Scientific Method
&
Properties and Classification of
Matter
Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of composition, structure,
properties and change of matter.
CHEMISTRY
Health and Medicine (Vaccines and antibiotics)
Food and Agriculture (Fertilizers, cooking)
Energy and Environment (Fossil fuels, Solar
energy)
Materials and Technology (Polymers, ceramics)
…
..
Etc.
Properties of Matter
er: Occupies space, has mass and inertia
position: Parts or components
ex. H2O, 11.19% H and 88.81% O
erties: Distinguishing features
physical and chemical properties
Classifications of Matter
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
• Atoms are the building
blocks of matter.
• Each element is made of a
unique kind of atom.
• A compound is made of
two or more different
kinds of elements.
Note: Balls of different colors are used to
represent atoms of different elements.
Attached balls represent connections between
atoms that are seen in nature. These groups of
atoms are called molecules.
Classifications of Matter
Atom: The smallest particle of a chemical element and it contains
all properties of the element.
Is composed of a small, compact core called the nucleus and it is
surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
The nucleus is composed of two types of particles; protons and
neutrons.
Classifications of Matter
Elements: Pure substances that are composed of the same type
of atoms.
They cannot be decomposed into more simpler substances by
physical or chemical changes.
Building block of elements are atoms.
Elements are shown with symbols; symbols are consist of one or
two letters.
(hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), mercury (Hg), carbon (C),...)
Classifications of Matter
Molecule: A molecule is an electrically neutral group of at
least two atoms held together by covalent bonds.
A molecule may consist of atoms of a single chemical
element as with oxygen (O2),
or
of different elements, as with water (H2O).
Methods of Classification
• State of Matter
• Composition of Matter
States of Matter
9
Composition of Matter
Fixed composition Composition can vary from
and properties one sample to another
Cannot be subdivided Elements united in Uniform Nonuniform
fixed ratios Composition Composition
Au,O2, Fe H2O, CO2 Air, Salty water, Oil-water, milk, blood
Alloy
Types of Changes
A physical change does not alter the composition or identity
of a substance.
sugar dissolving
ice melting in water
A chemical change alters the composition or identity of the
substance(s) involved.
hydrogen burns in air
to form water
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g)
Identifying Matter: Types of
Properties
Physical Properties can be observed without changing a
substance into another substance.
• Temperature • Melting (freezing) point
• Pressure • Boiling point
• Mass • Density
• Volume • Color
• State (solid, liquid, gas) • Hardness
Chemical Properties can only be observed when a substance is
changed into another substance. Eg. Enthalpy of formation, Heat
of Combustion, Chemical Stability, Flammibility
Sucrose heat Carbon + Water
Separating Mixtures
Physical means can be used to
separate a mixture into its pure
components.
distillation
filtration
extraction
magnet
Extensive and Intensive Properties
An extensive property of a material depends upon how much
matter is being considered.
• Mass
• Length
• Volume
An intensive property of a material does not depend upon how
much matter is being considered.
• Density
• Temperature
• Color
Numbers and Chemistry
• Numbers play a major role in chemistry. Many topics
are quantitative (have a numerical value).
Concepts of numbers in science
Units of measurement
Quantities that are measured and calculated
Uncertainty in measurement
Significant figures
Dimensional analysis
Mass & Weight
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
mass – measure of the quantity of matter
SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g
weight – force that gravity exerts on an object
weight = g x mass
International System of Units
(SI)
International System of Units
(SI)
Prefixes
convert the
base units
into units
that are
appropriate
for common
usage or
appropriate
measure.
Volume
• Note that volume is not a base unit for SI;
it is derived from length
(m × m × m = m3)
• The most commonly used metric units for
volume are the liter (L) and the milliliter
(mL).
A liter is a cube 1 decimeter (dm) long on
each side.
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
A milliliter is a cube 1 centimeter (cm) long
on each side, also called 1 cubic centimeter
(cm × cm × cm = cm3). 1 m3 = ……. mL
1 mL = 1 cm3
Density
Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3
mass m
density = d=
volume V
1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3
Example: A piece of gold ingot with a mass of 301 g has a volume
of 15.6 cm3. Calculate the density of gold.
m
d=
V
301 g
= 15.6 cm3 = 19.3 g/cm3
Temperature Scales
K = 0C + 273
273 K = 0 0C
373 K = 100 0C
9
0
F = x 0C + 32
5
32 0F = 0 0C
212 0F = 100 0C
Numbers Encountered in Science
• Exact numbers are counted or given
by definition. For example, there are
12 eggs in 1 dozen.
• Inexact (or measured) numbers
depend on how they were
determined. Scientific
instruments have limitations.
Some balances measure to ±0.1 g;
others measure to ±0.0001g.
Dimensional Analysis
• We use dimensional analysis to convert one quantity to
another.
• Most commonly, dimensional analysis utilizes conversion
factors (e.g., 1 in. = 2.54 cm).
• We use the ratio which allows us to change units (puts the
units we have in the denominator to cancel).
given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity
desired unit
given unit x = desired unit
given unit
Example 1
A 75 g sample of sodium chloride (table salt) is to be produced
by evaporating to dryness a quantity of seawater containing
3.5% sodium chloride by mass. What volume of seawater, in
liters, must be taken for this purpose? Assume a density of
1.03 g/mL for seawater.
mass NaCl mass seawater volume seawater unit !!
Example 2
Density of methanol
Mass of water 35.552g – 25.601g = 9.951 g
Volume of water
(pycnometer)
