ve
yy
@
Ig
Geomdnico 2 Representation i Angulbn.
Momerttures (Vector. Model.) :
aa poblum Se onbiteD. angulon. Monecbine.
LL Qim> A (ef [Bnd
Lz 1&m> = tim|2 m>
42042)... ( ronnegative. jimtegeas)
OS meet
Les eabite2 quartinn number.
aceon ee Ue ay
SoC eae ——.
Th position spoce. [
7 MO P=@P/em>
=p igen volve- spectrum of bath Le lz
is disco te !
L "Veteran. quantity" =p the magnitice. of E
fae 2 (e441)
oBa f 29 =p [T]@h Is
Lua { oh, 2hh,o,-k,-zh sh} oe
. -3KmK+3 S
ST
unit 26,
=> fra givn value of 2 there. ave. (261) valuen
for um comespardirg. (2-1) differert allowed
oventations, f L relatne the Z-oxis |
OQ ee “Spore, quantization “
IC] b+) } HES
(oie $l ae
> L aguhe mromertom , con rot pow peaeaty
oly the 2—dinecton.
= Angular. mometiim veer Lt is neder oligred.
uth a. given oxis |
n Consequence. f the. Uncontal nincip ly
o Ayfodt ef the vecbo Tene poooltel 3 te 2-oxis
then Lrbyeo and. Ls- Fhe onk We would
broad the 3-components. af TE
m Y
®@ When the aystm isn the shite [Pm>, ne bad
Lond. le ath obsobite precision.
=> [fm> <> datermnate aot ef Pele
Th the et [fed> the comporeets Land.
are not well defined, At best, one. an only spool.
the probability of Siding a erhin vali of
Ee on. Ly!
te [m> Aineon. combination af the.
ne. we drt bro L, & by ithe
dkeolite, prdslon ,
TL,d= 0, CLy>=0
Bat N25. Sigd= B [eri)-nl]
ae Ly 7 hdaterminahe., te. oe is
u sprooL. wwe A ne obit. te Z-Oxis
uth olf opex ogle O, uth cwO= m [Pera ‘
atl
oll cniedtetions of L.
o est
2g.
me oo
cnstert orgle. of inclination, beeping. Ly cratart: butt
peamitting Ly & by te oscilla. so that
KL >20 & =0!
" the vec L processes, onaund the z-axis ct
*
CAF Ainaaly indeandeats
nes |
=O the conve Lis _(oted) fol dager |
le, degeneacey of £= Pri)
© Sprirecany / cbmc. physics
eee
spd ap g Cee
® [a> oy smubtrens cigenshitis of Card Le,
h L? ard. the cre. comporents of L fam conp0oTe
st fr He sprefitation f aruba ron, totes ! ay
=D sine the zon, le, Le 3m be chosen aang
an abit dicnecton , 7 the component: of L
abst ony oxi is quectine,
eat The. cignvales f Lond Ly =m
Leotm hint &
ne: eigersfoncions will be. differnt |
@® Tn 2h Space, the 2-direction ls aobireary |
The diredio of on externoQ ey onsthe. o
Tragpefic field poferad direcran
In Spoce.
\ mes mogndie. quad
Nuvter_
© @® Eble co quntga"
regu quadizdion os "Donde stotes aka
o system.
In ertrost the. quantization, f angulon. tom.
does nat. pequire thot. the. poticle. + be band.
=p the. one mem. Gf a free pastel
Is quontized,
oe Mataix Rep resentation f Agua Momertim
Consider the gerenal. aggulon. romerbin. T .
« simuttancous eigenstates,
2 i
¢ Tete co le
TlLrr=hAGrd ljm>
Lljsd =hm bm
| with JqCht Dy “|
cfor ao giren"4* , -76m &y
Ie Ga Reamiton Samed = 8 Sinn
As
2. > lL Cojo) x (2}44)
wane
rratahx
liad <> & column metnix
ote Qj+D Rows
uy OF Ie Fr Z_ALe)
Crathirg ned),
Df o gran j* , j#0
(F) = Gol Td =t{Grd .
(LZ) = (nl lyn = te 8,3
Stam
J), sGnlZLS=HGGD-AOD §
@). =ym/ x lms 4yrd—m cD) Sin
Tats+D & Y=i-d) @ get] m=yer1 3x3 subnataices
(FD = SimiThm> =a S
(BH) ng = 41 Te [gn =H &,, 8
cass = Sym F.14m=h/2— we & .
7
m1 0 ~1 eva eae et
1/2 0 0 10 0]14
T= Foo 20 J at 0 00 fo
Bl folnoni 2 0 071 {4
mr 1 -1
Jet
r + Xe cr z ° ~iie °
ail 4s z ez yah “qo “We
o km 0 oh 6 em=-1 a=-a@ }° a
o=-b t)- (:) =h-b~
One Gn verify that <4m)4m> = Sa
Also , necoll that j
qfra gnen*j* D> lbd
»
TF due ts
dimersjonaL
rarcten
|
47
a
0%,
3
=oy Re ° —xtaA=0
dt |, ea 4 =O => Avan
We -d Kz AG-X)=0
o UE -a =» d=071
=1 aS
Sr j uF cigervalness gf c. BOF 6 ico
bey hm oath the
Veco.
° cornaperdireg i enctaten® en
be Ao ae .
2= 2a
ce | te Sas
Ae
bf “Thus; a=c
is baGrAn
d=1 aac a A="1] ase a
bao Vrw bsNaa
ao n=O b=0 ( °)
c=O
iat oe
cau
« fr J=L roamolizee eigunvectoos 5
a 3 Ist>=2 (=)
0, by>at (3)
Hh; |xy-ty=4 (2)
Ore an check that these eigenvectonss Ove outhogonoll
4s exchothen. |
Ako, rote that, for j= 1
Iapd= ( 2) Ied= (: \ De ( :)
Tiss Las 4(Hdnaheds h-d)
bxd= + (lap-hd)
|x.-hD = 2 (hd-val48> +1) Recall that for £1
hi yf"
le> >
h>- in condinate basis
¥%
=] 4.
Assume that, for 2=1, h position space.
ZCoP) as eyerfndios f Ly
+ L, ZlePatnZ6) OU
i stem Ale ave
Examp &: Tha quatbm mechanlol sy Zz
mresaun.eal. ond. they have. been found te be 2h? & ©
respectively. Trthic tote, what ts the probobitity ee
the measuaemate of (ill yidel. tHe volue. yO
rc a Lu 424 ctete. vectous,
25
mee Wahd-(5 )
P(L,d=|xol >I
peas se)
“|e (3
ao
Fr instone ,
P(LA = |G IPD]
ala ae 4 =fZ]2 4
2 SOs,
« Esta 5
Shed that for 121 ote cigenveetoa. of ly
bebra lrg He eigenvalue. “hY
4
ad (=)
eS
« fired tHe probotoility thot Ly=h in the. stete (
P= [grag : aL
Exomp "The. tale ec ee wit £21
is givn os M=c(4 uth e a wel costect,
tid C.Tn this stote. fre TLx>, if yr measure Ly,
hab is He pmbobility of opting LoS
12 CW PD =p 12 C (1416439) sleaee
7p 4
=. 44-3 t __ teh
+, Ga(*).haes-
vz
4
(n-o4¢h)
for 014 ies 4 1
ho=2( 9)
Pl. d= [%501 |?
AG) |r1048 I
t(a ors 52.
Eromp®- The stoke vectae. ft oe aystem. with &=1 is
giver as [apS=N (2) vith y NY a peal conctuit.
2.
Th this stat, if yu memure Lo what values might
yee ge with wha provobitities ©
Tn te stote Pp), oloulbtr (1, > ard. (Ly>-
4eSplP> => 1=N(14449)214N, Noe
aa
no pmalizeoL hp», | 4
P>st_(-2
ee (3)
expand. [D> in eames f IymSs!
|= (hi>—2146>+314-)
case j=1)
010
Le X (1 oj.1
2 \o 1 0 ~
LoL =e Esai 0 |G)
Gils las O10
Ali =I 74.
142. 2.
ait Cae-o)22 fen eh
WNT 4aNE ANE
ye
- ———Jo-i OF /1
(=I P= 2E Ts E iG
eal ouo
a o .
pea (2)
MANE. pa
-2L
-*_(as4i-e) = 0
1402. WEEE
we
Rigi Rotator.
eee cee to opin the potetionak—
rigid. potertor, Paliasaaln Spectaum ef
© dictmic. moloades BY
v
0 diatomic, mo@ewle- <> igh dumb —belL u
& =
ene
\s Vibeaton
a
potati a
oxi,
. shin atems/tie nucle. move. in & out ology the
infeenudeae. oxis with a vibRaHaol encregy
’ Viboationol degree of: Redon
2 hoo atims can wotale about. thea CM with
patationol. enero
‘potetnol degre & feeecem"
R= qt
« isolated. system, CM const, 5 4G =
= moment g bose abet an axls thrash CM;
ais myer Ma =f Re = UT peduced
= at myt mss
* angulay. momentum, LaIW
2 ie a4 ae pe as
« polotinoh Line eneagy K-t o= (S- :
=> pstatlnoL- Ramittenion Toe]
2r
abo, hamitonian of a qfiee pawticle exept that
is costrointede +5 move on aurfoe. f a spheae
as
it \e
°OM, energy, ctyewalves R ciger functions ®
Schr eqn, Hp=Eb _ L p.eb
QI €
=» Eb- (are) h
D Thess ence y eigenfinc,“s + PO) =e)
B) ensigy, cipewolvess 27E 200+)
a £ #204) — AUC
DRE
a
eneagy Ruel
£20,424
grand stot 2-0,E =O 10 volar.
4st exciteoL state, a1, E> #
ae
Pay sie
and oxcted. date tao, . oh”
zt
OR yt 5 fold
eae a i deg,
enengy shila = indeperdent f tee .
eh quantum numbea. ym
each. E Louxl <> (204) fold degenen ole. ue
it
(otyd) fol dueto il
degprean cy [PH 2]-0, [HT]=0
Sy invariant under. poletios |
=> all divectine of Space ane. physically
equivalent !
Thus, Ron He Rec bord
pe Rovethe
=D ly measuvino, the fircquenoy of the. emittedL phot ,
posite +5 dateanine. \ R".
stypaollys Re1-2 A’=0.1-021m
jew 1-90 am (1 amu= 921.5 Mey 2)
teke £=1
ener c nee oe Ese aA:
eR?
M dyn 4mm -Teme
pea Roteti ona spectaun Lies in the Peajon.
fom IR Q microwave. Regia !
bd (™ oven <> freq, & patton =)
Oa wotew.
Reccible degrees 3 a- distemic. moaule ;
D tronsbatino® motion
1D) Polen Insti =F» 0,005 eV , 50K
im Viboatino DL motor <> 0.3 ev, Q500 K
iy) elecomic transitins @ 1-5 oY s Ae Re
LF
typicok excitation eneroies uo
= Hemel a
&=8, eps a
Capoten cneegy Ldel>, Baha (nrd)
selection nul; An==1 principal fie.
(exp)
Th mony rroleoles, only Vibrationc® & patetionoL
trensitins ave. observed.
Exomp®: The wove fone. of ao nigid. rotatoe ts given os
Ab P\= Asin © ce 2P wi A, ° real costa,
2 Th this tote, if yor measure oe rromentn-
what volves might pe GF wit E what prabobilitice”
eInthic stot, alodete. CL,> ard FLED. AL,=!
First wre dbuon We) in teams of re!
m , ay
WP) =Adn Ocm 20 = Aa o( pnt aA)
=A(ar Oe ga ee
becalll that ie
ni en
= a ae -i2p
YEO =| ee 2 2
We. A/S Oxie+ Xe)
ronmolizcition , 1-4( SEY C144) => ea lind
PoumolizcoL Pe p)
=
Hen= tl 468) +e)
>= (1a>+l2;25)
f=2 = PL Gh”, °/> 100
» pde thee, Inthe. ate PS
ls
ah | & (>= 6k”
-2h |%e (La>= 4. 2h)+ (2k) = 0
rebica teat Lyx 2 (Lr lL)
{Lo= CPL, >= 2 CHILLI
()
=0 bm] n> = Si. Sd 60
(>= SV] LE [PD = ve] ile L “hy rerlLp>
erogh 4s colculate Lb LP onty |
+ Lpp= LP OIY
ies wan a (Lr) (Ia +l2-95)
<7 “Cgh lay sh f2->)
ia
es ( laaS +12> 5)
12522 eral hat Lee fea
eG bo-k (xayl+ rll) (tad+ Is)
Pe ede et (ja tt
thvl IL
v= POD
This date, 4b 5 ee aah
° Hreusatively 5 Use Us ae a(brLy(urh)
eyiernenie ie
aegis
KE» =2 | Us LL+ LbrEeRPS tet us olcubotc
(G+ bbb LI W> = = ast lod + og b>
ak] Ia D> +0Bh 5 [20>
=4Bhl2> +2012.
+2\rh"|2-2>
recall that cap} -— (xga}+ (ye (ovehy avek® = SER 4
aa 4vr
(same
ness)
ExampQ: At a spectft. instock of time, te wove findion af
- Bich odator. is gen oy
° al -2 o
U Ween (44 4ad4 +2%4¥)
with. "N, o veal anstart.
2) fick N,
E) Inths dete, olculate. ‘le (PS .
\)hbWs sé, alls AE.
with Dias. noterttor.
IP>= NClod+Gadl4D+ 2152+ hd) 2) roamolizatio. 720 |W>
1a (irtr9;r44d) = TEN
’
New Ss M+2u)*,
normalized. eet Vector
py =4-(lod+ bra I3-D+ ale-d+I2)
)) Ppa, Prof Cay”
ee
aL Cople G-adK1al+ 283-114 +128>)
ie 21-1074 49 = - ea
(Ld=CHIL, PD
saat A (Koelt (3 4ptl+2
+ ore
= 1 (ahd) + 41h) + ct)
16
— BD Hr_ 287
=A (st oh)= 2 b= 28h
OU
abteanotively , ae. [m> <> elynstertio f V&La
= (L,>= 0+ & (CH) + 4-H) +0 a-qehe ge
é cyanate gee ta Be
od Abs AwA/CHD-CHS
nigid. notetoa. “H= = 5 crety elgenvolveg E- welts)
Cpa SHRI
=2 ( + 212-4129)
= saat)
=a (04108, +4675.) = 4. (108, +55) 6+
Seas ae Eisi)\-2 2 0156
caeyecpliy S/n
= (Koe+ G-2t) 4-11 + 2x2ril++2 [2+ b>)
ee 108 4 FEL = 1 (0B) +5E;)
“1 (gh) oe 85 (say
SHez ae - 9.99 4 we
0 ottep rerhiv. for rigid Rokato,
CH= ae ee
4 ole}. RP. o> Well
ie aes Bret LE, 10E,+5E2 25 hb”
te Sata ieee
a
We Ret a ey 1 B= BEES | es (He
a 16 qe oS
Examp&: Considea He case. daz The. system. is in the
stale whidr wonesprds the ci cigenstake of J y Poy to
is highest: eigenvalue,
«unite. dian. the State vecton. (PD.
s inthis state, fincl CQ) the merinixe rwpreserttation f
hide te gi 2t
WwW Is given as Q=b ii a
> cigenvalues of J le
** DONS) = HO
a ( ty — ae
roe)
rovmolized—
[sorb Hlory>-2 32 8(F 7) 2(1 Exomp®: In a ctate Ibm, colculate
ria +
“i heemrton ee a
Llp = 20 2D Im
es
=£{ HG OD lymet>
oh [GD MOD limp }
Recall that.
Gnlhn df NiGeD-wlord Sime]
RAG) mine
= @,> = E Glgxd-m 49 4JGrd-m@od)
-# ¢ 2jG+) — 20)
= 2 QG+d-)) eZ
Exomp& Groiden. a. state with. Ny a peak crstace
PP>=N (219354420154) -
d fied. N.
B) fir. (Ty anc uch Has obtain Seley {E> >\U>-
) fd VJ2> and <>.
B) fired the menboinics AT. AT, ord AT.
Ce ae ee N= Keg,
p= 4 AC als>+ (oad I8f>)
Da ae re>
; *U>= 27(sl9>+ Gad 19)
“at (ae l23>+ (42) veg)
Be CH= 2 (se ale-2d= ITI>= > ChrD) & YaiG-3,)
=> Cad= 25; CG>= Se |
a 14
9 [G>fa (2+ mda) 1 2
Reali that
FItryj+he » (P= (ISG HTk
(7>=E (vote 6vref + 208) Js
4) in He date [PS giver. above
ZiP=2G Diy
Real that.
TIV>= (avelay+ Grad Fzhs>)
~2f 316 132>+ (1421) Wo l3.2 +3 V6 13,0>
ae + (ral) Via |36> } (Z>>=SP T= (TP Tb
=f (DO+ U4 NGO + (NO)
ae + (1412)
i 264 = BF YD
4(14) 28
IS
in this stale ; AT = - = 0.4 ey
Exomplei Using ophenical cooaclinstes, unite doon the
sphere, hanrravics ym in kama of yy, ard 2.
, 7 ap °
vee oe oman reece oe %=[Z sO
am | er ae
x=ren Owe? ANCES yp ce
yarinOenP fF = Co Pr icin?
eee Y= chOenP “iw
f ii e aw f-ish P
Z =0
i.
; +i?
Ey aseney = snO(as¥ + isin?) = anOe
5
Tus ,
Taree)
fe D ize
Example: The etote gf a quadtinm tedhanicol, ays is
iver. oS aa
3 We) =A Vxty-32) xs Za.
whene Oo and. AY ane peal costets, In this state fF
yeu measure [whet vallies might yor 92 with. what:
probobilitics ? ColnBti Ale.
y Yereac™fn AEF sf) + [8 CH 4)
~3r aly } a
{la>= 04 BH) + 2 (-#) <0
Bde 04+ 2 (D+ SD) =e tre Sh
2 + ZY 4+ 8) = fe 24
¢ ys 22 23
> =/2 hoch
Aly =/E5_SLa> fz e \s
Example: The fonittnion ofa. system is giver as
He Sey) + & L
With ye a peothiie mal cnstevt.
D Oblain te ercegy cigenvalues of He system,
Note thee J Gehrke
oo ue = Gaines ys ae
Eee
HIP =EI® > E = < (ig+9-"6)
c dgerstates [j,m>
B) Wher-the aystem: is In the ates with “Ay o wok
onto
[PY=Lhd-ALD
e
coludite (HS , AL sant CFL.
}w> <> roumalizea . -
rut @ eo, Af
P=£ b> (E la> (H>=45t 25, 2(£9)+2(%8
{H>= te
(p= 4 H+ 2@= 4h
alto (T= Lh )+ 2(4) = ak
a SE: > ire [2h ee
{TID = cee cLEITP
=< IYITP
-LIP>=LT (baa by)
np 22 Vio aay — VANE [29>)
“7 Cebd-elp)
‘L4l=E (vecoal a Gl)
2a
3
6Gt>= (10419 = WwW
+ obtearativelsy 5 Real thet
2 a
TafL+E-tGE
° = AED ABD
i (TF >= 2 (ok) + & (et) = 8h”
“Thus, (FL>= 84% 2h 44%
= hy ae
3
= 2247
o.
oS Gome. rot) sy "at t=O, &
Examp%ai At a specific instant gf timeythe wove. fine
of & rigid. natatoa is given. a>
WEP) = Cay +4 e+¥)
with co oa Real enstet,
d fd ¢.
b) if yor measure. >, what volues mighoe you. ge
o with what probebilities?
2 Repeat (Q fr Lo,
A) wei doon Wes),
fe Do fied (HD.
a emaliz otio Cat
a) hol Zotion Ez
rm
_izaht/
ep 1 ~iht/ I
) Pepa (942 ayeye
)
> (r= HOH wy= 422(8)
