are
• melting.
• freezing.

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Classification of Matter
A solid has a definite shape and volume.
A liquid has a definite volume but has no definite shape.
A gas has neither definite volume nor definite shape.

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States of Matter

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Matter

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Elements
Elements are composed of one type of atom.
Atoms are the smallest particle of an element.
Elements are represented by chemical symbols. Examples
are Cl, H, and Mg.

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Compounds
Compounds are made of two or more elements chemically
combined.
Examples are NaCl (table salt), H2O (water), and C6H12O6
(sugar).
Many compounds exist as groups of atoms bonded together
as a unit. These units are called molecules.

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Mixtures
A mixture is a physical blend of two or more substances.
Homogeneous mixtures are uniform in composition.
Heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform in composition.

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Measurement of Matter (1 of 3)
Table 1.4 The Seven SI Base Units

Physical Quantity Name of Unit Symbol of Unit

Length metera m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Electric current ampere A
Luminous intensity candela cd

aSpelled metre in most countries.

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Measurement of Matter (2 of 3)
Table 1.5 Approved Numerical Prefixesa
Exponential Expression Decimal Equivalent Prefix Pronounced Symbol
12
10 raised to the twelfth power
10 1,000,000,000,000 tera- TER-uh T
9
10 raised to the ninth power
10 1,000,000,000 giga- GIG-uh G
6
10
10 raised to the sixth power 1,000,000 mega- MEG-uh M
10 3
10raised to the third power 1,000 kilo- KIL-oh k
2
10 raised to the second power
10 100 hecto- HEK-toe h
10 1
10raised to the first power 10 deka- DEK-uh da
−1
10
10 raised to the negative first power 0.1 deci- DES-ee d
−2 to the negative second power
10 raised
10 0.01 centi- SEN-tee c
−3
10 raised to the negative third power
10 0.001 milli- MIL-ee m
−6
10 raised
10 to the negative sixth power 0.000001 micro- MY-kro μ
−9
10 raised to the negative ninth power
10 0.000000001 nano- NAN-oh n
−12 to the negative twelfth power
10 raised
10 0.000000000001 pico- PEE-koh p
10 −15
10 raised to the negative fifteenth power
0.000000000000001 femto- FEM-toe f

aThe most commonly used prefixes are shown in color.

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Measurement of Matter (3 of 3)
• Mass: The SI base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).
• Length: The SI base unit of length is the meter (m).
• Volume: The SI base unit of volume is the cubic meter (m3 ).
• Time: The SI base unit of time is the second (s).

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Nanoworld
• Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter at
the atomic or molecular level.

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Density
Density is defined as the amount of matter in a given
amount of space.
d = m /V

The density of copper is

8.94 g/cm3 .

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Density: Practice Problem
Calculate the density of a metal sample with a mass of
18.96 g and a volume of 4.31 cm3 .

d = m /V

= 18.96 g/4.31 cm3

= 4.40 g/cm3

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Energy: Heat and Temperature
Energy is the ability to change matter, either physically or
chemically.
Energy exists in two major forms:
• Potential energy is stored energy.
• Kinetic energy is energy in motion.
Heat is energy that is transferred from hotter objects to
cooler objects.
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the atoms or
molecules that make up an object.

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Units of Heat
Heat energy is often measured in calories or joules.
• One calorie (cal) is the amount of heat required to change
the temperature of 1.00 g of water to 1.00 °C.
• A calorie is 4.184 joules (J).

1 cal = 4.184 J

A food calorie (Cal, “C” is capitalized) is actually a

kilocalorie.

1 Cal = 1 kcal = 1000 cal = 4184 J

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Temperature Scales

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