● Simultaneous equations and quadratics
2
a x +bx+ ¿
−b ± √ ❑
❑
2
b −4 ac> 0 2 distinct roots
2
b −4 ac=0 2 equal roots
b 2−4 ac< 0 no real roots
● Indices and surds
m n m +n
a × a =a
m n m−n
a ÷ a =a
¿
an
n
=¿
b
a 0=1
1
a−n= n
a
1
a =√ a
n n
m
a n =√ a
n m
Surds : √❑ | √❑ | √❑
1 1 1
Rationalising : or or
√❑ a+b √ ❑ a−b √ ❑
● Factors and polynomials
If ( x−c) is a factor of f ( x) then f (c )=0
When f ( x) is divided by (x−c), the remainder is d , then f (c )=d
Long division
● Equations, inequalities and graphs
f ( x)>0 then x <smaller x> bigger
f ( x)=0 then x=smaller x=bigger
f ( x)<0 then smaller< x <bigger
● Exponential / Logarithm
lo g a ( xy)⇔lo ga x+lo g a y
x
lo g a ( )⇔ lo ga x−lo g x y
y
m
lo g a x ⇔m lo ga x
lo gc a
lo g b a=
lo gc b
ln x ⇔ lo g e x
x
e = y ⇔ x=ln y
● Straight line graph
y=mx+c or y− y1 =m( x−x 1)
y 2− y 1
m=
x 2−x 1 ❑
Length=√ ❑
(
x +x y + y
midpoint= 2 1 , 2 1
2 2 )
Normal Line / Perpendicular : m1 m2=−1
● Circular Measure
180 π
Degree = × Radian = ×
π 180
Arc Length = rθ
1 2
Area of a sector = r θ
2
● Trigonometry ( only identities provided )
oppisite adjacent opposite
SOH CAH TOA where sin θ= cos θ= tanθ=
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent
y=2cos 3 x
360
Amplitude = 2 =120
Period =
3
Period = ( cos∧sin=360∨tan=180 ¿
sin θ
tanθ=
cos θ
2 2
sin θ+ co s =1
2 2
ta n θ+1=se c θ
2 2
co t θ +1=cose c θ
● Permutation & Combination
n
P r=¿ The number of arrangements of (r ) objects taken from (n) unlike objects
n
Cr =¿ The number of ways of selecting (r ) objects taken from (n) unlike objects
● Bionomial expansion ( Provided )
¿
● Arithmetic Sequences ( Provided )
th
n =a+(n−1)d
n n
Sn= ( a+l) or Sn= [2 a+(n−1) d ]
2 2
● Geometric Sequences ( Provided )
th n−1
n =a r
n n
a (r −1) or
a (1−r )
Sn= Sn=
r −1 1−r
a
S∞ =
1−r
● Vectors
¿ vector ∨¿ magnitude=√ ❑
distance travelled
speed=
time
displacement
velocity=
time
r =a+ vt for a=initial vector ; v=velocity ; t=time
● Differentiation
dy
=0 for turning point
dx
d2 y
2
>0 Minimum Point
dx
2
d y
2
<0 Maximum Point
dx
dy
Chain Rule: =n ¿
dx
dy dv du
Product Rule: =u +v
dx dx dx
du dv
v
−u
Quotient Rule: dy dx dx
=
dx v 2
δy dy
Small increasements and approximations: ≈
δx dx
1st derivative: If gradient = -ve to +ve ∴ Maximum Point
: If gradient = +ve to -ve ∴ Minimum Point
Exponential functions:
d x d ax+b d f (x)
( e )=e x [e ]=a・ e ax+ b [e ]=f ' ( x)・e f (x)
dx dx dx
Logarithmic functions:
d 1 d 1 d f '(x )
(ln x )= [ln (ax+ b)]= [ln (f (x ))]=
dx x dx ax +b dx f (x )
Trigonometric functions:
d d
(sin x )=cos x [sin(ax+ b)]=a・cos (ax +b)
dx dx
d d
(cos x)=−sin x [cos (ax +b)]=−a・sin (ax +b)
dx dx
d 2 d 2
(tan x)=se c x [ tan (ax +b)]=a・se c (ax +b)
dx dx
● Integration
n+1
dy
then y= x
n
If =x , +c , n ≠−1 ( +1 power, then ÷ new power )
dx n+1
❑
Chain Rule : ∫¿¿
❑
❑ f (x)
e
Exponential functions: ∫ e f ( x) dx = +c
❑ f ' ( x)
❑
1 1
Logarithm functions: ∫ dx= ln∨ax+b∨+c
❑ ax +b a
Trigonometric functions:
❑ ❑
∫ cos x dx=sin x +c ∫ cos (ax +b) dx= 1a sin(ax +b)+c
❑ ❑
❑ ❑
∫ sin x dx=−cos x +c ∫ sin (ax +b) dx= −1
a
cos(ax+ b)+ c
❑ ❑
